TOSHIBA

POWER TRANSFORMERS
 TOSHIBA POWER TRANSFORMERS
In 1894 Toshiba started producing transformers. Since then, we have successively completed the following
power transformers, each epoch-making when considering Japan's industrial level in those years.

1909 44kV, 4.5MVA Bank Hodogaya Substation, Yokohama Electric Co., Japan
1917 110kV, 13.2MVA Bank Inawashiro Hydroelectric Power Co., Japan
1926 154kV, 20MVA Bank Gifu Substation, Nihon Electric Power Co., Japan
1939 220kV, 80MVA Xu Chuna Jiang Power Station, Chang Jin Jiang Hydroelectric Power
Co.,China
1952 275kV, 117MVA Shin-Aimoto Substation, Kansai Electric Power Co., Japan
1958 275kV, 200MVA Chiba Thermal Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1960 275kV, 300MVA Yokosuka Thermal Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1961 330kV, 300MVA Bank Electricity Commission of New South Wales Substation, Australia
1963 275kV, 430MVA Owase-Mita Thermal Power Station, Chubu Electric Power Co., Japan
1967 275kV, 680MVA Anegasaki Thermal Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1967 512.5kV, 600MVA Bank B.C. Hydro & Power Authority Power Station, Canada
1968 525kV, 1200MVA Bank Bonneville Power Administration Substation, U.S.A.
1971 500kV, 1000MVA Bank Shin-Koga Substation, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1973 275kV, 1100MVA Kashima Thermal Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1974 275kV, 450MVA Sunen Substation, Chubu Electric Power Co., Japan
1974 525kV, 1100MVA Sodegaura Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1977 500kV, 1500MVA Bank Shin-Koga Substation, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1977 500kV, 680MVA Okuyoshino Pumped Storage Power Station, Kansai Electric Power Co.,
1977 525kV, 1200MVA Fukushima 1st Nuclear Power Station, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan
1982 765kV, 805.5MVA Bank EDELCA Guri Power Station, Venezuela
1985 515kV, 1260MVA Tsuruga 2nd Nuclear Power Station, Japan Atomic Power Co., Japan
1988 765kV, 1650MVA Bank Furnas Foz do Iguacu Substation, Brazil
Recently, with the sharp increase in Toshiba. in 1967 Toshiba successfully
demands for electric power, power Recently, transformers connected to completed and delivered a 500kV
transformers have grown in scale gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) are transformer to the B.C. Hydro &
while unit capacity has shown as being broadened in application. Power Authority, Canada. This was
increasing tendency. As to all voltage classes no larger the first practical model ever built in
Especially, thermal/nuclear power than 500kV, Toshiba established a G Japan for an ultra high-voltage power
plant transformers have displayed a IS connection technique, resulting in transformer. Further, in 1971,
notable tendency toward large the successful manufacture and 500/275kV-1000MVA auto-
capacity. Toshiba has successively delivery of 500kV, GIS direct-coupled transformer-banks were completed as
renewed its records on unit capacity transformers. Transformers for the first 500kV transformer product to
such as 200MVA in 1958, 300MVA in pumped-storage power stations and be delivered for domestic use. In
1960, 430MVA in 1963, 680MVA in underground substations are subject 1977, Toshiba also delivered
1967, 1100MVA in 1973, 1200MVA in to strict restrictions on transport 1500MVA-bank autotransformers.
1977. In 1985 we manufactured a dimensions and weight. Through In 1988, 765/525kV1650MVA auto-
world-record product of 60Hz, 515kV, adopting an innovative method of transformer-banks were delivered to
1260MVA delivered to Tsuruga 2nd dividing components to facilitate Brazil as the first 765kV
Nuclear Power Station, Japan Atomic transportation and assembly autotransformer product.
Power Co., Japan. technique, Toshiba manufactured and Supported by such technology,
While substation transformers are delivered three-section type 275kV, Toshiba successively manufactured
mostly equipped with on-load tap 300MVA transformers to underground and delivered the aforementioned
changers, based on technical know- substations, 345kV, 300MVA gigantic thermal, nuclear power
how under license of Maschinenfabrik transformer to pumped-storage power station transformers and hydroelectric
Reinhausen GmbH, Germany, station and a nine-section type 500kV, power station transformers which
Toshiba developed a resistance-type 680MVA transformer to an requires the difficult transportation
on-load tap changer, which was underground power station, whose with strict transport restrictions.
promptly standardized to ensure high equivalent cannot be seen in any part Regarding transformers of the 500kV
reliability. A large number of of the world. and above, Toshiba boasts one of the
transformers providing on-load tap By initiating research on 500kV world's largest supply record, having
changers up to 800 VIVA are being transformers early in 1955, and exceeded 120,OOOMVA in total
produced, and many auto-trans- through exerting efforts subsequently capacity of supplied transformers (330
formers up to 765 kV-1650 MVA bank several times in related research and units).
are being manufactured by development activities,
 Features

High Reliability

Core Structure Offers

Splendid Characteristics

Advanced Winding
Application

Perfect Drying Process

Sufficient Mechanical
Strength against
Short-circuiting

Highly Efficient Cooling

Perfect Measure against

Leakage Flux

Adequate Oil-leakage
Preventive Structure

Simplified Installation Work

4
The high reliability of Toshiba products is widely to conventional technologies, the ability to design
recognized by users in Japan and abroad. It is backed capable transformers, an excellent working
up by an accumulation of technology, which has been environments and facilities, and thorough use of
carefully achieved by adding new technologies inspection and testing system.

Adopting of a miter-joint core, in which the utilized, displays with Toshiba transformers less no-load
characteristics of grain-oriented silicon steel are fully loss and no-load current, as well as low noise.

Toshiba adopts the disk windings with optimum The windings are manufactured by highly skilled
insulation design based on the voltage oscillation workers in a dust-proofed room.
analysis by computer in high voltage winding.

Toshiba transformers are of the core type, in which the Toshiba transformers offer excellent insulation, and are
core-and-coil assembly is independent of the tank, so free from shrinkage caused by aging.
that the core-and-coil assembly can be completely dried
through our unique vapor phase drying method.

Efforts are now being exerted to ensure sufficient short- hydraulic jack on a thick annular insulating plate set on
circuit strength by maintaining a balance of ampere- the top thereof. Further more, a perfectly dried,
turns between windings, determining materials to be precompressed, pressboard is used, so that the winding
used on the basis of mechanical force calculated by is provided with adequate strength to withstand short-
computers, and exercising adequate care in the circuit mechanical force.
pretreatment fastened by applying pressure with a

Forced-cooling is used on the winding and inside the winding conductors are uniformly insulated, and no
core, with oil kept circulating through its interior in order reinforcement of insulation is necessary. Because of
to achieve a large cooling effect. Since the windings are this favorable voltage distribution, the rise of
effective in voltage distribution, the temperature is uniform.
In a large-capacity, high-impedance transformer, Slits are provided on core-leg clamping plates and so
probable leakage flux is calculated by computers on on, in order to reduce stray loss as a prevention against
each part so that a magnetic shield, corresponding to local overheating. Further more, nonmagnetic steel is
the result of each calculation, is provided on the inner used as necessary in large-current bushing pockets and
surface of the tank and the clamp surface opposite of parts, in the vicinity of large-current lead.
the coil, to prevent a large amount of leakage flux.

The tank is of all-welded construction in which there is used in such openings as manholes and accessory
no possibility of oil leakage. Nitrile rubber gaskets, mounting parts.
excellent in oil resistance and weather resistance, are

Since the transformer is transported with its core-and- advantage of being a built-in type, it is a standard
coil assembly kept in the factory-assembled stage, high practice to transport the on-load tap changer as
reliability is maintained and installation in the field is assembled in the main tank.
simplified. Further more, by utilizing its

5
 Core
Three-phase transformers usually The steel strip surface is subjected connected by a core leg tie plate;
employ three-leg core. Where to inorganic insulation treatment. fore and hind clamps by connecting
transformers to be transported by rail All cores employ miter-joint core bars. As a result, the core is so
are large capacity, five-leg core is construction. Yokes are jointed at constructed that the actual silicon
used to curtail them to within the an angle of 45 ｰ to utilize the strip is held in a sturdy frame
height limitation for transport. magnetic flux directional consisting of clamps and tie plates,
Even among thermal/nuclear power characteristic of steel strip. which resists both mechanical force
station transformers, which are A computer-controlled automatic during hoisting the core-and-coil
usually transported by ship and freed machine cuts grain-oriented silicon assembly and short circuits, keeping
from restrictions on in-land transport, steel strip with high accuracy and the silicon steel strip protected from
gigantic transformers of the free of burrs, so that magnetic such force.
1000MVA class employ five-leg core characteristics of the grain-oriented I n large-capacity transformers,
to prevent leakage flux, minimize silicon steel remains unimpaired. which are likely to invite increased
vibration, increase tank strength, and (Fig. 6) leakage flux, nonmagnetic steel is
effectively use space inside the tank. Silicon steel strips are stacked in a used or slits are provided in steel
Regarding single-phase circle-section. Each core leg is members to reduce the width for
transformers, two-leg core is well fitted with tie plates on its front and preventing stray loss from increasing
known. Practically, however, three- rear side, with resin-impregnated on metal parts used to clamp the
leg core is used; four-leg core and glass tape wound around the outer core and for preventing local
five-leg core are used in large- circumference. Sturdy clamps overheat. The core interior is
capacity transformers. The sectional applied to front and rear side of the provided with many cooling oil ducts
areas of the yoke and side leg are upper and lower yokes are bound parallel to the lamination to which a
50% of that of the main leg; thus, the together with glass tape. part of the oil flow forced by an oil
core height can be reduced to a And then, the resin undergoes pump is introduced to achieve forced
large extent compared with the two- heating for hardening to tighten the cooling.
leg core. band so that the core is evenly When erecting a core after
For core material, high-grade, grain- clamped (Fig. 7). assembling, a special device shown
oriented silicon steel strip is used. Also, upper and lower clamps are in Fig. 8 is used so that no strain due
to bending or slip is produced on the
silicon steel plate.

6
Fig.6 Computer-controlled Core Lamination Line

Fig.7 Bind-type Core

Fig.8 Core Erecting Cradle

7
 Winding
Various windings are used as shown This capacitance acts as series
below. According to the purpose of capacitance of the winding to highly
use, the optimum winding is selected improve the voltage distribution for
so as to utilize their individual surge.
features. Unlike cylindrical windings,
hisercap disk winding requires no
shield on the winding outermost
Hisercap Disk Winding side, resulting in smaller coil
(Interleaved disk winding) outside diameter and thus reducing
transformer dimension.
In hisercap disk winding, Comparatively small in winding
electrically isolated turns are width and large in space between
brought in contact with each other windings, the construction of this
as shown in Fig. 9. type of winding is appropriate for
Thus, this type of winding is also the winding, which faces to an
termed "interleaved disk winding." inner winding of relatively high
Since conductors 1 - 4 and voltage. Thus, general EHV or UHV
conductors 9 - 12 assume a shape substation transformers employ
similar to a wound capacitor, it is hisercap disk winding to utilize its
known that these conductors have features mentioned above.
very large capacitance.

Continuous Disk Winding

This is the most general type current exceeding 1000A. In this
applicable to windings of a wide case, the advantage of transposed
range of voltage and current cable may be fully utilized.
(Fig.10). This type is applied to Further, since the number of turns
windings ranging from BI L of 350kV is reduced, even conventional
to BI L of 1550kV. continuous disk construction is
Rectangular wire is used where satisfactory in voltage distribution,
current is relatively small, while thereby ensuring adequate
transposed cable is applied to large dielectric characteristics. Also,
current. When voltage is relatively whenever necessary, potential
low, a transformer of 100MVA or distribution is improved by
more capacity handles a large inserting a shield between turns.

8
Helical Coil
For windings of low voltage (20kV
or below) and large current, a
helical coil is used which consists of
a large number of parallel
conductors piled in the radial
direction and wound. Adequate
transposition is necessary to
equalize the share of current among
these parallel conductors.
Figure 12 illustrates the transposing
procedure for double helical coil.
Each conductor is transposed at
intervals of a fixed number of turns
in the order shown in the figure, and
as a result the location of each
conductor opposed to the high
voltage winding is equalized from
the view point of magnetic field
between the start and the end of
winding turn.

9
Insulation Structure
On parts where the electric field is
liable to be concentrated, such as
the winding ends of disk windings,
detailed electric field analysis by
computer determines the optimum
shield shape and the insulation
distance so that the surrounding oil
is kept free from excessive electric
stress (Fig. 13).
Further, spaces between windings
close to a uniform field employ a
barrier insulation structure in which
an oil gap is formed by pressboard
(Fig. 14), so that partial discharge
characteristics and dielectric
strength are improved through an
adequate barrier arrangement,
resulting in stabilized insulating
performance. The windings are
clamped according to the following
steps.
When the annular, thick insulating
plate placed on the coil top has
been clamped by a hydraulic jack,
insulator wedges and blocks are
inserted between the insulating plate
and the underside of the upper yoke
and clamp, so that each coil is
clamped uniformly and completely.
Regarding pressboard to be used
for spacers and duct pieces on the
coil, precompressed pressboard is
used. Coils maintaining adequate
short-circuit strength for many years
and free from shrinkage through
aging have been realized through
uniformly, completely clamped
construction and insulating materials
excellent in compressive
characteristics combined with
adequate drying.
Further, all insulating materials used
for clamping these coils are oil
impregnable and the optimum type
for applications under high electric
fields.
The connective parts of coil leads
are likely to invite electric field
concentration as a result of the
edges of terminals and clamping
bolts. To alleviate stress
concerntration, each connection is
wound with aluminum-foil-laminated
crepe paper into a streamlined
shape and completely covered with
insulating paper.

10
 Prevention of Internal Partial Discharge
and Insulation Treatment
In the case of transformers specified without causing damage to the by computer to determine the
with several reduced-insulation insulations. optimum electrode shape, insulation
levels, such as EHV or UHV Upon completion of drying, the coil is construction, and insulation
transformers, the ratio between clamped in a low-humidity room dimensions to ensure careful control
testing voltage and operating voltage adjusted to 5% or below relative of the electric field.
is small. To ensure high reliability in humidity to prevent any reabsorption
extended operation under high of humidity (Fig. 17). Dust Control
voltage, thorough quality control must When a core-and-coil assembly has The penetration of all sorts of dust
be effected to prevent dangerous been installed in a tank, the tank is and foreign matter, as well as metallic
partial discharge. Main causes of evacuated to a high vacuum state to particles, is unfavorable to
partial discharge include: remove reabsorbed humidity on the transformers; such matter incurs
● Incompletely dried insulations insulations surface and voids in partial discharge. To avoid this
● Voids in insulations impregnated insulation; then penetration, the transformer core-
● Electrically floating metals and deaerated oil is filled under the high and-coil is assembled in a dust-
incomplete contact under electric vacuum. controlled dust-proofed room; winding
field of high intensity Upon completion of a factory test, the operations are performed in a double-
● Edged electrodes transformer is transported to the site ceiling room -a dust-proofed room
● Concentrated electric stress applied (with its accessories disassembled provided with an additional ceiling
to oil gap and packed as required) for (Fig. 16).
● Intermixed foreign matter or dust installation and assembly. During Dust is further controlled by coating
To eliminate these causes, the installation and assembly at site, metal structures of the core-and-coil
following measures are taken in the adequate care is taken to dehydration assembly and the tank interior with
process of design and manufacture; and the prevention of water white paint; should dust or foreign
to confirm reliability, a partial absorption as in the case of factory matter penetrate from the exterior, it
discharge test is conducted at the can be readily detected.
final stage. Removing Voids
Voids in impregnated insulation such
as paper and pressboard can be
completely removed by oil filling
under a vacuum. Depending on the
glue material and the using method,
there is a possibility of creating voids
inside. Thus, oil-impregnable glue is
used and due care is exercised to
avoid using excessive glue.
Fig.16 Dust-proofed Workshop

Electric Field Control

Insulation between high- and low
voltage windings, between windings
and the tank/core, and between coil
layers depends mainly on the oil
Fig. 15 Wave Form of Partial Discharge
impregnated paper and oil gaps.
Drying/Oil Filling Treatment Unless voids are created in layers of
insulation paper, partial discharge
I n the core-type transformer, the occurs first on oil gaps. The electrode
core-and-coil assembly is shape and insulation dimensions Fig.17 Vapor-phase Drying Oven
independent of the tank, so that the must be carefully selected to keep the
assembly is allowed to completely oil free from excessive stress.
dry. When drying the core-and-coil The electric field tends to concentrate
assembly, Toshiba's innovative vapor on the small shaped lead wires from
phase drying method is used, in coils and lead wire connections,
which special oil vapor is sprayed on edges of terminals and clamping
the assembly to utilize latent heat bolts, and metal structures such as
produced when the oil vapor cores, clamps, and the tank which are
condenses. facing these high-voltage electrodes.
Since heating is effected deep inside As to parts liable to invite electric field
evenly and quickly, the assembly can concentration, detailed electric field
be completely dried analysis is conducted Fig.18 Transformer Final Testing

11
Measures against Leakage Flux
With the increase in transformer capacity,
the leakage flux also rises, so that stray
loss is increased or local overheat is
caused. For large-capacity transformers, it
becomes very important from the
standpoint of improved reliability to
thoroughly comprehend leakage flux and
to take measures to minimize stray loss.
At Toshiba, careful measures against
leakage flux are taken on the basis of the
results of computer-aided analysis on
leakage flux distribution and eddy current
loss on each part of the transformer, fully
utilizing our rich experience in producing a
huge number of large-capacity
transformers.
As to eddy current loss in coil conductors,
the loss of each coil part is determined
from leakage flux distribution. Transposed
cable and various types of transposition
are applied in accordance with results of
the above-mentioned loss analysis to
prevent local overheat from being caused
by excessive loss.
Generally made of mild steel, tanks and
other structural members are high in
permeability and liable to invite leakage
flux concentration.
Thus, the tank inner surface is provided
with a shield made of conductor plate
such as aluminum or a laminated shield
made of silicon steel strips to prevent
leakage flux from penetrating the tank,
thus reducing a large eddy current loss
created on steel members.
As to other structural members, efforts are
exerted to prevent local overheat or
excessive deterioration of adjacent
insulation from being caused by eddy
current loss, while employing
nonmagnetic materials in accordance with
leakage flux on each part, providing slits
in steel members to narrow the width as
described in the section on "Core " and
adopting other measures appropriate for
respective parts.

Fig.19 Example of Leakage Flux Distribution Analysis by a Computer

12
 Tank
The tank is manufactured by
forming and welding steel plate to
be used as a container for holding
the core and coil assembly together
with insulating oil. The Toshiba
transformer tank offers the
following features:
● Subjected to automatic beam
welding machine (Fig. 20) and
other special facilities, the tank
possesses high quality and
strength.
● Transformers to be transported by
ship are structured in a semioval
shape on both ends of the tank
and provided with reinforcement
members rationally arranged,
resulting in increased strength and
decreased weight.
● The tank bottom is fitted with a skid Fig.20 Automatic beam welding machine
base by welding and provided with
pull lugs to facilitate rolling in the
longitudinal and transverse
directions.
● Capable of withstanding a high
vacuum of 0.1 torr or below, the
tank can be filled with oil under a
vacuum; to thoroughly remove
gases and moisture from the
insulation.
● The tank is of completely enclosed,
welded construction.
Oilproof nitrile rubber gaskets are
used on those parts which must be
removed from the standpoint of
assembly in the field or during
maintenance; flanges thereon are
provided with accurately machined
grooves or gasket retainers to
ensure proper tightening of
gaskets. Consequently, there is no
possibility of oil leakage over an
extended period (Fig. 21, 22).
● The tank internal surface and the
metallic part of the core-and-coil
assembly are coated with white
paint to help observe dust
accumulation.

13
Cooling System

Self-cooled Type Forced-oil, Forced-oil,

Panel type radiators are mounted on
Forced-air-cooled Type Water-cooled Type
the tank. This is a system in which unit In case that a large amount of
Since any cooling fans and oil coolers, each consisting of a cooling cooling air is unavailable such as
pumps are not used, this type is tube, fan, oil-submerged pump, and in underground substations, water
widely applied owing to its facilitated oil flow indicator assembled as a cooled type is applied. The oil
maintenance, Panel type radiators unit, are arranged around the tank in circulates through the casing
have features of decreasing oil the necessary amount. Steel pipe outside the water tubes, and the
volume and withstanding a vacuum fitted with fins and dipped in zinc, water circulates through the water
(Fig. 23). with an excellent corrosionproof to be.
characteristics, is adopted as Where the cooling water pressure
cooling pipe. is maintained at a higher level
In the tank cooled oil is delivered to than oil pressure, a double-tube-
Air-cooled-air-cooled the windings and ducts on the core, type cooler is applied (Fig. 27).
T so that each part is cooled uniformly
Cooling fans are installed on the and effectively (Fig. 25).
radiators to increase the cooling In some cases, a cooling device
effect. Usually, the cooling fans will consisting of a combination of oil-
be put into service when natural submerged pumps and radiators
cooling becomes inadequate to with cooling fans is used as a
maintain the oil and/or winding cooling device for multirating of a
temperature within the specified limit forced-oil, forced-aircooled/forced-
under a heavy load (Fig. 24). aircooled/self-cooled transformer
(Fig. 26).

Table 1 Standard design of cooling system

Cooling System Capacity Cooling equipment

Self-cooling type
30,000kVA or below Panel-type radiators
(ONAN)

Forced-air-cooled
30,000kVA~150.000kVA Panel-type radiators and cooling fans
type (ONAF)

Forced-oil, forced-air- Unit cooler or panel-type radiator, and

150,000kVA or more
cooled type (OFAF) Installation of cooling fans and pumps

In addition to the above, a forced-oil, water-cooled type (OFWF) and forced-oil, self-cooled type
(OFAN) are available.

Fig.23 Self-cooled type Transformer Fig.24 Forced-air-cooled type Transformer

14
Fig.25 Forced-oil, Forced-air-cooled type Construction Fig.26 345kV-75MVA Forced-oil, Forced-air-cooled type Transformer

Fig.27 Forced-oil, Water-cooled type Construction

15
Accessories
Oil Preservation System
Oil conservator type, nitrogen-
enclosed type, and diaphragm type
(Type OH-D), are employed for the oil
preservation system.

Diaphragm-type Oil Preservation

System (Type OH-D)
The oil preservation system Type OH-D
is provided with a synthetic rubber air cell
stretched over the oil surface in the
conservator to completely isolate the
insulating oil from outside air. This is
most suitable for high-voltage, large-
capacity transformers (Fig. 28).
Fig.28 Construction of Oil Preservation System Type OH-D
Since air in the air cell is connected to the
open atmosphere through a dehydrating
breather, the air cell shape varies
according to expansion and contraction
of the oil, keeping pressure in the air cell
at the atmospheric pressure.
Diaphragm-type oil preservation system
Type OH-D offers the following features:
• Oil can be filled into the transformer
tank without being exposed to the air.
• Since insulating oil is completely
isolated from the atmosphere by an air
cell, there is no possibility of oxygen or
moisture penetrating the oil.
• Pressure on the surface of the oil is
constantly maintained at the
atmospheric pressure, offering no
possibility of the oil becoming
supersaturated and forming bubbles;
thus, high dielectric strength can be
maintained. Fig.29 Oil Preservation System Type OH-D
• No need to refill nitrogen gas or
measure the gas purity simplifies
maintenance.
• No need of attachments to be
separately installed results in less floor
area.
• The air cell is made of nitrile rubber
reinforced with nylon cloth, ensuring
splendid oil-proofing and high strength.

Dehydrating Breather (Types FG,

FP, FS)
Air in the air cell of conservator Type
OH-D is exposed to the open
Fig.30 Dehydrating Breather
atmosphere through a dehydrating
breather to prevent dew condensation. absorption of the moisture progresses. When no breathing is
Regarding moisture absorbent, a absorbent, it is also mixed the kind conducted, the breather is isolated
granular type free from deliquescence of moisture absorbent which is blue from the open air by oil to prevent the
is used. color under a dry state and changes moisture absorbent from needlessly
To display the extent of moisture to pink as moisture absorption absorbing moisture (Fig. 30).

16
Dial Oil Level Indicator
For indicating on the dial a change
of oil in the conservator, the
indicator is tilted downward to
permit easy supervision of the oil
level even if it is installed at a high
level. Any change in the oil level is
detected by a float, converted into
rotary motion by a gear, and
transmitted to the external pointer
through a magnet. The float side is
completely isolated from the pointer
side by a partition through which the
rotary shaft does not pass,
preventing oil leakage. The pointer
side is of airtight construction with
moisture absorbent contained
therein to prevent the glass inner
side from clouding (Fig. 31).
Fig.31 Construction of Dial Oil Level Indicator

Protective Relays
The following protective devices are
used so that, upon a fault
development inside a transformer,
an alarm is set off or the
transformer is disconnected from
the circuit. In the event of a fault, oil
or insulations decomposes by heat,
producing gas or developing an
impulse oil flow. To detect these
phenomena, a Buchholtz relay is
installed.

Buchholtz Relay
The Buchholtz relay is installed at
the middle of the connection pipe
between the transformer tank and
the conservator. There are a 1st
stage contact and a 2nd stage
contact as shown in Fig. 32.
The 1st stage contact is used to
detect minor faults. When gas
produced in the tank due to a minor
fault surfaces to accumulate in the
relay chamber within a certain
amount (0.3Q-0.35Q) or above, the
float lowers and closes the contact,
thereby actuating the alarm device.
The 2nd stage contact is used to
detect major faults. In the event of a
major fault, abrupt gas production
causes pressure in the tank to flow
oil into the conservator. In this case,
the float is lowered to close the
contact, thereby causing the circuit
breaker to trip or actuating the
alarm device.
Fig.32 Buchholtz Relay

17
 Temperature Measuring Device

Liquid Temperature Indicator Winding Temperature Indicator Relay (BM SERIES)

Liquid temperature indicator (BM
SERIES) is used to measure oil The winding temperature indicator current from the transformer
temperature as a standard relay is a conventional oil associated with the loaded winding of
practice. With its temperature temperature indicator supplemented the transformer and compensate the
detector installed on the tank cover with an electrical heating element. indicator so that a temperature
and with its indicating part installed The relay measures the increase of the heating element is
at any position easy to observe on temperature of the hottest part of thereby proportional to a temperature
the front of the transformer, the dial the transformer winding. If increase of the winding-over-the-
temperature detector is used to specified, the relay can be fitted maximum-oil temperature. Therefore,
measure maximum oil temperature. with a precision potentiometer with the measuring bellows react to both
Thanks to its double construction, the same characteristics as the the temperature increase of the
the indicator can be removed search coil for remote indication. winding-over-the-maximum-oil
regardless of oil in the transformer The temperature sensing system is temperature and maximum oil
tank. The indicating part, provided filled with a liquid, which changes in temperature. In this way the
with an alarm contact and a volume with varying temperature. instrument indicates the temperature
maximum temperature pointer, is of The sensing bulb placed in a in the hottest part of the transformer
airtight construction with moisture thermometer well in the winding.
absorbent contained therein; thus, transformer tank cover senses the The matching resistance of the
there is no possibility of the glass maximum oil temperature. The heating element is preset at the
interior collecting moisture whereby heating element with a factory.
it would be difficult to observe the matching resistance is fed with
indicator (Fig. 33).
Further, during remote
measurement and recording of the
oil temperatures, on request a
search coil can be installed which
is fine copper wire wound on a
bobbin used to measure
temperature through changes in its
resistance.

Fig. 34 Construction of Winding Temperature Indicator Relay

Fig.33 Oil Temperature Indicator Fig.35 Winding Temperature Indicator

18
Pressure Relief Device
When the gauge pressure in the tank
reaches abnormally to 0.35-0.7kg/c m2
the pressure relief device starts
automatically to discharge the oil.
When the pressure in the tank has
dropped beyond the limit through
discharging, the device is automatically
reset to prevent more oil than required
from being discharged.

Tap Changer
Off-circuit Tap Changer
Off-circuit tap changer is used for
regulating the voltage after the
transformer has been completely
de-energized.
At Toshiba, two standard types of off-
circuit tap changers are available: a
wedge-type off-circuit tap changer and
a slide-type off-circuit tap changer.
The wedge-type is used when taps are
provided halfway on the winding; the
slide-type is used when taps are
provided on the end of the winding.
The wedge-type is shown in Fig. 37.
The spring, which applies a contact
pressure to the contact piece, is most
highly compressed at its regular
position. Thus, in conjunction with
wedge action of the contact piece, a
sufficiently high amount of contact
pressure can be obtained, negating
the possibility of incomplete contact.
To prevent oil leakage, an oil seal is
used on that part of the tank cover
through which the operating shaft
passes.
Fig.36 Pressure Relief Device

Fig.37 Construction of Wedge-type Off-circuit Tap Changer

19
On-load Tap Changer • The tap selector is provided with • The three-phase tap changer is
Developed on the basis of technical contact pieces structured to permit split into three segments,
license from MR Co., Germany, conducting large current; each becoming suitable for changing
Toshiba On-load Tap Changer FK contact piece is provided with a the neutral-point tap on star-
Series boasts the following features: shield electrode on its upper and connection winding. This type of
• The entire on-load tap changer lower sides for needs of insulation. tap changer can also be used as a
can be built in a tank to facilitate • The mechanical parts are large-capacity, single-phase tap
assembly and transport of the provided with adequate strength to changer with current shunted by
transformer. meet torque as required, thus impedance of the transformer
• By performing resistance-type ensuring high reliability during windings.
breaking, arcing time is short, and extended operation. • The diverter switch can be lifted
both oil contamination and contact from the tap changer, offering
wear can be considerably maintenance ease.
reduced. Further, this tap changer
ensures high reliability and long
life.

Table 2 Standard Types of On-load Tap Changers

Type Max, step voltage (V) Max, load current (A)

FKT-M100J 3,300 550

FKT-T100M 4,000 1,120

Fig, 38 On-load Tap Changer Type FKT-T100M Fig, 39 Section of On-load Tap Changer

20
Bushing
Having manufactured various types Oil-impregnated, Paper-insulated
of bushings ranging from 6kV-class Condenser Bushing
to 800kV-class, Toshiba has The oil-impregnated, paper-
accumulated many years of splendid insulated condenser bushing, mainly
actual results in their operation. consisting of a condenser cone of
oil-impregnated insulating paper, is
used for high-voltage application
Plain-type Bushing (Fig. 41, 42). This bushing, of
Applicable to 24kV-class or below, enclosed construction, offers the
this type of bushing is available in a following features:
standard series up to 25,OOOA • High reliability and easy
rated current. Consisting of a single maintenance.
porcelain tube through which passes • Partial discharge free at test
a central conductor, this bushing is voltage.
of simplified construction and small • Provided with test tapping for
mounting dimensions; especially, measuring electrostatic capacity
this type proves to be advantageous and tan δ.
when used as an opening of • Provided with voltage tapping for
equipment to be placed in a bus connecting an instrument
duct (Fig. 40). transformer if required.

Fig.42 345kV Oil-impregnated Paper-insulated Condenser Bushing (SF6 Gas-Oil)

21
Low-noise Transformer
From the standpoint of protecting Construction of Noise Enclosure
the surrounding living environment,
the problem of noise is attached Curtain-type enclosure Concrete-panel noise enclosure
much importance. The transformer tank side walls The transformer tank side walls
Thanks to a combination of are covered with steel plate panels and covers are entirely covered
Toshiba's excellent core around their outer circumference. with a noise enclosure consisting of
construction and assembling The steel plate interiors are lined concrete and steel plate combined.
technique, our large-capacity with sound-absorbent material to Since mass of concrete-panel is
transformers are manufactured at prevent noise from built-up. greater than that of steel plate, the
lower noise level than the standard Steel-panel noise enclosure concrete-panel noise enclosure
level for transformers specified in The transformer tank side walls achieves greater noise reduction
NEMA-TR1. and covers are entirely covered than the steel-panel noise
However, when a transformer is with steel plate panels. Welded enclosure.
installed close to the boundary line construction is used in all assembly Concrete noise enclosure
of a power station/substation, or of steel plate panels to minimize The transformer tank side walls
when several transformers are noise, resulting in a high and covers are entirely covered
installed at the same station, it may noiseproofing effect. with a reinforced concrete wall.
be necessary to employ This construction achieves the
transformers with even less noise. greatest noise-reducing effect.
According to the required decrease
of noise, large-capacity
transformers are decided the
combination of various noise
enclosed constructions and cooler.

Fig.43 Construction of Low-noise Transformer

22
Low-noise Cooler Low-noise Combination of Transformer
Typical coolers applicable to low- Large-capacity transformers of the ● Noise level: 55-65 dB
noise transformers include the 100-300MVA class adopt the The transformer tank is covered
followings: following various types of with a concrete-panel noise
● Low-noise unit cooler with low- combination in accordance with enclosure; a radiator bank or
speed cooling fan noise level requirements: low-noise unit cooler with noise-
● Low-noise unit cooler with sound- ● Noise level: 70-80 dB absorbing duct is installed.
absorbing duct on the front The transformer tank side walls ● Noise level: 50- 60 dB
of cooling fan are covered with a curtain-type The transformer tank is placed
● Independent radiator of self- enclosure; a low-noise unit in a concrete noise-enclosure.
cooled type or forced-oil, cooler with low-speed cooling Generally, an forced-oil, self-
self-cooled type fan is installed. cooled system is employed with
● Water-cooled unit cooler ● Noise level: 60-70 dB the radiator bank installed
The transformer tank is covered outside the concrete noise-
with a steel-panel noise enclosure. If circumstances
enclosure; a low-noise unit require, a unit cooler of the
cooler with low-speed cooling water-cooled type or super low-
fan or noise-absorbing duct is noise type is installed.
installed.

Fig.44 Steel-panel Noise Enclosure Fig.45 Concrete-panel Noise enclosure

23
Construction of Cable Connection
And GIS Connection
Cable Connection GIS (Gas Insulated
In urban-district substations Switchgear) Connection
connected with power cables and There is an increasing demand for
thermal power stations suffered from GIS in substations from the
salt-pollution, cable direct-coupled standpoint of site-acquisition
construction is used in which a difficulties and environmental
transformer is direct-coupled with the harmony. In keeping with this
power cable in an oil chamber. tendency, G IS connection-type
Toshiba employs an indirect transformers are ever-increasing in
connection system in which, with a their applications.
cable connecting chamber attached At Toshiba, the SF6 gas bus is
to the transformer tank, a coil connected directly with the
terminal is connected to the cable transformer coil terminal through an
head through an oil-oil bushing in the oil-gas bushing.
cable connection chamber. Toshiba's oil-gas bushing support is
Construction of the connection composed of a transformer-side
chamber can be divided into flange and an SF6 gas bus-side
sections. Cable connections and oil flange, permitting the oil side and the
filling can be separately performed gas side to be completely separated
upon completion of the tank from each other.
assembling.

24 Fig.46 Indirect Cable Connection Fig.47 Direct GIS Connection

Transportation

It is important to transport a moisture until final on-site oil filling. into the original three-phase
transformer in the same condition When extreme transport transformer at the site.
as it was completely assembled, restrictions are imposed, as in the The transformer core and coils are
dried and tested at the factory. This case of power stations in transported to the site in the same
makes it possible to ensure high mountains or when roads are condition as it was assembled and
reliability and to shorten the period subjected to weight restrictions or tested at the factory, and they are
for on-site installation. when the entrance for underground joined to each other using special
A Toshiba transformer is hoisting is narrow in the case of ducts and leads submerged in oil.
transported in the same upright installation with urban underground When further strict transport
position as it was in final substation, the following transport restrictions are imposed, a single-
assembling so that on-site procedure is employed: A three- phase unit may be divided into two
installation becomes very simple, phase transformer is divided into or three sections. Toshiba
requiring no special operations. sections so that one-phase section delivered a 500kV, 680MVA three-
While a transformer is in housed in a tank is carried into the phase transformer in nine sections
transportation, its main tank is filled site at a time, and the three - a record-breading product!
with dry air or dry nitrogen to sections are assembled
completely prevent the core and
coils from absorbing

Fig.48 Loading a 50Hz, 420kV, 700MVA Transformer

25
Research and Development
For the research and development production, and test/inspection breakdown, including breakdown in
of equipment coping with the sections, thereby playing a major oil which supported development.
tendency toward high voltage and role in new product development, Further, all possible efforts are
large capacity, the cooperation of improved product performance, exerted by the staff of this
engineers in every field is and enhanced reliability. The Laboratory in basic to applied
necessary -such as electrical, world-prominent, latest testing research on extensive engineering
mechanical, chemical and metal facilities in this Laboratory are fully fields ranging from electromagnetic
engineering, as well as statistics. utilized in the development of phenomenon, structural strength,
Toshiba Heavy Apparatus ultrahigh-voltage insulation heat transfer and cooling, noise,
Engineering Laboratory is exerting structures represented by Toshiba vibration, and earthquake proofing
efforts to cultivate basic techniques UHV transformers and 500kV -including insulation and metallic
covering various fields in close transformers, as well as in materials.
cooperation with the manufacturing fundamental research concerning
department including the design, various types of discharge and

Fig.49 UHV Laboratory

Fig.50 2300kV AC Testing Facilities Fig.51 6000kV Impulse Generator

26
 Fig.52 Analysis with Computer

Fig.53 UHV Prototype Auto-transformer 500/3MVA-1200/√3kV-50Hz

27
 Overseas Office: Toshiba International Corporation:

TOSHIBA London, Moscow, Vienna,

Beijing Shanghai, Guangzhou,
Hong Kong, New Delhi,
San Francisco, Houston,
Vancouver
Toshiba International Corporation
Bangkok, Taipei, Manila, Pty. Ltd.: Sydney, Melbourne
1-1, SHIBAURA 1-CHOME, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105-8011, JAPAN
Jakarta, Colombia, Toshiba International Company
TEL: 03(3457)3612 FAX: 03(5444)94196
Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires Limited: London

● For further information, please contact your nearest Toshiba Liaison Representational or International Operations-Energy System.
● The data given in this catalog are subject to change without notice.

6814-7 99-4 C1