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    Energy Conversion Processes

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    Bagoes Prawira Natakusuma
    This document discusses different types of energy conversion processes and their efficiencies. It describes direct conversion processes like photovoltaics that directly convert sunlight to electricity and indirect conversion processes that involve multiple steps like fuel being converted to heat then mechanical energy and finally electricity. It also discusses energy storage systems, the first law of thermodynamics regarding changes in energy within systems, definitions of device and conversion efficiencies, and how serial conversions result in decreasing overall efficiency as energy passes through multiple conversion steps.

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    Energy Conversion Processes

    Uploaded by

    Bagoes Prawira Natakusuma
    61 views15 pages
    This document discusses different types of energy conversion processes and their efficiencies. It describes direct conversion processes like photovoltaics that directly convert sunlight to electricity and indirect conversion processes that involve multiple steps like fuel being converted to heat then mechanical energy and finally electricity. It also discusses energy storage systems, the first law of thermodynamics regarding changes in energy within systems, definitions of device and conversion efficiencies, and how serial conversions result in decreasing overall efficiency as energy passes through multiple conversion steps.

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    This document discusses different types of energy conversion processes and their efficiencies. It describes direct conversion processes like photovoltaics that directly convert sunlight to electricity and indirect conversion processes that involve multiple steps like fuel being converted to heat then mechanical energy and finally electricity. It also discusses energy storage systems, the first law of thermodynamics regarding changes in energy within systems, definitions of device and conversion efficiencies, and how serial conversions result in decreasing overall efficiency as energy passes through multiple conversion steps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    61 views15 pages

    Energy Conversion Processes

    Uploaded by

    Bagoes Prawira Natakusuma
    This document discusses different types of energy conversion processes and their efficiencies. It describes direct conversion processes like photovoltaics that directly convert sunlight to electricity and indirect conversion processes that involve multiple steps like fuel being converted to heat then mechanical energy and finally electricity. It also discusses energy storage systems, the first law of thermodynamics regarding changes in energy within systems, definitions of device and conversion efficiencies, and how serial conversions result in decreasing overall efficiency as energy passes through multiple conversion steps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Energy Conversion Processes

    Direct: Single-step conversion process


    • photovoltaics: electromagnetic  electrical
    • batteries: chemical  electrical
    • thermoelectric coolers (TEC): thermal  electrical
    • piezoelectric: mechanical  electrical
    Indirect: Multi-step conversion process
    • Diesel cycle (gas): chemical  thermal  mechanical  mechanical
    • Rankine cycle (liquid-vapor), steam turbine:
    chemical
    nuclear  thermal  mechanical  electrical
    solar
    geothermal
    • Brayton cycle (gas), gas turbine, turbojets:
    chemical
    nuclear  thermal  mechanical  electrical
    solar

    wind turbine
    wave energy mechanical  mechanical  mechanical 
    tidal energy electrical
    Energy Conversion Matrix
    Example
    Energy Conversion

    An electric commuter car requires 24 hp and is to have a


    photovoltaic array on the roof to charge the batteries both while
    moving and parked. The overall electromagnetic – to – electrical –
    to - mechanical energy conversion is 13%. The average solar flux is
    650 Wem/m2. For each hour of operation, you estimate that the
    vehicle will be parked for four hours during daylight hours. If the
    storage efficiency of the batteries is 60%, determine the required
    area of the solar array.
    The effective solar power with energy storage per hour of operation is:
    The required area of solar array required to generate 24 hpem:

    This area is only the area required to collect 24 hp worth of


    electromagnetic energy. The conversion of the electromagnetic
    energy to mechanical energy (motion of vehicle) is 13%. Thus, the
    area required to generate 24 hpm from 650 Wem/m2 is:
    Energy Storage Systems

    Comparison of energy storage technologies.


    Discharge Time versus Power

    Conversion of Energy
    How do we calculate conversion of energy?
    First Law of Thermodynamics

    For a steady-state, open system:

    so the first law is really:


    change in transitional energy  change in stored energy
    The sign convention on heat (Q) and work (W) may change.
    For example, some thermodynamic textbooks will write the first law
    of thermodynamics as Q + W in which case W is the work into
    the system.

    The choice of sign convention will vary between engineering


    disciplines as well. It is not important which sign convention you
    use as long as you are consistent.

    The meaning of a positive or negative work can always be ascertained


    by examining how the stored energy term (E) changes.
    From engineering thermodynamics:
    Closed System
    no mass flow in or out of system
    Open System
    mass flow in and/or out of system
    Conservation of Energy

    Steady, rate form of the 1st Law:

    are balanced by change in


    energy stored in a fluid
    Steady

    implies that there is no energy or mass accumulation within the


    system. That is different than the exchange of energy in the mass
    which passes through the system. The mass which passes through
    may accumulate energy. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics applies to
    the fluid which is passing through the system.
    1st Law of Thermodynamics: (subset of the general principle)
    Efficiency of Energy Conversion

    Device Efficiency Definitions

    Typical Conversion Efficiencies


    Serial Efficiency

    Each time energy is converted from one form to another, there is a


    loss of available energy; in other words, the efficiency of the energy
    conversion is always less than 1.
    In a system where there are multiple energy conversion processes
    occurring, the efficiencies of each subsequent conversion result in
    an ever decreasing net energy output.

    Example - Serial Efficiency

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