Chapter: 3

Introduction to Energy utilization of a processing unit

3.Process energy requirement and gross energy requirement

 Energy requirements in a processing plants include electrical energy for electrical equipment's and heat
energy (thermal energy) for thermal unit operation.

 Electrical equipment includes any machine powered by electricity.

 It usually consists of an enclosure, a variety of electrical components, and often a power switch.

Examples of these include:

 Lighting

 Major appliance such as refrigerator for food preservation

 Small appliances such as portable or semi-portable machines

 IT equipment (computers, printers etc.)

Evaluation of energy utilization of a process
• Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric,

magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system.

• The total energy of a system on a unit mass basis is denoted by e and is expressed as

e=E/m, (KJ/Kg)

• Thermodynamics provides no information about the absolute value of the total energy. It deals

only with the change of the total energy, which is what matters in engineering problems. Thus the

total energy of a system can be assigned a value of zero (E = 0) at some convenient reference point.

• The change in total energy of a system is independent of the reference point selected. The decrease

in the potential energy of a falling rock, for example, depends on only the elevation difference and

not the reference level selected.

Cont..

• In thermodynamic analysis, it is often helpful to consider the various forms of energy that make up the total
energy of a system in two groups: macroscopic and microscopic.

• The Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside
reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies.

• The Microscopic forms of energy are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of
the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames.

• The sum of all the Microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system. denoted by U.

• The Macroscopic energy of a system is related to motion and the influence of some external effects such as
gravity, magnetism, electricity, and surface tension.

• The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some reference frame is called kinetic
energy (KE). When all parts of a system move with the same velocity, the kinetic energy is expressed as

KE = m, (KJ) or, on a unit mass basis, Ke = , (KJ/Kg)

Cont..

• The kinetic energy of a rotating solid body is given by where I is the

moment of inertia of the body and v is the angular velocity.

• The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a

gravitational field is called potential energy (PE) and is expressed as

PE = mgz, (KJ) or, on a unit mass basis, PE = gz, (KJ/Kg)

where g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the elevation of the center of

gravity of a system relative to some arbitrarily selected reference level.

Cont..

• The magnetic, electric, and surface tension effects are significant in some specialized

cases only and are usually ignored. In the absence of such effects, the total energy of a

system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies and is expressed as

• Electrical power is the rate of electrical work done as electrons in a wire move under

the effect of electromotive forces, doing work. It is the product of the potential

difference measured in volts and the current flow measured in amperes.

• Electrical work is work done on a system as electrons in a wire move under the effect

of electromotive forces while crossing the system boundary.

Cont..

• Electrical energy is energy derived as a result of movement of electrically charged

particles. When used loosely, electrical energy refers to energy that has been
converted from electric potential energy. This energy is supplied by the combination
of electric current and electric potential that is delivered by an electrical circuit (e.g.,
provided by an electric power utility).

• Electrical energy is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (1 kWh = 3.6 MJ) which is the
product of the power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours.

• Electric utilities measure energy using an electricity meter, which keeps a running total
of the electric energy delivered to a customer.
 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume
the conservation of mass principle states

Developing the Energy rate Balance for a Control

Volume

where ECV denotes the energy of the control volume at time

t. The terms and account, respectively, for the net rate of
energy transfer by heat and work across the boundary of
the control volume at t.
 Evaluating Work for a Control Volume
• work is always done on or by a control volume where matter One-Dimensional Flow Form of the Control Volume
flows across the boundary, Energy rate Balance
Energy utilization on a processing units

Refrigeration systems for food preservation and air conditioning play prominent
roles in our everyday lives.

Heat pumps also are used for heating buildings and for producing industrial process
heat. There are many other examples of commercial and industrial uses of
refrigeration, including air separation to obtain liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen,
liquefaction of natural gas, and production of ice.

To achieve refrigeration by most conventional means requires an electric power

input. Heat pumps also require power to operate
Cont..
 Ineffective refrigeration and heat pump systems, excessive building cooling and heating, and other
wasteful practices and lifestyle choices not only misuse increasingly scarce nonrenewable
resources but also endanger our health and burden the environment.

 Accordingly, refrigeration and heat pump systems are areas of application where more effective
systems and practices can significantly improve our national energy posture.


Refrigerator
• We all know from experience that heat flows in the direction of
decreasing temperature, that is, from high-temperature regions to
low-temperature ones. This heat-transfer process occurs in nature
without requiring any devices.

• The reverse process, however, cannot occur by itself. The transfer

of heat from a low-temperature region to a high-temperature one
requires special devices called refrigerators.

• Refrigerators are cyclic devices, and the working fluids used in

the refrigeration cycles are called refrigerants.
 Cont.…

• Here QL is the magnitude of the heat removed from the refrigerated space at temperature TL

,QH is the magnitude of the heat rejected to the warm space at temperature TH, and Wnet,in is
the net work input to the refrigerator.

• Another device that transfers heat from a low-temperature medium to a high-temperature

one is the heat pump. Refrigerators and heat pumps are essentially the same devices; they
differ in their objectives only.

• The objective of a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at a low temperature by

removing heat from it. Discharging this heat to a higher-temperature medium is merely a
necessary part of the operation, not the purpose.

• The objective of a heat pump, however, is to maintain a heated space at a high temperature.
This is accomplished by absorbing heat from a low-temperature source, such as well water
or cold outside air in winter, and supplying this heat to a warmer medium such as a house
Cont..
Vapor refrigeration Systems
The purpose of a refrigeration system is to maintain a cold region at a temperature below the
temperature of its surroundings

 A Carnot cycle is defined as an

ideal reversible closed
thermodynamic cycle.

 Four successive operations are

involved: isothermal expansion,
adiabatic expansion, isothermal
compression and adiabatic
compression.
Performance of Ideal Vapor-Compression Systems
Cont..
Example-1 (Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle)

Refrigerant 134a is the working fluid in an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration

cycle that communicates thermally with a cold region at 0°C and a warm region at
26°C. Saturated vapor enters the compressor at 0°C and saturated liquid leaves the
condenser at 26°C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s.

Determine (a) the compressor power, in kW,

(b) the refrigeration capacity, in tons,

(c) the coefficient of performance, and

(d) the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigeration cycle

operating between warm and cold regions at 26 and 0°C, respectively.
 THE HEAT PUMP

• The heat pump, a reversed heat engine, is a device for heating houses and commercial

buildings during the winter and cooling them during the summer.

• In the winter it operates so as to absorb heat from the surroundings and reject heat into

the building.

• A heat pump is a device for raising low grade heat to a temperature at which the heat

can be utilized. It pumps the heat from a low temperature source to the higher

temperature sink, using a small amount of energy relative to the heat energy recovered.

• Refrigerant evaporates in coils placed underground or in the outside air; vapor

compression is followed by condensation, heat being transferred to air or water, which

is used to heat the building.

Cont.…

• Compression must be to a pressure such that the condensation temperature of the

refrigerant is higher than the required temperature level of the building.

• The operating cost of the installation is the cost of electric power to run the

compressor.

• Any economic advantage of the heat pump as a heating device depends on the cost

of electricity in comparison with the cost of fuels such as oil and natural gas.

• The heat pump also serves for air conditioning during the summer. The flow of

refrigerant is simply reversed, and heat is absorbed from the building and rejected

through underground coils or to the outside air.

Cont..
Cont..

• Heat pumps are increasingly finding applications in the process industries.

• A typical application is the use of the low grade heat from the condenser of a

distillation column to provide heat for the reboiler.

• Heat pumps are also used with dryers, heat being abstracted from the exhaust air

and used to preheat the incoming air.

• The " performance or efficiency" of refrigerators and heat pump is measured by the

coefficient of performance, COP:

• The COP will depend principally on the working temperatures.

Example 2

A house has a winter heating requirement of 30KW and a summer cooling requirement of

60KW. Consider a heat pump installation to maintain the house temperature at 293.15K

(20°C) in winter and 298.15K (25°C) in summer. This requires circulation of the

refrigerant through interior exchanger coils at 303.15K (30°C) in winter and 278.15K

(5°C) in summer. Underground coils provide the heat source in winter and the heat sink in

summer. For a year-round ground temperature of 288.15K (15°C) the heat-transfer

characteristics of the coils necessitate refrigerant temperature of 283.15K (10°C) in winter

and 298.15K (25°C) in summer.

What are the minimum power requirement for winter heating and summer cooling?
Example: 3

Example-3 (Heating a House by a Heat Pump)

A heat pump is used to meet the heating requirements of a house and

maintain it at 20°C. On a day when the outdoor air temperature drops to -

2°C, the house is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. If the heat

pump under these conditions has a COP of 2.5, determine (a) the power

consumed by the heat pump and (b) the rate at which heat is absorbed from

the cold outdoor air.

Steam/air compressor
• Note that turbines produce power output whereas compressors, pumps, and fans require power
input.

• Heat transfer from turbines is usually negligible (Q 0) since they are typically well insulated. Heat
transfer is also negligible for compressors unless there is intentional cooling.

• Potential energy changes are negligible for all of these devices (Pe 0). The velocities involved in
these devices, with the exception of turbines and fans, are usually too low to cause any significant
change in the kinetic energy (e 0).

• The fluid velocities encountered in most turbines are very high, and the fluid experiences a
significant change in its kinetic energy. However, this change is usually very small relative to the
change in enthalpy, and thus it is often disregarded.
AIR COMPRESSORS
INTRODUCTION

 The process of increasing the pressure of a gas (usually air), by reducing its volume is called compression.

 A compressor is a mechanical device that is used to compress gases.

 A compressor compresses the low pressure gas and delivers it at a higher pressure in the right quality.

Working Principle

 Compressor is a work absorbing device.

 It increases the pressure of a gas by doing work on it.

 This means it requires work input and a prime mover is required for its working.

 The most common choice for a prime mover is the electric motor, but IC engine or a turbine can also be used.
Cont..
Compressors and pumps

For a control volume enclosing a compressor, the

mass and energy rate balances reduce at steady
state as for the case of turbines
Steam compressor

Example-4 (calculation of compressor power)

Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290 K,
and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1 m 2. At the exit, the pressure is 7 bar,
the temperature is 450 K, and the velocity is 2 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor to its
surroundings occurs at a rate of 180 kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the power
input to the compressor, in kW.
Solution #4
Exercise

1. Air at 100kPa and 280K is compressed steadily to 600kPa and 400K. The
mass flow rate of the air is 0.02kg/s, and a heat loss of 16kJ/kg occurs during
the process. Assuming the changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible, determine the necessary power input to the compressor.

2. The power output of an adiabatic steam turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and
the exit conditions of the steam are as indicated in Fig.
(a) Compare the magnitudes of h, Ke, and Pe.
(b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the
turbine.
(c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the steam.
E nd of c h a
pte r: 3