DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech.
Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis
kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita
laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam
bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU
DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct : Indirect :
Now → Then
Today → That day
Tonight → That night
This week → That week
Yesterday → The day before
The day before yesterday → Two days before
Last night → The night before
Last week/year → The previous week/year
A year ago → A year before/The previous year
Three years ago → Three years before
Tomorrow → The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow → In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year → The following week/year
On Sunday → On Sunday
Here → There
This book → The book
This → That
These → Those
Over there → Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS
DIPERHATIKAN:
Can → Could
May → Might
Might → Might
Must → Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan

dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk
laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other
person.

1. Direct speech
2. Indirect speech

Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come
to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell
him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.

Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed
in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the
person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and
pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not
enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is
indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to
the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

Reporting verb: The verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she
says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb.

Examples. In all of the following example the reporting verb is “said”.

He said, “I work in a factory” (Direct speech)
He said that he worked in a factory. (Indirect speech)
 They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)

Reported Speech. The second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a
person (which is enclosed in quotation marks in direct speech) is called reported speech. For
example, a sentence of indirect speech is, He said that he worked in a factory. In this sentence
the second part “he worked in a factory” is called reported speech and that is why the indirect
speech as a whole can also be called reported speech.

Fundamental rules for indirect speech.

1. Reported speech is not enclosed in quotation marks.
2. Use of word “that”: The word “that” is used as a conjunction between the reporting verb
and reported speech.
3. Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according
to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of
sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed in indirect
speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

Example.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy.
Direct speech: I said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect Speech: I said him that he was intelligent. (“You” changed to “he” the
person of object of reporting verb)

1. Change in time: Time is changed according to certain rules like now to then, today to
that day, tomorrow to next day and yesterday to previous day.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy today”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy that day.

1. Change in the tense of reported speech: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb
part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of
sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported
speech will not change.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was happy. (Tense of reported speech changed)
Direct speech: He says, “I am happy”
Indirect Speech: He said that he is happy. (Tense of reported speech didn’t
change)