Intro To Research PDF

BASIC vs.
APPLIED
RESEARCH
Presented By
ANUPAMA SAINI
MLISc
Department of Library and Information Science
University of Delhi
What is Research?
• Webster’s Third International Dictionary of the English Language defines research
as “studious inquiry or examination, especially critical and exhaustive investigation or
experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts, and their correct interpretation, the
revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or practical
applications of new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws.”
• Ranganathan describes research to represent a critical and exhaustive investigation to discover
new facts, to interpret them in the light of known ideas, theories and laws, to revive the current
laws and theories in the light of the newly discovered facts to apply the conclusion to practical
purpose.
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Contd…
The substance of all these samples of definitions of research can be broadly summed up. To restate, the
substantive phrases that stand out in all these definitions of research are that research is an activity as
characterised below:
• An intellectual activity of a high order;
• An investigation of a phenomenon, event or activity;
• Aims to discover data and facts and their interpretations;
• To arrive at conclusions to formulate new theories and laws or revise the already established theories and
laws;
• To communicate the results for peer review; and
• To be accepted or rejected before adding this new knowledge to the already existing general pool of
knowledge.
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Types of Research
Traditionally on the basis of immediate purpose research is of three types:
• Basic Research
• Applied Research
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Basic Research
• Basic Research is also known as ‘fundamental’ or ‘pure’ research. Basic research studies phenomena to get a fuller
understanding of it. This is essentially to obtain knowledge of a natural phenomenon whose applications may or
may not have any bearing on any application in the immediate future or even after a long time. Hence, it is
fundamental in nature.
• Generally this type of research demands a very high order of intellectual calibre as well as intuition. Those who are
involved in basic research devote their efforts to the formulation or reformulation of theories and may not be
concerned at all with their practical application. The knowledge obtained thus expands the theoretical base of a
subject.
• Generally, basic research is conducted by intellectuals at academic institutions who are specially commissioned for
this purpose.
• As Dr. George Smoot of LBNL says, "People cannot foresee the future well enough to predict what's going to develop from basic
research. If we only did applied research, we would still be making better spears."
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Characteristics of Basic Research
1. It is based on the belief ‘knowledge for knowledge’s sake.’
2. It involves collection and analysis of data to develop or enhance theory.
3. It leads to advancement of knowledge.
4. It takes place in a sterile environment.
5. It is carried out for understanding theoretical relationship between variables.
6. It is explanatory in nature.
7. Its application may or may not have any bearing on any application in the immediate future or
even after a long time.
8. Basic research lays down the foundation for the applied science that follows.
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Examples of Basic Research
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
• How do slime moulds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
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Applied Research
• • Applied research on the other hand, is to acquire knowledge on the practical application of the theoretical
base already built up which is expected to solve a critical problem.
• • Applied Research is usually conducted for industries or governments by universities or by specialised
research laboratories or institutions.
• • Applied Research is always for development purposes. It is generally referred to as Research and
Development (R& D).
• • Hence, applied research is designed to solve practical problems of the modern world, rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. One might say that the goal of the applied scientist is to improve
the human condition.
• • Some scientists feel that the time has come for a shift in emphasis away from purely basic research and
toward applied science. This trend, they feel, is necessitated by the problems resulting from global
overpopulation, pollution, and the overuse of the earth's natural resources.
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Characteristics of Applied Research
1. Applied research is solution-specific and addresses practical questions.
2. It involves collection and analysis of data to examine the usefulness of
theory in solving practical educational problems.
3. It can be explanatory but usually descriptive.
4. It involves precise measurement of the characteristics and describes
relationships between variables of a studies phenomenon.
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Examples of Applied Research
• Improve agricultural crop production.
• Treat or cure a specific disease.
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.
• To diagnose the very low use of a certain collection in a library.
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Action Research
• Action research is an extension of applied research. It has its origin in the works of
the social psychologist Kurt Lewin (1946).
• According to John Best & Kahn, “Action research is focused on the immediate application
and not the development of theory. It has placed its emphasis on a real problem in a local setting.
Its findings are to be evaluated in terms of local applicability, not in terms of universal validity.”
• Hence, action research is focused on immediate application, not on the
development of a theory, not upon general application. It has placed its emphasis
on a problem here and now in a local setting.
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Calhaun’s Action Research Cycle
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Basic, Applied and Action Research
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Characteristics of Action Research
1. It is situational.
2. It is a reflective inquiry.
3. It is based on scientific approach.
4. It is a scientific way of solving problems.
5. It is a small scale intervention.
6. It is a unified exercise to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
7. Its emphasis is not on obtaining general scientific knowledge but on obtaining
knowledge concerning a specific local problem.
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Examples of Action Research
• Control of dengue in South Delhi.
• Use of group work to improve class 7th students' ability to speak English.
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Relationship between Basic and Applied
Research
• Basic research provides the theory that produces the concepts for applied
research for solving specific problems.
• Applied research provides the data to support, help, guide, and revise the
development theory resulted from basic research.
• Doing basic research ensures that applied researchers don’t need to reinvent
the wheel every time they start on a new project as it lays a readymade
groundwork.
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Difference between Basic and Applied
Research
Sr. Basis Basic Research Applied Research
No.
1 Problem Individual researcher Employer or sponsor
selection by
2 Motivation for Intellectual curiosity and satisfaction in Commitment to promote public
researcher advancing knowledge welfare
3 Goal Generalised theoretical understanding, Cost-effective reduction of social

tools, techniques problems
4 Research Arena Laboratory Real world setting
5 Nature Analytical Synthetic
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Contd…
Sr. No. Basis Basic Research Applied Research
6 Application of Not concerned with applicability of results Acton-oriented and concerned with
results of the research applicability of results of the research
7 Use of The research starts without any Based on predetermined conditions,

predetermined predetermined norms, hypothesis and objectives, hypothesis and theories
norms theories
8 Commercial Value No commercial value related to results Commercial value related to results
9 Dependence Doesn’t depend on applied research Depends on related basic research for
principles, fundamentals, theories, etc.
10 Mode of Publication in learned technical journals Communication with lay decision makers
dissemination of
results 18
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References
• Best, J.W. (2013) Research Methods in Education, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi
• McNiff, J. & Whitehead J., (2002) Actiona Research: Principle & Practices,
Routledge-Falmer, London, 1st Ed.
• Norton, S.L., (2009) Action Research in Teaching and Learning: A Practical Guide
to Conducting Pedagogical Research in Universities, Routledge, London, 1st Ed.
• Paneerselvam, R. (2012). Research Methodology, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
10th Ed.
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BASIC vs.

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3 Goal Generalised theoretical understanding, Cost-effective reduction of social

7 Use of The research starts without any Based on predetermined conditions,

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