ME6301- ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

UNIT-I

PART-B

1. During a flow process 5kw paddle wheel work is supplied while the internal energy of the
system increase in one minute is 200kJ.Find the heat transfer when there is no other
form of energy transfer.

Given data:

Work done=5kW (since work is supplied to the system)

Internal energy, ∆u=200kJ/min=200kJ/sec=3.33kJ/sec

To Find:

Heat transfer (Q)

Solution:

By first law of thermodynamics,

Q=w+∆u

=-5+3.33

Q=-1.67kw

2. In an internal combustion engine, during the compression stroke the heat rejected to the
cooling water is 50kj/kg and the work input is 100kJ/kg. Calculate the change in internal
energy of the working fluid starting whether it is a gain or loss.

Given data:

Q=-50kj/kg(heat is rejected)

Work input, W=-100kJ/kg

To Find:

∆E

Solution:
 Q=∆E+W

-50=∆E-100

∆E=50kj/kg

Gain in internal energy=50kJ/kg.

3. A Fluid system, contained in a piston and cylinder machine, oases through a complete
cycle of four processes The sum of all heat transferred, during a cycle is -340kJ. The
system completes 200 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the
method for each item and complete the net rate of work output in KW.

PROCESS Q(KJ/min) W(KJ/min) ∆E(KJ/min)

1-2 0 4340 -

2-3 42000 0 -

3-4 -4200 - -73200

4-1 - - -

Solution:

Using First law of thermodynamics,

PROCESS 1-2

Q=∆E+w

O=∆E+4340.

∆E=-4340KJ/min

PROCESS 2-3

Q=∆E+w

42000=∆E+0

∆E=42000KJ/min

PROCESS 3-4

Q=∆E+w

-4200=-73200+w
 -4200+7200=w

W=69000KJ/min

∑Q=-340KJ

The system completes 200 cycles/min

∑Qcycle×200=Q1-2+Q2-3+Q3-4+Q4-1

-340×200=0+42000-42000+ Q4-1

Q4-1=-105800KJ/min

Since cycle integral of any property is zero

∆E1-2+∆E2-3+∆E3-4+∆E4-1=0

-4340+420004(-732000)+ ∆E4-1=0

∆E4-1=35540KJ/min

Q4-1=∆E4-1+W4-1

-105800=35540+ W4-1

W4-1=-141340KJ/min

Since

∑Q cycle = ∑W cycle

∑Q=42000-4200-105800

∑Qcycle-68000KJ/min

Rate of work output=-68000KJ/min

=-68000/60KJ/sec

= 1133.3Kw

The complete table is given below,

PROCESS Q(KJ/min) W(KJ/min) ∆E(KJ/min)

1-2 0 4340 -4340

 2-3 42000 0 42000

3-4 -4200 69000 -73200

4-1 -105800 -141340 35540

4. A Piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which process through a complete
cycle of four processes. During a cycle , the sum of all heat transfer is -170KJ. The
system completes 100 cycles/min .complete the following table showing the method for
item and completes the net rate of work output in KW

PROCESS Q (KJ/min) W(KJ/min) ∆E(KJ/min)

a-b 0 2170 -

b-c 21000 0 -

c-d -2100 - -36600

d-a - - -

[Similar as above problem]

5. Mass of 15 kg of air in a piston cylinder device is heated from 25°to90°by passing

current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder .the pressure inside the cylinder
is held constant at 300Kpa during the process and a heat loss of 60KJ occurs.
Determine the electrical energy supplied in kw-hr and changing in internal energy.

Given data:

M=15kg; T1=25°=25+273=298k

T2=90°=90+273=363k

P1=P2=300kpa=300KN/m²

Q=-60Kj

To find:

a) Electrical energy supplied

b) Changing in internal energy

Solution:

Work done, W=mR(T2-T1)

 =15×0.287×(363-298)

=279.825KJ

Work done, W in KW-hr=workdone×3600

=279.825×3600

Electrical energy supplied =1007.37×10³Kw-hr

Change in internal energy=∆U=Q-W

=-60-279.825

∆U=-339.825 KJ

6. 5Kg of air at 40 °and 1 bar is heated in a reversible non-flow constant pressure until the
volume is doubled find (a) Change in volume(b)Work done(c) change in internal energy
and (d)Change in enthalpy.

Given data:

M=5Kg

T1=40 °c

P1=1bar=100kN/m²

V2=2V1

P=constant

To find:

a) V2 -V1=?

b) W=?

c) ∆U=?

d) ∆H=?

Solution

From ideal gas equation,

P1 V1=mR T1

V1=5×0.287×313
 100

V1=4049m³

The final volume V2= V1

=2×4.49

V2 =8.98 m³

1) Change in volume

V2 -V1=8.98-4.49

=4.49m²

2) Work done transfer

W=P(V2 -V1)

=100(4.49)

=449KJ

3) Change in internal energy

∆U=mCv(T2-T1)

V1/ V2= T2/ T1

T2= T1( V1/ V2)

=313 ( 2 V1/ V2)

=626k

4) Change in enthalpy

∆H= mCp(T2-T1)

=5×1.005(626-313)

=1572.825KJ

7. An ideal gas of molecular weight 30 and specific heat ratio 1.4 is compressed according to the
law pv1.25=C from 1 bar absolute and 27°c to a pressure of 16 bar calculated the temperature
at the end of compression the heat received or rejected work done on the gas during the
process and changes in enthalpy, assume mass of the gas as 1kg

Given data:

Molecular weight (M) =30

Cp/Cv=ɤ=1.4

M=1kg

P1=1bar=100KN/m²

P2=16 bar=1600KN/m²

T1=27°c+273=300k

Pv1.25=C

To find;

T2, Q and w

Solution:

For polytrophic process the P, V and T relation.

T2/T2= (P1/ P2)n-1

T2= T1 (P1/ P2)n-1/n

T2=300(1600/100) 1.25-1/1.25

T2=522.33k

Work done

W=mR (T2-T1)

n-1

Gas constant R=Ru/M

=8.314/30

R=0.277KJ/kgk

W=1×0.277×(300-522.33)
 1.25-1

W=-246.34KJ

Heat transfer

Q= W×(r-n/r-1)

=246.34×(1.4-1.25/1.4-1)

Q=-92.378KJ

Change in enthalpy

∆H= mCp(T2-T1)

=1×1.005(522.38-300)

∆H=233.49KJ

8. 50kg/min of air enters the control volume in a steady flow system at 2 bar and 100°c and
at an envelope elevation of 100m above the datum. The same mass leaves the control
volume at 150m elevation with a pressure of 10 bar and temperature of 300°c. The
entrance velocity as 2400m/min and the exit velocity is 1200m/min. During the process
50000kj/hr of heat is transferred to the control volume and the rice in enthalpy is 8kj/kg.
Calculate the power developed.

Given data:

1. M=50kj/kg=50/60=0.83kj/sec
2.
P1=2bar=200kN/m2

3. T1=100°c=373k

4. Z1=100m

5. Z2=150m

6. P2=10bar=1000KN/m2

7. T2=300°c=573k

8. C1=2400m/min=2400/60=40m/sec

9. C2=1200m/min=1200/60=20m/sec

10. Q=50000KJ/hr=50000/3600=13.89KJ/sec
 11. H2-h1=8KJ/kg

To find:

Power developed P=?

Solution:

SFEE is

Gz1+c12/2+u1+p1v1+Q=gz2+c22/2+u2+p2v52+W

W=g (z1-z2) +c12-c22/2+ (h1-h2) +Q

W=9.81(100-150) +402- 202/2+8×103+13.89×103

W=5999.5J/kg

W=6Kj/kg

Power developed

P=W×mass

=6.0×0.83

P=4.98KJ/sec

P=4.98KN

9. In a steady flow of air through a No 22 the enthalpy decreases by 50kj between two
sections. Assuming that there are no other energy changes than the kinetic energy
determine the increase in velocity is 90m/s.

Given data:

Enthalpy decrease (h1-h2) = 50kj

=50×103J

Velocity at section 1 C1=90m/sec

To find:

Increases in velocity (C1-C2) =?

Solution:

We know that
 Steady flow energy equation for a nozzle is

H1-h2=C22-C12/2

Velocity at exit C2=√2(H1-h2)+ C12

=√1×50×103+902

C2=328.78m/s

Increase velocity

C1-C2= 328.78-90

=238.78m/s.

10. A room for four persons has two for each consuming 0.18KW power and three lamps.
Ventilation air at the rate of 80kg/hr enters with an enthalpy of 84kj/kg. In each person
put out heat of the rate of 630Kj/hr. Determine the rate at which heat is to be removed
by a room cooler so that a steady state is maintained in the room.

Given data:

Np=4(person); nf=2

Wf=0.18kw

Wl=100w

Mass of air m=80 kg/hr=80/3600=0.022kg/s

h1=84kj/kg

h2=59kj/kg

Qp=630kj/hr

To find:

Rate of heat is to be removed =?

Solution:

E=m (h1-c12/2+gz1+Q)-m (h2+C22/2+Z2g+w)

Assuming that,

C12-C22/2=0. (z1-z2)g=0.
 Q=E-m (h1-h2)-w

E=-npQp

=-4×630/3600

W=-0.7Kw

m (h1-h2)=80/3600(84-59)

=0.55kw

W=electrical energy in put

W=nfwf+newe

=2×0.8+3×100/1000

W=0.66kw

Q= E- m (h1-h2)-w

=-0.7-0.5-0.66

Q=-1.916kw.
 UNIT - II
PART-B
1. A heat engine is used to drive a heat pump. The heat transfer from the heat engine and
from the heat pump is used to heat the water circulating through the radiators of
building. The efficiency of the heat engine is 27% and COP of the heat pump is 4. (i)
Draw the heat diagram of the arrangement and (ii) evaluate the ratio of heat transfer to
the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine.
[Oct – 95]
Given data:
H.E = 27%
COPH.E = 4
TO FIND:

=?
SOLUTION:

H.E = =

0.27 = 1-

= 0.73
QR1 = 0.73 QS1  (1)
 COP H.P =

4 =  (2)
Substituting (1) (2)

4=

=
QR2 = 1.08 QS1  (3)
Total heat supplied to the water, Q = QR1 + QR2
= 0.73 QS1 + 1.08 QS1
= 1.81 QS1

= 1.81
RESULT:
The ratio of heat transfer to the circulating water to the heat transfer to the heat engine,

= 1.81

2. A Carnot heat engine takes heat from an infinite reservoir at 550°c and rejects it to a
sink a 275°c. Half of the work delivered by the engine is used to run generator and the
other half is used to run heat pump which takes heat at 275°c and rejects it at 440°c.
Express the heat rejected at 440°c by the heat pump as % of heat supplied to the engine at
550°c. If the operation of the generator is 500KW, find the heat rejected per hour by the
heat pump at 440°c.
GIVEN DATA:
T1 = 550°c
T2 = 275°c
T4 = 440°c
Wg = 500 KW
TO FIND:

1. =?
2. Heat rejected, QR2 =?
SOLUTION:
For Carnot heat engine
 =

= QR1
= 1.502 QR1 (1)
Work done by the heat engine, W = QS1 – QR1
= 1.502 QR1 – QR1
= 0.502 QR1

Generator input, Wg =
= 0.251 QR1
Work input to the heat pump,
WHP = 0.251 QR1
Heat rejected by the heat pump,
QR2 = QS2 + WHP
= QS2 + 0.251 QR1  (2)

For reverse heat pump,

QS2 = QR2

= QR2
QS2 = 0.77 QR2
Substituting QS2 (2)
 QR2 = 0.77 QR2 + 0.251 QR1

= 0.77 QR2 + 0.251 × QS1

From characteristic gas equation, PV = mRT

V1 =

=
= 2.17 m3
 From =

V2 =

=
= 0.274 m3
Similarly, =

T2 = 303
= 458.47 K
= 185.47°c
Change in entropy during compression,

S2 – S1 = mcV Ln

= mcP Ln

 S2 – S1 = 5 × 0.718 Ln
= -1.483 KJ/K
Process 2 -3 is a constant volume process

 Change in entropy ,S3–S1= mcVln

= 5×0.718ln
= -1.487 KJ/K
RESULT:
1. Final volume at the end of compression, V2 = 0.274 m3
2. The corresponding temperature, T2 = 185.47°c
3. Change of entropy during compression S2 – S1 = 1.483 KJ/K
4. Change of entropy during constant volume, S3 – S2 = 1.487 KJ/K

3. One Kg of Ice at -5°c is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20°c. The ice melts and
comes into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere (i) Determine the entropy increase
of the turbine (ii) what is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water
back to ice at -5°c ? Assume CP for Ice as 2.093 KJ/Kg K and the latent heat of fusion of
ice as 333.3 KJ/Kg.
Given data:
Ti = -5°c = 273-5 = 268 K
Ta = 20°c = 273 + 20 = 293 K
CPi = 2.093 KJ/Kg K
L = 333.3 KJ/Kg
To Find:
1. Entropy increase of universe (S)univ = ?
2. Minimum amount of work W/min = ?
Solution:
 Heat absorbed by air from atmosphere ( ) = Heat absorbed in solid phase + Latent
heat + Head absorbed in liquid phase
= mcpi (To-Ti) + mL + mcpw (Tu-To)
Assuming m =1 Kg and cpw = 4.187 KJ/Kg K
 Q = 1 × 2.093 (0-1-5) + 1 × 333.3 + 1 × 4.187 (20-0)
= 427.535 KJ

Entropy change of atm (S) atm = -

= = -1.46 KJ/K
Entropy change of system,
(S) system = (S)ice + (S)fusion + (S)liquid

= +

= 1 × 2.093 ln + +1×4.187 ln
= 1.556 KJ/K
 Entropy of universe,
(S)univ = (S)sys + (S)atm
= 1.556-1.46

(S)univ = 0.096
KJ/K

If water is to be converted back to ice using a reversible refrigerator heat to be removed from
water.
Q = 427.535 KJ
Now, (S)sys = -1.556 KJ/K

But (S)atm =
(S)ref = 0 (as the refrigerant operates in a cycle)
(S)univ = (S)sys + (S)ref +(S)atm  0

-1.556 + 0 +
Q + W  445.908 KJ
 W  445.908 – 427.535
, so, Wmin = 28.373 KJ
4. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. A rejecting heat directly to
B. engine receive 200 KJ at a temperature of 421°c from a hot source while engine B is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4°c if the work output of A is
twice that of B, find
(i) The intermediate temperature b/w (A) & (B)
(ii) The efficiency of each engine, and
(iii) The heat rejected to the cold sink

Given data:
1. TH = 421°c = 421 + 273 = 694 K
2. TL = 4.4°c = 4.4 +273 = 277.4K
3. QS1 = 200 KJ, WA = WB
To find:
1. The intermediate temperature b/w (A) & (B), T = ?
2. The efficiency of each engine A & B = ?
3. The heat rejected to the cold sink iQR2 = ?
Solution:
Work output from engine A,
WA = QS1 – QR1
= 200- QR1
For reversible heat engine,

--------------(1)

o, =
 QR1 = 0.2887 -----------(2)
o, WA = 200 – 0.2887
But WB = 100 – 0.1447 -------(3) ( ) ( )
and also WB = QS2 – QR2
= 0.2887 – QR2 -----(4)

Equating equations (4) and (5)

100 – 0.1447 = 0.2887 – QR2
 QR2 = 0.4327 – 100 -------------------(5)
Similarly, for reversible engine B,
 so,

 T = 416.42 K (or) T = 143.42°c

So, QR1 = 0.288 × 416.42 = 119.93 KJ
and QR2 = 0.432 × 416.42 - 100
QR2 = 79.89 KJ

Efficiency of engine A, A = 1-
=
= 40.04%

Efficiency of engine A, B = 1-

=
= 33.39%
Result:
1. The intermediate temperature between A and B, T = 143.42°c
2. The efficiency of each engine A = 40.04% and B = 33.39%
3. The heat rejected to the cold sink QR2 = 79.89 KJ.
 UNIT-III
PART-B
3
1. A vessel of volume 0.04m contains a mixture of saturated water and steam at a
temperature of 250C. The mass of the liquid present is a 9 Kg find the pressure, mass,
specific volume, enthalpy, entropy and Internal energy.

Given data
V=0.04m3
T=250oC
M1=9kg
To find:
P, m, v, h, s and U
Solution:
From steam tables corresponding + 250oC read
Vf = V1 = 0.001251 m3/Kg
Vg = Vs = 0.050037 m3/Kg
P = 39.776 bar
Total volume occupied by the liquid
V1 = m1v1 = 9 x 0.001251
V1 = 0.0113m3

Total volum of the vessel

V = Volume of liquid + volume of steam
V = V1 + Vs
0.04 = 0.0113 + Vs
Vs = 0.0287 m3

Mass of steam, Ms = =0.574 kg

Mass of mixture of liquid and steam, m = m1 + ms
M = 9+0.574=9.574 kg
Total Specific volume of mixture
 V=

We know that
V = Vf + xVfg
0.00418 = 0.001251 + x (0.050037 – 0.001251)
X = 0.06
From steam tables corresponding to 250oC,
hf = 1085.8 KJ/Kg hfg=1714.6 KJ/kg
sf = 2.794 KJ/KgK sfg = 3.277 KJ/Kg K.
Enthalpy of mixture,
h = hf + xhfg
= 1085.8 + 0.06 x 1714.6
H = 1188.67 KJ/kg
Entropy of mixture,
S = sf + xsfg
= 2.794 + 0.06 x 3.277
S = 2.99 KJ/Kg K
Internal energy u = h-Pv
= 1188.67 – 39.776 x 102 x 0.00418)
u = 1172 KJ/kg

2. In steam generator compressed water at 10 MPa, 30oC enters a 30mm diameter tube at the
rate of 3 litres1sec. Steam at 9 MPa, 400oC exist the tube. Find the rate of heat transfer.
(November -2003)

Given data
P1 = 10 bar
TW = 30oC
D = 30mm = 0.03m
N1 = 3 litres / sec = 0.003 m3/sec
P2 = 9 bar
T2 = 400oC

To find : Q

Solution:
From steam tables corresponding to 30oC
Vf1 = 0.001004 m3/kg
Hf1 = h1 = 125.7 KJ/Kg
 V1 = mvf1

Mass flow rate of steam m =

M = 2.988 Kg/s

Area of the tube A =

A = 7.068x10-4m2

Inlet Velocity C1

C1
From steam tables corresponding to 9MPa and 400oC
V2 = 0.02993 m3/kg
H2= 3121.2 KJ/kg

Final velocity, C2=

C2 = 126.53 m/s.
From SFEE (steady How energy equation)

Q = 9874.45 KW

Result:
The rate of heat Transfer to the water Q = 8974.45KW

3. Steam at 0.8MPa, 250oC and flowing the rate of 1 Kg / s passes into a pipe carrying wet
steam at 0.8MPa, 0.95 dry, after adiabatic mixing the flow rate is 2.3 kgs /s. Determine the
properties of the steam after mixing.

Given data
P1 = 0.8 MPa = 8 bar
T1 = 250oC
M1 = 1 Kg/s
P2 = 0.8 MPa = 8 bar
X2 = 0.95
M3 = 2.3 kg/s
 To find
Properties

Solution
The sum of mass of the steam before mixing = The sum of mass of
the steam after mixing.
M1 + m2 = m3
M2 = m3 – m1 = 2.3 – 1 = 1.3 Kg/sec

The energy balance equation for adiabatic mixing.

M1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3 1
o
Corresponding to 8 and 250 C
h1 = 2950.4 KJ/Kg
Corresponding to8 bar, read hf and hfg
hf2 = 720.9 KJ/kg. hfg2=2046.5KJ/kg
h2 = hf2+ x2hfq2
= 720.1 + 0.95 x 2046.5
h2 = 2664.27 KJ/Kg
Sub all the values to the equation 1
1x2950.4 +1.3 x 2664.27 = 2.3 x h3
H3 = 2788.67 KJ/kg
Corresponding to 8 bar, read,
hg = 2767.4 KJ/Kg
Since h37hg the steam is in super heated condition from the molier chart, corresponding
to 8 bar and h3 = 2788.67 KJ/kg
Super heated temperature T3 = 180oC
Entropy, S3 = 6.645 KJ/Kg K
Specific volume, V3 = 2.5m3 / Kg
The conditions of steam, after mixing is 0.8 MPa and180oC

Result:
The conditions of steam after mixing is 0.8 MPa and 180oC
Enthalpy, h3 = 2788.67 KJ/kg
Entropy, S3 = 6.645KJ/Kg K
Specific volume V3 = 2.5 m3/kg

4. In a steam power plant operating on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle, the steam enters the
High-pressure turbine at 3 MPa and 400oC after expansion to 0.6MPa. The steam is
reheated to 400oC and then expanded the logo – pressure Turbine to the condenser
pressure of 10kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the quality of the
steam at the outlet of the pressure turbine

Given data:
P1 = 3 MPa and T1 = 400oC
P2 = 0.6 MPa
P3 = 10 kPa
To find
Reheat x4.
Solution:
From Super heated steam table.
A+ P1 = 30bar and 400oC
H1 = 3232.5 KJ/kg
S1 = 6.925 KJ/Kg K
From saturated steam table.
Sq2 = 6.758 KJ/KgK; Sf2 = 1.931 KJ/Kgk
Sfg2 = 4.827 KJ/Kg K: hfg2 = 2085.1 KJ / Kg
Hf2 = 670.4 KJ/Kg
Since S1>Sg2 the steam is in super heated conditions,
So equating the superheated entropy at 6 bar you will get superheated temperature.
By interpolation superheated temp is192oC from super heated table at 6 bar and 192oC.
h2 = 2831.41 KJ/kg
From super heated steam table at 6 bar and 400oC
h3 = 3270.6 KJ/kg: S3 = 7.709 KJ/KgK
From Saturated steam table at 0.15 bar.
Hf4 = 191.8 KJ/Kg hfg4=2392.9 KJ/kg
Sf4 = 0.649 KJ/Kgk Sfg4 = 7.502 KJ/KgK
3
Vf4 = 0.001010m /Kg
We know that
S3 = S4 = Sf4+ X4 x Sfg4
7.709 = 0.649 + X4 x 7.502
 X4=0.941
Dryness fraction of stream at the end of the Turbine.
X4 = 0.941
h4 = hf4 + X4 x hfg4
= 191.8 + 0.941 x 2392.9
h4 = 2443.52 KJ/kg
Enthalpy of steam the end of the Turbine.
h4 = 2443.52 KJ/kg
h5 = hf4 = 191.8 KJ/kg
Pump work
Wp = Vf4 (P1-P4)
= 0.001010(3000-10)
WP = 3.0199 KJ/kg

Efficiency of reheat Rankine Cycle

Reheat =

Reheat - 0.47154 = 47.154%

Result
Efficiency of reheat Rankine cycle -47.154% Quality of steam at outlet of L.P. Turbine
X4 = 0.941 = 94.1% dry)

5. A reheat cycle operating between 30 and 0.04 bar has a superheat and reheat temperature
of 450oC. The first expansion takes place till the steam is dry saturated and then reheat is
given. Neglecting feed pump work, determine the ideal cycle efficiency.
Given data:
P1 = 30 bar, P4 = 0.04 bar, T1 = 450oC, T3 = 450oC, X2 = 1
To find:
Efficiency of the Cycle
Solution
From steam tables at 30 bar and 450oC
H1 = 3344.35 KJ/Kg
S1 = 7.08 KJ/Kgk
A = 0.04 bar
Hf4 = 121.4 KJ/Kg
sf4 = 0.423 KJ/Kgk
hfg4 = 2433.1 KJ/Kg
Sfg4 = 8.053 KJ/Kgk
1-2 – isentropic process
S1 = S2 = 7.087 KJ / KgK
S2 = Sg = dry saturated steam
P2 = Psat at sg
(From steam table) P2 = 2.3 bar
At 2.3 bar
h2 = 2712.6 KJ/Kg
At 2.3 bar and450oC
h3 = 3381.46 KJ/Kg, S3 = 8.3061 KJ/Kgk
3-4 isentropic process,
S3 = S4 = 8.3061 KJ/Kg k
S4 = Sf4 + x4 x sfg4
 =0.423 + X4 x 8.053
S4 = 0.423 + X4 x 8.0523
X4 = 0.98
h4 = hf4 + x4 x hfg4
= 121.4 + 0.98 x 2433.1
h4 = 2505.84 KJ/Kg
The cycle efficiency

M=

M=

M = 0.3873 = 38.73%
Result

The cycle efficiency = 38.73%

6. In a generative cycle, the steam pressure at Turbine inlet is 30 bar and the exhaust is at
0.04 bar. The steam is initially saturated. Enough steam is bled off at the optimum pressure
of 3 bar to heat the feed water. Determine the cycle efficiency, neglect pump work.

Given data
P1 = 30 bar
P2 = 3 bar
P3 = 0.04 bar

To find:
 cycle
Solution:
From Steam tables
A + 30 bar and dry
h1 = 2802.3 KJ/Kg
S1= 6.184 KJ/Kg K
At 0.04 bar
hf3 = 121.4 KJ/kg
sf3 = 0.423 KJ/Kg K
hfg3 = 2433.1 KJ/kg
Sfg3 = 8.053 KJ/ KgK Vf3 = 0.001004 m3/kg

A+3 bar
Hf2 = 561.4 KJ/Kg ; hfg2 = 2163.3 KJ/kg
Sf2 = 1.672 KJ/Kgk ; Sfg2 = 5.319 KJ/Kg k
Sg2 = 6.991 KJ/Kgk ; Ffb = 0.00107 m3 / kg

1-2 = isentropic process

S1 = S2 = 6.184 KJ/KgK
Since Sg2>S1 : the condition of steam is wet
S1 = Sf2 + X2 x Sfg2
6.184 = 1.672 + X2 x 5.319
X2 = 0.85
h2 = hf2 + x2 x hfg2
= 561.4 + 0.85 x 2163.3
h2 = 2400.205 KJ/Kg K
Similarly process 1-3 insentropic process
S1 = S3 = 6.184 KJ/Kg K
 S3 = Sf3 + X3 x Sfg3
6.184 = 0.423 + X3 x 8.053
X3 = 0.72
h3 = hf3 + X3 x hfg3
h3 = 121.4 + 0.72 x 2433.1
h3 = 1873.23 KJ/Kg
h4 = hf3 = 121.4 KJ/Kg
Pump work during 4-5
Wp = (1-m)(h5-h4) = (1-m) Vf3 (P5-P4)
h5-h4 = 0.001004 x (300-4) = 0.297184
h5 = 0.297184 + 121.4 (h4 – hf3)
h5 = 121.7 KJ/Kg
Similarly for pump work during 6-7
h7-h0 = V6(P7-P6) = Vf2 (P1-P2)
= 0.001074 (3000-300)
h7-h6 = 2.8998 (h6 = hf2 = 561.4 KJ/Kg)
h7 = 561.4 + 2.8998
h7 = 564.29 KJ/kg
The amount of steam bled (m)

M=
M = 0.193
Thermal efficiency of the Regenerative cycle

regenerative = 0.3683 = 36.83%

07. A Steam Power plant uses steam at boiler pressure of 150 bar and temperature 550o
with reheat at 40 bar and 500oC at condenser pressure of 0.1 bar. Find the quality of
steam at Turbine exhaust, cycle efficiency and steam rate. (Apr – 2004)

Given data:
P1 = 150 ba
P2 = 40 bar
P3 = 0.1 bar
T1 = 550oC
T3 = 550oC

To find:
X4 =? : SSC =?
Solution:
Properties of steam from steam table at 150 bar and 550oC
h1 = 3445.2 KJ/kg, S1 = 6.5125 KJ/ Kg K
A + 40 bar and 550oC
h3 = 3558.9 KJ/Kg, S3 = 7.2295 KJ/Kg K
A + 40 bar
Tsat = 250.3oC = 523. K
hf = 1087.4 KJ/Kg : hfg = 1712.9 KJ/Kg K
:
A+0.1bar
:
sf = 0.649 KJ / Kg : Sfg = 7.502 KJ / Kg K
1-2 – isentropic
S1 = S =6.5125 KJ / Kg K
S2 > Sg at 40 bar
Exist of Hp turbine is super heat
Trup – 322oC
h2 = 3047.18 KJ/kg
S3 < Sg at 0.1 bar
Steam is at wet conditions
S4 = S3 = 7.2295 KJ / Kg K
S4 = Sf4 + X4 x Sfg4

X4 =
X4 = 0.877
h4 = hf + x4 x hfg4
h4 = 191.8 + 0.877 x 2392.9
h4 = 2290.37 KJ / Kg K
Cycle efficiency

=
=

= 0.4426 x 100
= 44.26%

Steam state

=
= 2.16 Kg / Kw – hr
= 2.16 kg / kw - hr
 UNIT – IV

PART-B
1. Derive MAXWELL’S equations:-
The Maxwell’s equation relates entropy to the Three directly measurable properties P, V and T
for pure simple compressible substances.
From first Law of thermodynamics
Q= W+ U
Rearranging the Parameters
Q - U + W
Tds = du + pdv
[ ds = Q/T by second Law of thermodynamics
W = Pdv by first Law of thermodynamics]
du=Tds – Pdv -1
We know that h = u + pv
dh = du + d (pv)
= du +Vdp + pdv -2
Substituting the value du in equation(2),
dh = Tds-Pdv +Vdp+Pdv
dh = Tds + Vdp -3

By Helmotz’s function
a = U-Ts
da = du – d (Ts)
= du – Tds – SdT -4
(By differentiation rule, d(uv) – udv+vd)
Substituting the Value fo du in equation (4),
Da = Tds – Pdv – Tds – sdT
= - Pdv – SdT -5
By Gibbs functions
G = h – Ts
dg = dh – d (Ts)
dg = dh – Tds – SdT -6
Substituting the value of dh in equation (6),
So, dg becomes
dg = Tds _ Vdp – Tds - SdT (dh = Tds + Vd)
dg = Vdp – SdT -7
By inverse exact differential we can write equation (1) as
du = Tds – pdv
 -8
Similarly, equation (3) can be written as
dh = Tds + Vdp

-9
Similarly, equation (5) can be written as

-10
Similarly,equation (7) can be written as
dg = Vdp – sdT

-11
These equations 8, 9, 10 and 11 are maxwell’s equation

2. Derive the ENTROPY relations (Tds Equation)

The entropy (s) of a pure substance canbe Expressed as a function of temperature (T) and
pressure (P)
S = f(T, P)
We know that
and

From Maxwell equation, we know that

Substituting in ds equation,

_ 1
Multiplying by T on both Sides of the equation,

_ 2
This is known as the first form of entropy equation (or) the first Tds equation
 By considering The entropy of a pure substance as a function of temperature and specific
volume.
i.e. s = f(T,V)

We know that

From Maxwell Equations, We know that

Substituting in Ds Equation,

ds =
Multiplying by T,

Tds = _ 3

This is known as the second form of Entropy equation (or) the Second Tds equation

3. Derive CLAPEYRON equation

Clapeyron equation which involves the relationship between the saturation pressure,
Saturation, Temperature, the enthalpy of evaporation and the Specific volume of the two
phases involved. This equation provides a basis for calculation of properties in a two phase
region. It gives the slope of a curve Separating the two phases in the P-T diagram.
Let, Entropy (s) is a function of Temperature (T) and volume (V)
i.e. S = f (T, V)

ds = _ 5
When the phase is changing from saturated liquid to saturated Vapour temperature
remains constant. So, ds equation reduces to

ds = _ 6
[ Temperature remains constant dT = 0]

From Maxwell equations, We know that,

Substituting in Equation (6)

 S= 7

The term is the slope of the saturation curve. Integrating the above equation between
saturated liquid (f) and saturated vapour (g),

_ 8
(Sfg = Sg – Sf, Vfg – Vg – Vf)
From Second Law of Tharmodynomics, We knowthat

ds =
For constant pressure process
dQ = dh

d3 =

 Sfg =
Substituting in Equation _ 8

_ 9
This equation is known as clapeyron Euation.

4. Derive JOULE – THOMSON co-efficient

Joule – Thomson Coefficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in pressure
keeping the enthalpy remains constant. It is denoted by

------ 1

Throttling process:-
Throttling process is defined as the fluid expansion through a minute Orifice or slightly
opened Value. During the throttling process, Pressure and velocity are reduced. But there is
no heat transfer and no work done by the system. In this process, enthalpy remains constant.
Joule – Thomson Experiment:-
In this experiment, a stream of gas at a pressure P 1 and Temperature T1 is allowed to flow
continuously through a porous plug. The gas comes out from the other side of the porous plug
at a pressure and Temperature.
The whole apparatus is completely insulates. Therefore, no heat transfer takes place
i.e. Q = 0
The system does not exchange work with the surrounding.
So,
W = OF from steady flow energy equation, we know that,

---------- 1
Since There is no considerable change velocity
V1 = V2 and Z1 = Z2 Q = 0 W= 0 V1 = V2 and
Z1 = Z2 are applied in steady flow energy equation so the equation (1) becomes
h1 = h2
Enthalpy at inlet, h1 = Enthalpy at outlet hz
It indicates that the Enthalpy in constant for throttling process
It is assumed that a series of Experiment performed on a real gas keeping the initial
pressure P1 and Temperature T1 constant with various reduced down steam pressures. It is
found that the down steam temperature also changes. The results from these experiments can
be plotted as constant enthalpy curve on T-p plane.
The slope of a constant Enthalpy is known as Joule – Thomson Co-efficient-it it denoted
by

Case (i)
There is always pressure drop in throttling process - & 0P and temperature change are
negative. Therefore is positive.

This throttling process produces cooling effect

Case (ii)
There is always pressure drop in throttling process So p in negative.
When the temperature change in positive u is negative
 This throttling process produces heating effect
Case (iii)
When is zero the temperature of the gas remains constant with throttling. The
temperature at which = 0 is called inversion temperature for a given pressure
Inversion Curve:
The maximum point on each curve is called inversion point and the lows of the inversion
point is called inversion curve.
A Generalized equation of the Joule Thomson Co-efficient can be derived by using
change of enthalpy equation.
WKT

dh =

Dividing by Cp on both sides

_ 3
Differentiating this equation with respect to pressure at Constant enthalpy.

_ 4
From eqn 4, we can determine the Joule – Thomson Co-efficient
Joule Thomson Coefficient for ideal gas:
The Joule Thomson. Coefficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in
pressure, keeping the enthalpy remains constant. It is denoted by

W.K.T
PV = RT
Differentiating the above equation of state with respect to T by keeping pressure p
constant
 =0 It implies that the Joule – Thomson Coefficient is Zero.
Constant temperature coefficient, Lets Enthalpy is a function of pressure and temperature i.e.,
h = f (p, T)
---------- 5

For throttling process, enthalpy remains constant.

h=C
dh = 0
Sub-dk value in eqn – 5

---------- 6

Diving by dT.

The property Cp= is known as constant temperature to efficient.

5. A mixture of 2 kg Oxygen and 2 kg Argon is in an insulated piston cylinder arrangement

at 100Kpo. 300k. the piston now compresses the mixture to half its initial volume.
Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 and for organ is 40. Ratio of specific heats for oxygen
is1.39 and for argon is i-667.
Given data:
Moz = 2 kg
MAR = 2 kg
P1 = 100 kpa
T1 = 300k
V 2 = ½ V1
MO2 = 32
Mar = 40
roz= 1.39 +Par = 1.667
Solution

Mars fraction XOz =

PO2 = XO2 x p = 0.56 x100 = 556kpa

Similarly, XAr =
Pa = 0.444 x 100 = 44.4 kpa
From equation of state

Voz = =
= 2.804m3

= 2.81 M3
Volume after compression

Ratio of Specified heat of mixture

V = XO2 VO2 + XAR VAR
= 0.55 x 1.39 + 0.444 x 1.667 = 1.513
Jnoulot process refers reersibel adiabatic process
P1V1 r = P2 V2r
P2 =

= 285 Kpa

Similarly
 Tz =2040.19k
Piston Work W =
= - 1000.23KJ
= -IMJ
(-Ve sign indicates the work input to the piston)
6. 0.45 kg of Co and 1 Kg of air is contained in a vessel of volume 0.4m 3 at 15oC. Air has
23.3% of O2 and 76.7% of N2 by mass. Calculate the partial press are of each constitutent and
total pressure in the vessel Motor masses of Co. Co2 and N2 are 28.32 and 28kg/km
Given Date
Mco = 0.49kg
Mar = 1 kg
V = 0.4m3
T=150C
XO2 = 0.233
Xn2 = 0.767
Mco = 28kg / kmol
MCO2 = 32 kg kmol
MN2 = 28kg / kmol
Solution
Ra =

Xco = 0.6826
R = XcoRco + XaRa

= 0.3174 x
= 0.189 KJ/KgK

PCO = 0.3174 x 197.32 = 62.63 kpa

Pa = 0.6226 x 197.32 = 134.69kpa
WKT,
Air contains 23.3% O2 and 76.7% N2
partial pressure of 02 = 0.233 x 134.69
= 31.39 kpa
Partial pressure of N2 = 0.767 x 134.69
= 130.3kpa
 UNIT-V
PART B

1. Air at 20oC, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40oC, 40% RH in the ratio of 1
Kg of the forces with 2kg of the Latter (on dry basic) find the final condition of air
(Nov’03)

Given data:-
Dry bulb temperature td1 = 20oC
Relative humidity Q1 = 40%
Dry bulb temperature td2 = 40oC
Relative humidity Q2 = 40%

Solution:-
KlKT By mass balance
M1 +m2 = m3
M1w1 + m2w2 = m3w3

By energy balance
M1h1 + m2h2 = m3h3
Sub the value of m3 ch eq
m1w1+m2h2 = (m1+m2)w3
m1w1 – m1w3 = m2w3 – m2w2
m1(w1-w3) – m2 (w3-w2)

From Psychrometriy chart w1 = 0.0058 kg/kg of dry

w2 = 0.0187 kg/kg of dry

W3 = 0.0144 kg/kg of air

Similarly
m1h1 + m2h2 = (m1+m2) h3
m1h1 – m1h3 = m2h3 – m2h2
m1(h1-h3) = m2 (h3-h2)

From psychrometry
h1 = 35 KJ/kg
H2 = 90 KJ/Kg
 ½=
h3 = 71.67 KJ/kg

2. An air water vapour mixure at 0.1 mpa, 30oC 80% RH has a volume of 50m3, calculate
the specific humidity, dew point, wet bulb temp, mass of dry air andmass of water
vapour
Given data
P1 = 0.1 mpa
Td =30oC
Q =80%
Va = 50 m3
Solution:-
1. Relative humidity Q = Pv/PS
From steam table. K/e find that fro 30oC dry bulb temperature corresponding pressure is
0.04246 bar.
Ps = 0.0426 bar
Q = PV/PS
0.8 = PV / 0.04246
Vapour Pressure Pv = 0.03397 bar
Specific humidity w = 0.622 PV / Pb-Pv

= 0.622 x
W = 0.02187 Kj/Kg of dry air
From ST – corresponding to vapour Pr. Pv = 0.03397 bar temp is 31.06oC
So the (DBT) Dew point temp tdp = 31.06oC
From gas Law
Pava = maRaT

Ma =
When
Volume Va = 50m3
Gas constant Ra = 0.287 KJ/kg-K
Temperature T = 30+273=303K
Pb = Pa + Pv
Pa = Pb – Pv
= 1-0.03397
Pa = 0.966 bar
Pa = 0.966 x 100 kpa
= 96.6 kpa (1 bar = 100 kpa)
 Ma =
Specific humidity

W=

0.02187 =
Mv = 1.215 kg
From psychometry chart, corresponding to dry bulb temperature 30oC and relative humidity
80% the wet bulb temp is 270C
Tw = 27oC

3. Air at 16oC and 25% relative humidity passes through a heater and then through a
humidify to reach final dry bulb temperature of 30oC and 50% relative humidity.
Calculate the heat and moisture added to the air what is the sensible heat factor?
Given:
Td1 = 16oC
Q1 = 25%
Td2 = 30oC
Q2 = 50%
Solution
Step 1
The dry of ai at 16oC- dry bulb temp and25% (RH) is marked on the psychometric chart
at point 1.

The dry of air 30oC dry bulb temp and 50% (RH) is marked on the psychometric chart at
point 2.

Step 2
Draw ahorizontal line from point 1 and draw a vertical line. From paint 2. There named
as point 3.
 Step 3
Draw a inclined line from pant 1 to 2 read enthalpies and specific humidty values at point
1, 2 and 3 from psychonotric chart
At point 1 enthalpy h1 = 24.5 KJ/kg
Specific humidity w1 = 0.0025 kg/kg of dry air
At point 2, enthalpy h2 = 67.5 KJ/kg
Specific humidity w2 = 0.014 kg/kg of dry air
At point3, enthalpyh3 = 38KJ/kg
Heat added Q = h2-h1 = 67.5 – 24.5
= 43 KJ/kg
Moisture added w = w2 – w1 = 0.014-0.0025
= 0.0115 kg / kg of dry air
Sensible heat SH =- h3-h1 = 38-24.5
= 13.5 KJ/Kg
Latnet heat LH = h2-h3 =67.5 – 38 = 29.5 KJ/Kg

SHF =

=
= 0.314
4. Saturated air at 20oC at s rate of 1.16 m3/sec is mixed adiabatically with the outside at
ari 35oC and 50% relative humidity at a rate of 0.5 m3/sec. Assuming a adiabatic mixing
condition at 1ctm, determine specific humidity, relative humidity, dry bulb temperature
and volume flow rate of the mixture.
Given:-
First Stream of air
DBT td1 = 20oC
Flow ratev1 = 1.167 m3/s
Second stream of ai:
DBT + d2 = 35oC
 RH Q2 = 50%
Flow rate V2 = 0.5 m3/S

Solution:-
Step 1 :
The first steam of air i.e. 20oC dry bulb temp upto the saturation curve I marked on the
psychometric short at point 1.

Step 2
The second stream of air i.e. 35oC, dBT & 50o of (RH) is marked in the psychometric
chart at point 2.

Step 3
 Joint the points 1 and 2 from the psychrometric chart WKT
Specific humidity of the first stream of air
W1 = 0.015 kg / kg of dry air.
Speciify humidity of the second stream of air
W2 = 0.01875 kg/kg of dry air
Step 4:
WKT

First stream flow rate v1 = 0.3 m3/s (given)

Mass m1 =
From psychrometric chart WKT (Specific volun) (vs) passing through point 1is 0.863.
V1 = 0.863 m3 / kg

M1 =
Second stream flwo rate v2 = 0.5m3/3

From psychrometric chart

MKT (S.V) (V)
Passing through point 2 is 0.916
V2 = 0.916 m3/kg

M2 =
Sub m1 & m2 Value

0.0203 – 0.35 W3 = 0.546 w3 – 0.01024

1.896 w3 = 0.03054
W3 = 0.0161 kg/kg of dry air
Specific humidity after mixing w3 = 0.0161 kg/kg of dry air
Step 5
 From psychrometric chart at point 3 is 0.878 m3/kg

V3 = 0.878 m3/kg
Q = 82%
Td3 = 23.5oC