Module 1 Problems 2

1. An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 400 kPa and 25°C.
A
paddle wheel within the cylinder is rotated until 15 kJ of work is done on the air
while the pressure is held constant. Determine the final temperature of the air.
Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wheel.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 2 The cylinder is stationary and
thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 3 There are no work interactions
involved other than the boundary work. 4 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer
is negligible. 5 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the paddle-wheel is
negligible. 6 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.
Rair = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K cp,air = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
Enthalpy of air at the initial temperature, h1 = h@298 K = 298.18 kJ/kg (Table A.17)
Energy balance for the closed system
Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem
(Qin + Win) – (Qout + Wout) = ΔU
Since it is an insulated cylinder , Q = 0

Since paddle wheel is doing work on the system and system is insulated for maintaining the
pressure a constant the volume should be increasing
Hence the boundary work should be done by the system
Win = Wpaddle
Wout = Wbound
Win – Wout = ΔU
Wpaddle - Wbound = ΔU = U2 – U1
Wbound = P(V2 – V1)
Wpaddle - P(V2 – V1) = U2 – U1
Welect = U2-U1 + P(V2 – V1) = (U2 + PV2) – (U1 + PV1) = H2 – H1 = m(h2 – h1)
P1 = P2 = 400 kPa
V1 = 100 L = 0.1 m3
.
m= = = 0.4676 kg
15 kJ = 0.4676 x (h2 - 298.18)
h2 = 330.23 kJ
From Table A-17 @ h = 330.23 , T = 330 oC
Final temperature, T2 = 330 K
Alternatively
Using specific heats at room temperature, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.°C
Welect = m(h2 – h1) = mcp(T2 – T1)

15 =0.4676 x 1.005 (T2 - 298)
T2 = 329.9 K
2. In a manufacturing facility, 5-cm-diameter brass balls (ρ = 8522 kg/m3 and cp =
0.385 kJ/kg · °C) initially at 120°C are quenched in a water bath at 50°C for a
period of 2 min at a rate of 100 balls per minute. If the temperature of the balls
after quenching is 74°C, determine the rate at which heat needs to be removed
from the water in order to keep its temperature constant at 50°C.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the balls are constant. 2 The balls are at a uniform
temperature before and after quenching. 3 The changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible.
Properties The density and specific heat of the brass

balls are given to be ρ = 8522 kg/m3 and cp = 0.385
kJ/kg.oC.
Analysis We take a single ball as the system.
Ein – Eout = ΔE
(Qin + Win) – (Qout + Wout) = ΔU
Now work done during the process
Since the hot balls are being cooled Qin = 0

-Qout = ΔU
Qout = mC(T1 – T2)
Mass of ball, m = ρV = ρ.πD3/6 = 8522. Π.0.053/6 = 0.558 kg

T1 = 120 + 273 = 393 K
T2 = 74 + 273 = 347 K
Qout = mC(T1 – T2) = 0.558 x 0.385 (393 - 347) = 9.88 kJ/ball
Rate of heat transfer from 100 balls/minute = 9.88 x100 = 988 kJ/minute
So if the water is to be maintained at 50 oC a heat should be removed from water at a rate of

988 kJ/min.
3. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m3 and 40 m/s and leaves at 0.762 kg/m3
and 180 m/s. If the inlet area of the nozzle is 90 cm2, determine (a) the mass flow
rate through the nozzle, and (b) the exit area of the nozzle
ρ1 = 2.21 kg/m3
V1 = 40 m/s
V2 = 180 m/s
ρ2 = 0.762 kg/m3
A1 = 90 cm2 = 90 x 10-4 m2
Mass flow rate, 𝑚̇ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑉 = (2.21 kg/m3)(0.009 m2 )(40 m/s)
= 0.796 kg/s
Since it is a steady flow mass flow rate at exit is same as that at inlet
𝑚̇ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑉
A2 = 0.796/(0.762 x 180) = 0.0058 m2 = 58 cm2
4. Steam at 5 MPa and 400°C enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 80 m/s, and
it leaves at 2 MPa and 300°C. The inlet area of the nozzle is 50 cm2, and heat is
being lost at a rate of 120 kJ/s. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b)
the exit velocity of the steam, and (c) the exit area of the nozzle.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

2 Potential energy changes are negligible.
3 There are no work interactions
From the steam tables (Table A-6)

At state 1: P1 = 5 MPa and T1 = 400 oC = 673K
v1 = 0.057838 m3 /kg
h1 = 3196.7 kJ/kg
At state 2: P2 = 2 MPa, T2 = 300 oC = 573 K
v2 = 0.12551 m3 /kg
h2 = 3024.2 kJ/kg
V1 = 80 m/s
A1 = 50 cm2 = 0.005 m2
Qout = 120 kJ/s

Assuming steady flow through nozzle mass flow rate at inlet and exit are the same
𝑚̇ = = 0.005x80/0.057838 = 6.92 kg/s
Considering nozzle as the system

Win = Wout = 0 for nozzle
𝐸 ̇ − 𝐸 ̇ = ∆𝐸̇ = 0
𝐸̇ = 𝐸 ̇
𝑚̇ ℎ + = 𝑄 ̇ + 𝑚̇(ℎ + ) since work done and diff. in pe is zero
Substituting the values,

V2 = 562.7 m/s
𝑚̇ =
Substituting the values
Exit area, A2 = 6.92 x 0.12551/562.7 = 15.42 x 10-4 m2 = 15.42 cm2

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1. An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 400 kPa and 25°C.

Rair = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K cp,air = 1.005 kJ/kg.K

Since it is an insulated cylinder , Q = 0

Wpaddle - P(V2 – V1) = U2 – U1

15 kJ = 0.4676 x (h2 - 298.18)

Welect = m(h2 – h1) = mcp(T2 – T1)

Properties The density and specific heat of the brass

Since the hot balls are being cooled Qin = 0

Mass of ball, m = ρV = ρ.πD3/6 = 8522. Π.0.053/6 = 0.558 kg

So if the water is to be maintained at 50 oC a heat should be removed from water at a rate of

Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.

From the steam tables (Table A-6)

At state 2: P2 = 2 MPa, T2 = 300 oC = 573 K

Qout = 120 kJ/s

Considering nozzle as the system

Substituting the values,

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