SINGLE PLANE BALANCIN¢ by Charles Jackson ‘Turbomachinery Consultant Charles Jackson, PE, Texas City, Texas Mr. Charles Jackson i a licensed Turbo- ‘machinery Consultant and owner of Charles Jackson, PE. founded January 1986, after serving 35 years for Monsanio Company, ‘retiring asaDistinguished Fellowin Corpor fate Engineering while reporting 10 St. Lous. Heis aCharter Founder and Advisory Com ‘ieeman ofthe TexasA& Turbomnachinery Symposium, aCharter Directorand Lecturer ofthe Vibraioninsttute,andan ASME Fellow His the first recipient of ASME s Frederick P. Smarro Award in Plant Engineering & Maintenance, ASME Allan ‘J.Chapman Award, ASME sPerroleum Division's "OtlDrop” Award ‘andreceivedaTerasA&M Distinguished Alunin AwardinE gineering 1 1990. He served the API Subcommitce for Mechanical Equipment {for aver 22 years. “He has @ BSME degree from Texas A&M University and a AAS degree in Electrons Technology from College ofthe Mainland. He is a Member of ASME, Vibration nsw, Tau Beta i, and Pi Tau Sigma: Hehas published over 75 technical papers andis he author of, ‘ane book, The Practical Vibration Primer. ABSTRACT Balancing rotating equipment isa form of correction for things that wer ether not uniform in material sciences orn assembly of components on rotating shaft. The single plane belimeing pro cedures are addressed, wherein one substitules @ corrective mass ‘moment to compensate For these nonuniform distributions of imbalance, ‘The approach tobe used concentrate in several areas, The firs, reais the vibration sensors and related instrumentation. The next areas the response ofarotor ast runs up to operating speeds, with some introduction to the mode shapes involved. The third area is the plotting of data, specifically the polar plo, to give the balancer some insight on the “heavy spot” vs “high spot” relationship. Fourth the balancing procedures creating a response vector (T) from a calibration or trial weight and shifting that vector to effectively cancel the “original” vector, resulting in smooth 1x synchronous mation are discussed. The fifth areas the calculation of the correcting influence coefficient in tems of a weight (or ‘onient) vector unit per vibration unit with an “additive” angle to affect a future “one shot correction.” Finally, some other single plane techniques are discussed”balancing with the coupling’s ‘original residual unbalance, balancing without phase information, inteoduction of static-couple vector logic, and the review of some ‘ofthe industry balancing standards The torial wil in fat, take a “balanced rotor,” unbalance it, plot its runup, determine a correction, vecorially, and plot the result. Multiple plane balancing will not be reviewed herein, primarily because of timing and the addition ofthe other vector: triangle relationships. 105 INTRODUCTION [tone time, considered pumps as small, utthe last boiler feed pumps that | worked on were 17,000 hp each often, So balancing Js probably in onder for a tutorial Several main subject azeas are presented. These subject areas are discussed in bret, using the written material for deeper review. ‘This allows fora complete single plane balance tobe performed via actual demonstration with rotor, scope, tacking filter, and ‘overhead transparency ploter, The subject matter hasbeen arranged in these main categories to assist one when scanning the informa tion presented: + The vibration sensors and instrumentation to be used in balancing. + The phase logic which is so important to successful tial shots in balancing. + “Heavy spot" and™high spot" logie during roterrunupthrough critical + The actual balancing procedure”tecords, vectors, plotting, and calculations + Other single plane techniques, plus some balancing specifications. INSTRUMENTATION ‘The instrumentation to be used in balancing has a major effect fon how the data is to be used. The instrumentation used should benefit the balancing. The choice of the proper sensor may well come from experience, yours oF someone you trust. Fr example, a large induced-raft fan setting ontop a boiler will generally lend itself to seismic measure on the bearing housing, because the housing and the shaft are moving together and the force comming through the bearing housinghas high transmissibility. A motorand pump, with rolling element bearings, wll be balanced best using Seismic sensors, For many machines, however, the better measure ‘would be direct from the shaft with some form of displacement sensor. No matter which sensor is used, some form of phase ‘measure is necessary, in order to do balancing—fleld (in stu) or ‘hop. The focus herein ison field balancing and on phase measure ‘ment, even tothe point that it emphasizes phase enhancements, ie. the polar plot Iti illustrated in Figure 1 that there are many units used for vibration measurements, Unfortunately, these units are not well understood, i.,an accelerometer may have beencalibrated in"g's rms,” and the user is checking calibration using an oscilloscope ‘which looking at peak-to-peak (p/p) voltage. Now, itmay be thet things are nearly 3:1 out of calibration; actually, not so only 2.828:1 apparent disagreement since 1.0 gms is equal 102.282 gs Ph. ‘One should recognize that there are instrument lags and me- chanical transmissibility lags. The lower part of Figure |i ying to show that velocity leads displacement by 90 degrees, and acceleration leads velocity by 90 degrees. Ifthe instrument sup. pliet makes a 90 degree correction, when integrating Velocity fo ‘displacement, then, one may (or may not) be in the same phase106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Figure 1. Relationships of Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, ‘and Sensors logic with displacement. In Figure I, a displacement signal of shaft ‘motion relative to bearing housing is shown Vs absolute bearing housing relative ro space, via velocity seismic sensor, vs the seme absolute hearing housing motion, viaan accelerometer (permanent API 678 seismic monitoring uses the accelerometer because of sensor life in continuous measure), Thave always thought of the seismic (€.., velocity sensor) as sensing the “heavy spot,” since it responds to force theavy not high), and the displacement sensor as sensing the “high spot” (not heavy. ‘The calibration of an IRD 544 velocity Sensor up t0 60,000 cpm (1060 hz) is shown in Figure 2. Note thatthe amplitude rolls off starting around 900 cpm (15 hz) 35 that Sensor approaches its own resonance, for which itis damped internally. This sensor is shown ficstasitis used the ost and as been around the longest. Itissell= ‘generating and pis outa strong signal on the order of 1.0 voluia/ Sec (ips). Some characteristics are shown. One characteristic, important to balancing, is thatthe phse lag increases as he spat becomes less than two pole speed. A smart balancer knows thisand ‘can make compensation in placing tral Weights, eg, ifthe speed ‘vas 900 rpm, then the balancer would know that the “lag” had increased by 60 degrees. This deviation in ag isshown in Figure 3. ‘Again, phase mustbe used in sone form in balancing. Adjusting the spark advance or retard in timing an automobile circa 1970) is related in Figure 3. The #1 plug was used, andthe flywheel had inseriptions in degrees to iow One (0 rotate the carburetor 10 adjust “lead” or “Ing” in ignition. The strobe-light- fires vibeation (balancing) analyzer may use a similar system; but, instead ofthe number one plug, it takes a “pulse” of the negative-o-positive crossover signal ftom the vibration sensorto“fire” the strobe light, Which must be tuned exactly to speed based on the same vibration sensos. This freezes a reference mark on the rotating shaft. By rotating the shaft at es, tothe sme position where the “reference Figure 2. Characteristics ofa Specific Velocity Sensor mark” was frozen, one can index the shaft's position to the vibration signal information. Ths allows one to relate the shaf's ‘motion tothe vibration signal via is phase reference. "The way that specific system works is shown in Figure 4 tthe top the contact that is activated on the strobe ligt is connected to ‘channel onthe scope. The first channel on the Scope shows the Vibration signal from shar specific vibration sensor. One can see {hat this crossover (within some small fash angle) is at the minus: to-plus going signal [Note: on some other analyzer, it may be (+) 0(-) going signal or some other position which one should lear | ‘nthe lower part of Figure 4 this particular analyzer is illustrated witha velocity sensor a13:00, freezing a heavy spot (8) at 12:00, ‘operating in displacement (integrating) fora 90 ceases lap against ‘CW rotation or 270 degree lead with rotation, from the vibvation ‘sensor. This position willbe frozen by the strobe light using the same instrument, atthe same speed, with the same unbalance Position, withthe same sensor, in the same location exch time the machine is brought up 10 that speed, when properly tuned. A reference mark (on the shaft is fozen, against rotation, ata 315 degree postion. If tial weight is placed at 180 degrees from the sensor, aging relation, then rhe new hea) spor is somewhere ‘between 9Oand I80degrees, and frifistration purposes, say each isequal invalue.causing anew heavy sporat 135 degrees froma he sensor (45 degrees lagging from previous heavy spot), When the ‘machine is brought up 1ospeed, she new heavy spar will assume the 90 degree position, causing an increase in lag (advance im the reference mark with rotation) by 45 degeees. Conclusion: for this particular instrument, atrial weight placed to the “lef” of the original unbalance caused a move 10 the "right” by the reference ‘mark. (This is ot true of many instruments using @once-per-urn ‘phasor” reference on the shaft and a. dedicated sensor to indicate from that “pulse” for phase triggering.) Further, its 0 the logic ofthe demonstration that will follow, aor the plotting logic on the vectorchart. However, those using tet system would shift the ral weight accordingly i¢., opposite the example.‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING 107 seuaTiONs Dw, Royer pooe One bt e STROBE SYSTEM FROM VELOCITY SENSOR EXAMPLE: BALANCING PHASE LOGIC ens ee - “Ee Sr 6 @ a es ee ce se ‘Smee st rus ov ~/+ crossouen ais (oT 25 ERE AM) SG) eee [Notes Sobre Figure 4, Phase Relationship with Strobe System and Velocity Sensor. "= FOR VLOG Mote ADD Go" bd ls vr Zw Pe eee Ba ieee Dl sl renee een 7 See ibe ee Phase lag trom solamie-velocly sensor to the rotor heawy spat Figure 3. Velocity Sensor Strobe Fired Analyzer with Phase Lag. “The characteristics ofa particular accelerometer are shown in Figure 5. fvhas@ resonance ata higher frequency, hopefully two tofivetimes the frequency of nterest Iispassive and needs power to operate Iisa piezoeleciric crystal sensor. Ws used in many cee ts Figure 5. Characteristics of a Piezoelectric Accelerometer ‘permanent monitors for seismic (API 678) measurement, Some recommended mountings perC- Jackson and the APT are shown in Figure 6 Integrated amplifies are recommended for temperatures108, PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM CE Figure 6. Mounting of Acceleromerers—Jackson and APL678. under 250°F fo 300°F, preventing cable noise and problems in Amplification for transmission, ‘Theeeddy current displacement sensor, which is standard in APL {670 for vibration messute, is shown in Figure 7, Its a passive device and requires 24 VDC wo power the system. Ithas an 80 il, ‘minimum linear range and asensitivity of 200 mv/mil. It measures the" Iedoes not measure the “heavy spot.” A logie can ll be applied in this ttoral of the “heavy'spot™ ‘vs “high spot” relationship, Figure 8 is also taken from API 670, ars shows the typical arrangement as well asthe identification system within a machin- ‘ery train. Some of the instrumentation used for diagnostics are shown in Figure 9, as well as some for balancing. Orbit and timewave data possible from a synchronous tracking filter, both sw" and “filtered,” are shown shown in Figure 10. The proper ‘ofientation of two sensors is shown in Figure 1, placed yand x on 2 rotating shafi, with the horizontal sensor always placed 90, {egrees tothe right ofthe vertical sensor, as viewed, regardless of the direction of rotation. The (plus up) and (plus righ) logic of data ‘aking is very important, Further, the API inorder ta get common, agreement, dictated thatthe 4S degrees off the vertical centerline be used in placing permanent sensors on an operating tran, which pleased the turbine builders and embittered the cst. The phase angle is measured as the angle against tim (or rotation) from the ‘moment the phase sensor sees the once-per-tuen rotor mark until the next positive (+) peak eccurs, Since the positive peak comes later in time, one needs only to reference the otor tothe data taken ine up the reference mark ‘on the shaft othe triggering position ofits sensor, in the direction f rotation, and move back against time (rotation) to locate the ‘igh spot" at that specific moment in rotation (time) Eee Taste aes 0h Figure 7. Characteristics of Eddy Current Proximity Sensors “The “orbit isa locus ofthe high spots of arotor(Figure 12). The triggering only freezes the shaft at a “rioment in time.” The resonance of arotor critical speed) isthe point in speed where the shaft deflection time, its stffaess isin force equilibrium with the unbalance Force, mass ime eccentricity times square of the speed. [At this moment, the heavy spot will continue "forward with rotation” until the rotor is now whirling about its true line of mass ‘enters, ie, eavy spot is now inside the rotational axis “The polar plot is shown in Figure 13. t takes only one sensor to ‘make a polar plot It takes two sensors co make an orbit. The polar Plot is very similar to a Bodé plot, but it emphasizes the phase ange, which is very significant in balsaicing, The polar plo of the latgeturbine atthe bottomhadits high spot and heavy spottogether at low speed. with a high spot of90 degrees, agains oation from the vibration sensor. After the rotor went through it first critical (resonance) at about 2,150 epm (rpm). phase lag oF 90 degrees, SOdeprees + 90 degrecs = 180 degrees, it reached operating speed with a phase angle of about 308 degrees. Since, at this speed of 3,800 rpm, the hig spot and heavy spot are out of phase by 180 ‘degrees, and since the high spot is 308 degrees, one would use a trial weight placed atthe high spot (308 degrees against rotation fom this vibration sensor), Mote on this in Figure 14 {A four part look at arotorcoming to speeds shown in Figure 4 and five speed ranges are shown to grasp what is haph ‘whole logic of weight placement in the correct qua ‘oor is shown in this diagram. The placement of ial weights ow’ off rotor should not be arbitrary. There is a logic to that process, and every balancer uses that logie, but it may aot be 100 well ‘organized. Ijs hoped that this presentation will resolve that logic, ‘The demonstrated balance in the plotted data, and in the demon= stration, will nearly duplicate this diagram, ‘The top data are taken at very low speeds, where the high spot and heavy sporare together, there is not enough speed forthe‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING tener eee Figure 8. Mounting of Prosimity Sensors on Machinery Figure 9, Typical Instrument Setup for Taking Field Dara, heavy spot f0 begin to go forward in rotation, nor the vibration response t0 lag the force. The next speed is slightly faster, where the high spot starts to lag back from the heavy spot (force). The ‘middle speed is right on top of resonance; here the igh spot as Tagged 90 degrees from the heavy spot, and the force has deflected ‘the rotor to its maximum postion. The next speed is basically off the peak of the resonance response envelope. The final speed, ‘est data, is well above the resonant speed. Here the high spot has lagged back feom the heavy spot by exactly 180 degrees. Said ‘another way, the vibration respense has now lagged the force by 180 degrees, ‘The frst column shows the physical relationship ofthe heavy spot, which stays the same, andthe five different positions of the high spot at the speed increments as their lag angles increase, ‘aguinst rotation. The second column shows the force vs response vectors, The vibration (high spot) mustalways ag the force (heavy spot), Furthermore, there must be force first anda response later. ‘The third column shows the interrupted polar plat at each speed Figure 10. Proximity Signals 10 Scope and through Tracking Filer10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Fuses, SHFTLOEC wer siesamanennss sen ona ven) Figure 11. Phase Relationships Scope, Orbit, Timebase, and High Spor. SS Fl i Xoo A A] Figure 12. Phase Relationships, Orbit, Timebase, Keyphasor. ‘and Critical, Figure 18. Postar Plo ont Bode Ps fom Tracing ter‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING mW PARSCn FORCE /RESPONSEPOURB00" EFFECTS CONG THRU A RTA cae is) es Figure I4. Physical ForceiResponse, Polar Bodé Effects Going Through a Critical. interval, The ast column shows the interrupted Bod plot at each speed interval. [This same logic ean earry inte multiple plane, above other resonances, andiscarriedoutis the Vibration Insitute at advanced balancing—not in this exercise.) ‘Nore: When using displacement probes, in particular, itis ‘important to confirm thatthe measurement planes and the weight add planes are on the same side of a rotor’s nodal point! (For correct logic, THE SINGLE PLANE BALANCING RUN Description ‘The single mass rotor model can besten in Figure 15. A single ‘mass disc at 1-804 Ib (818 gm) is supported on a 3/8 in diameter shaft between bearings on 16 in centers. Two eddy current prox Jmity probes are mounted 6.0 into he right of the inboard bearing near the dse, which is 7 3/4 in from the inboard bearing (1/4 i off true center span) The vertical (12:00 o'clock) sensor data will be used to calculate the balancing information. The horizontal (3:00 clock) sensor data wil be displayed, but not used, in calculating balance date. ‘The top operating speed is 5024 rpm, There is @ vertical first resonance at about 2178 cpm, and a horizontal fist Fesonance at about 2524 cpm. A variable speed electrical motor witha speed controller will be used to drive the rotor. Figure IS. Model Used in Balancing A similar mode diagram is shown in Figure 16, bt of a shorter span, i higher resonance of 4,188 cpm (but gives one the animated motion of the shaft at resonance) a Se : Svat 2 sea el WE 13 Us, “sas ot Wie SS = Figure 16, Typical Mode Shapes of (Similar Shorter Span) Single Mass Rotor ‘The disc has 16 holes (22.5 degrees apart, tapped at 10-32 tpi at 1.2 in from the center, An unbalance weight of 0.46 am was placed at (0 degrees) #1 hole in line withthe vertical sensor, when the once-per-turn notch sin ine withthe keyphasor sensor. There issome minor residual unbalanco inthe rotor, butthe er0 position \was purposely selected to duplicated the logic diagramin Figure 4 Instrumentation ‘The data wil be measured and transmitted from a digital vector filter, which is a menu driven digital instrument (Figure 17). The slow roll data,0.41 mils p/pat 67 degrees vertical and 0.35 mils py ‘pat 349 degrees horizontal, are dimly seen on the screen, and the first running value of 2.21 mils pfp at 177 degrees is recorded {vertical Phestow Pol values taken at 484 rpm was mulled out for thebalancing. The plotting of data was done on an HP 7475 plotter. (As an afiethought, some of the run up data was done, later, t0 show the orbit sid time wave plots for etter understanding)PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM ‘Shown in Figures 18 through 21 are the Bode plots, the orbits at differen selected speeds, andthe orbit vs timewave data at four selected speeds, immodiately below first vertical resonance, a first vertical resonance (sce Figure 20 lowe), a first horizontal resonance (see Figure 21 lower), and well above resonance at 4.946 rpm (Figure 21 upper). Please nove the phase difference berween the Figure 20 orbit vs time data at 2,178 epm (rpm) and. 4.946 cpm (rpm).shfied 180 degre the Figure 21 dat Figure 19, Sequence Orbits Taken from VerticaliHorizantal Sen sor on run up at selected speeds. Figure 18. Bodé Plot‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING 13 WN | 2178and 2524 RPM (Vertical Critical) ERE salt | A i | i _ nurmnwa rea meesinas ies Figure21, Orbit ond Timeracso12572 RPM (Horizontal Crvcal) and 4946 RPM Record the Original Daa the loge sates, sltion should nove ihe conection weigh towards 177 degrees, Record the trial weight on the dara sheet. {Note that the vector plot, Figure 24, shows the 046 gm used to unbalance this rotor at O degrees, Ub; alvz, the tial weight location, 7. W., at 202-5 degrees.) “The oii saa seed $624 spn, te mld onthe vere polar pit igure) a2 2. spp ara pe angle 177 degrees (high spot), and well above the first resonance of the re Secor =221 Misa 177 derek cord FIEW® RERUN THE ROT 22rd nda shire poner nga’ RERUN THEROTOR FOR que ‘Note: Figure 25 is the Bodé plot of both vertical and horizontal ‘The rotor with 0.5 gm of weight placed at 202.5 degrees is :un— sensors or hose whomay noi graspthe polar pltyet.Furthermore, up tothe same full speed of $.024 rpm, The polar plot i shown in Some folks canseethe resonance betterin their minds froma Bodé Figure 26 wth the same 20: pp ull seale plot. Note that a goot plo. There is a slight “split ertical” apparent, in thatthe vertical reduction (1/2) of vibration occurs a full speed. The polar plo is ‘ritiea is near the horizontal eitica (resonances) but not the exact very similar, smaller, and sighily askew ofthe previous plot. This speed. Js good, because i satisfies one ofthe basic rules of balancing: If the vibration goes down, but the phase angle stays the same oF SELECT TRIAL WEIGHT LOCATION hanes only igh, the ia weight isin height positon, but "Noting the polar plot end the fogie discussed, the place to puta teal (calibration) welght would be at 177 degrees. However. in PLOT THE VECTOR 0 +T order forte vetr pos toma a easonable ange tel (QRIGINAL VECTOR + Weight will be placed slightly out of desired position so the procedure should make the solution go towards the 177 degree THE TRIAL WEIGHT EFFECT VECTOR) region. The trial weight of 0.5 gm is used (slightly more than (04+ Tyector = /.10 mils pip at 115 degrees; record the data on kknovin unbalances) and placed at 202.5 degrees eather than where the datasheet, Figure 23; record the final at speed data on the OFTna PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Figure 22. Polar Plots of Vertical (Used ro Balance) and Horizontal for 0 Vector to Speed. Figure 23. Balance Record Sheet with All Solutions + Caleulator Print Out of SGLBAL. polar plot, Figure 26; plot the 0+ T vector onthe vector diagram, Figure 24 ‘Connect the arrow head ofthe 0 vector tothe arrow head af the (4 T vectoron the vector diagram. Label this vector, T, and place its arrow head at the 0+ T end. (Law of vectors says that heads-to- tails, ada, and heads-to-heads, subtract.) So, 0 vector + T vector shouldequal0+T vector. Conversely, 0+ T vector minus T vector should qual O veer (0+ T-T=0)(0*T =O") WHAT IS THE GAME PLAN AT THIS MOMENT? (King’s X, Tick the Lock, All Around!) : + T vector was caused by adding 0.5 gm at 202.5 degrees. + The game plan is to make T equal to 0, but in the opposite direction (T = 0) + Why not translate the T vector to originate at 2er0 on the ‘vector diagram? + Whynot shife the T veetor1o the 0 vector by shifting the trial weight? + The 0 vestor is 2.21 mils at 177 degrees. The T vector measures 1.95 mils a 27 degrees. Tis slightly smaller (O/T=1.13) ‘than 0 and about 39 degrees out of positon. + IfTisnotasfong as (0), why not add weight? How about 13, percent more weight? + If T needs to move (with rotation) by 30 degrees to lay on 0), then why not mave the ial weight 30 degrees (with rotation) and add 13 percent more weight (1.13 0.5 = 0.57 gm). + Ifthe trial weight of 0.5 gmis removed and changed to 0.57 ‘gm, and moved by 30 degrees, that would be 202.5 «30 = 172.5, degrees. But the holes are at 180 and 157.5 degrees. Why not split the weight between the two available tales? Good idea + The hole split technique is shown in Figure 24, right side ‘Make a parallelogram with the0.57 at 172.5 degrees, andthe other‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING ns weston nonae » a Sa tt = wh Tianna me Sen Figure 24. Vector Diagram Pioning of Balance Vectors. Hole splitting the solution weight. oe cane eae ee se ong pane Se 2 10, 14 ee i i off { i 4 if | Figure 25. Bodé Plots of VerticaliMorizontal Sensors to Pull Speed (5,024 rpm),16 a 4 ms em rm 108 com gig PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Pigure26. Polar Plots of Vertical!Honzontal Sensors with0 5 gm at 202.5 degrees (0 + T Vector). sides parallel to 180 and 157.5 degrees. This says to put 0.4 gm in the 180 degree hole (#9), and 6.2 amin the 157.5 degree hole (#8) ‘The additive effect of these wo weights equals 0.57 gm at 172.5 degrees. [Note:‘The calculater“SGLBAL” program solution ison the data sheet, Figure 23, wih the printout from an HP-41 calculator. The ‘more exact values of correction weight, correction angle, T vector amount, T vector angle, and sensitivity (gm/mil) are printed and recorded. DETERMINE THE INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT FOR BALANCE CORRECTION {one will divide the tal weight vector (amount and angle) by ‘eT vector vibration and angle, they would determine the unbalance response vector If180degrees Could beadded to that, the correction vector could be determined fora future correction So,(0.5 gmat 202.5 degrees}/(.9§ mils at 26.83 degrees) =0.26 ‘am per mil at 175.67 degrees 202.5-26.83), adding 180 degrees ‘equals 385,67 (record on the data sheet, Figure 23), ‘CROSS CHECK OF THE, INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT ON THIS RUN + Record the original vibration data, O vector =2,21 mils at 177 degrees, = Apply (multiply by) the influence coefficient 0.26 gm/mil a 355.57. + Correction weight amount bm. + Comrection angle 355.67 = 172.67, + Apply 0.57 gm at 172.67 degrees. Checks. 2.21 mils x 0.26 gm/mil =0.57 177 degrees x LC. degrees 395.57 = 177+ FINAL PLOT AFTER CORRECTION WEIGHT PLACED. ‘The data on Figure 27 are amplified by 4:1 on scale, eg, full scale is now 5 mils p/p rather than 20 mils pp. This tun shows a vibration of 0.19 mils pfp at 351 degrees. You will also note that the plot switched sides on the polar pict ie. the loop is out of| ‘Dhase about 180 degrees. This means tte weight was only slightly heavier (actually only 0.04 gm).Thiscan be determined by looking at the“trim” solution, which assumes the correction weightiskept in place, and an additional weight correction is determined. This reinforces another one of those basic rules: if the vibration reduces and the phase angle "igs" 180 degrees, then the correction location is correct but the tral weight is slightly too large. ‘A Bode plot of the final balance is presented in Figure 28. The horizontal plot was used to estimate how much damping is i this rotor system by measuring the amplification factor while going through the resonance. Only 3.9 percent of eitical damping exists in these bearings, and that is not very good. It would take 6.25 percent damping to get an amplification factor of eight; the responseat the nical would be ight times the response well ater the erica It would take 10 percent of critical damping to get an mpiification factor of five. ‘A sweep at running speed, taken before and after the balance, is shown in Figure 29. It is important that other factors such as misalignment, looseness, ofl whirl, etc., ae removed from a system, and only imbalance (1x syachronous, running speed) is ‘corrected, ‘A polar plot ofthe uncompensated for slow roll, Le. run up of the balanced rotor, is shown in Figure 30. Note that it does not inate at the origin. The polar plot isan excellent presentation to show things like run out, bowed rotors, et, and the speed at ‘which those conditions are “balanced out," the point at which the plot goes through zero.‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING gn ess Cd = 7. Figure 27. Polar Plots of VerticallHorizontal Sensors with Correction Weight in Place. 5 mils fs 7 Be Sea ion RR oe Oe i ered St gh r Figure 28. Uncompensated (for Run Out) Plots of VerticaltHorizontal Sensors after Batance.118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM Figure 29. Sweep Plot ofthe Sensors Balanced and Unbalanced. Anupdate is furnished in Figure 31 of the same program written for the HP-67/97, when the Book, The Practical Vibration Primer, ‘was written I] years ago. Ithas been upgraded for alpha characters to simplify is use. It will work with or without a calculator. I ‘remain in a “hold harmless” position to anyone using the program incorrectly and wrecking 2 unit; ie. I'm taking a disclaimer. Ithas worked fine for me. Ido believe in cross plotting the vectors in ‘every case also think it is good to lay out the balance plane with the sensors, Keyphasors, balance holes et., on the same paper (as viewed) to have better control of logic. OTHER SINGLE PLANE TECHNIQUES, EXAMPLES, AND COMMENTS Casehistorie ofa drive turbine are shown in Figures 32 though 35, primarily to illustrate technique. This turbine operates above tworesonances—cylindrical and pivotal (conical) —ascanbe seen by the firs, second, and third modes. The third shows the typical overhung coupling effects to most rotors. The fourth animated display is nota mode, but the rotor deflection diagram at operating speed, which shows a “node” very near the govemor end balance plane. This rotor had two balances in 13 years, and little effect ‘ould be derived from weights placed in the governor end, (Ex= planation above.) Furthermore, thecross effects were high withthe governor (steam inlet) end always being corrected by weights placed in the exhaust end, Figure 30. Uncompensated Polar Plot of Balanced Vertical In: board Sensor # BRS AA 251, Papa aa" BSS RASS STE SUREnSESD! ssreueeeaece a i HED ateatones: i" ig Figure 31. SGLBAL Program for HP 41 Calculator. Vibration rimer with updateTUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING 9 ‘SGN COWPRESSOG DRIVE TUROINE — TeaRS CITY RETRO. 12,590 HP WORTHINGTON COMEENSING-EXTHMETION SO9U- 18268 yfetgn aed Cae ter tengo Teh 'SN-G5S COVPRESSOR DRIVE TURBINE TEXAS CITY rETHRIL Tist0 He hoRTaInGTON CONDENSING-DXTAMCTION 5040-268 rotor ae ee) Oke eter tami ied ok Figure 32. First and Second Mode Shapes, Animated, for Steam Turbine Balance Data, C, Jackson ‘SY-GRS corPRESSoR ORIVE TuREINE — TEARS CITY nT T2820 HP MORTAONGTON COWDEN ING-EXTORETION SOU" IB2SE ‘SYVCORS CORPRESSOR ORIVE TURIN - TORS e1Ty METER, 12,830 HP hoRTHINGTON COMIENSING-ExTERCTION SONU T6258 Figure 33. Third Mode Plus Running Speed Deflection Shape. Jackson and Leader. BALANCE POLAR 2010T ‘EUuUST eno rem Pla — C1/MEL (as nznso sou Gor) 7 T Puason Oars Hitt Fis opopes ayatsiaye ee teeon-or PB ae Conclusion based on crose pum ‘effect on Gov. End: 2 Use anfcoef.232 gna/ail @ 176° ..cJAC Figure 34. Balance Plane with Vector Plots and Instrument Loca ions, Plus Balance Plane.120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM HP 41 SINGLE PLANE BALANCE Ne aaa PECL oe OAT AAEM ee WORKSHEET FOR PROGES KE,RUN-OUT ee 3 Influence Coot. deormewr outt for BalySoln.j 40 gas @ 90. ey Les —T n42.7 gas/nih a CrP ise Seige Pa Teale tea, ‘Sasser toe ee Conclusion acer Use 32 gns/mil @ 196° Bal.Corr'n Tof.Coet SINGLE PLANE SOLUTION WITH RUNS [-RSGEw Lona — [RE ORT WZ RMP 2 TURE TL PND ovge | 233] 109 [ves] os _| o3 |ap Eatieze [Fay] 165 [oso 1st] 625 [tee Figure 35. Data Sheets on Turbine Balance In Sita Using Single Plane Solution with Care. ‘This started out to be ato plane problem, but on observation ofthe first trial weight placed by previously determined influence coefficients, the turbine could be corrected sufficiently using single plane logic coupled with observance of the front end fesponse, e.g. nol overcorrecting and using 75 percent of the solution weight amounts Balancing data are depicted in Figures 36 through 38 for an ‘overhung pipeline compressor. The made shapes are very similar POLAR PLOT FOR 202 24"COMP ines-1/2-130 6405 02) L O2.5AR, BALAHCER-CACKSON STE. FROM CV PROBE ASSISTING-M.E LEADER 11/10/84(SAT NCH) HOLE CAPAGITY=0.61 07(1°@1/2"DIA Figure 36. Balance Plane and Vector Layout for Balance In Situ of Overhung Compressor to that of an overhung process pump. The first and second modes sre both pivotal. This unit was balanced by adding a balance ing and using single plane balancing being sure thatthe measurement Point andthe weight add points were both cn the same side of the +otor's nodal point. ‘A large process pump, shown in Figure 39, had a coupling heavier than the impeller, and as a result operated on the frst resonance, failing bearings in 21 installations in less than {Wo weeks. emphasizes the coupling effects on the rotor. The right side shows a before and after run up due to coupling with 2.00 3.0 mils of eccentricity, but with good balance being installed on ‘turbine, with good balance, The coupling was reversed by 180 ‘degrees to get the smooth run up canceling outa field balance program. The concerns for coupling balance, proper coupling assembly against eccentricities, proper use of Keys, and the effects on the second modes of any rotor due to excessive weight moments (both weight and overhang) of couplings aze emphasized in Figure 40. ‘A technique of balancing by matching the residual unbalance of| «coupling to the residual unbalance of a rotor is shown in Figure 41. Ik was fist presented to the Vibration Institute by Tony Winkler (1983), and improved on by C. Jackson (1984), It does sequite that the element be capable of ciscuméerential positioning around a rato shaft, This could be by hydraulic dilation, splines, bolted assembly, 1c ands not limited tocouplings. t would, and has, worked with any element attached to 2 rotor. Its limited in balance value othe residuals ineach component; i.e itisa "fixed weight” balance and looks very similar to atic-couple ploting, ‘The rotor is un up for an unsuccessful balance. The coupling is reversed by exactly 180 degrees, The second vector is ploted as shown in Figure 41. The coupling is rotated from the second position by the amount required to pass the couple value through 42ero (103 degrees with rotation in the example shown). The‘TUTORIAL ON SINGLE PLANE BALANCING 12 frverca. sincue stece ovestane PIPeLine soosres - 24 x 24] ‘PRESSURE Or OCRINGS 7580 HP Ses Rem MAX SECO IS. tomy = rveicn. sincue since ovcmune PIPELINE ao0sTeR - 24 x 24 PRESSURE Tr SUIINGS 7800 He SEO RW MAK, PED Frercm. since stace ovewane PIPCLIne BOOSTER - 24 x 24 TPRESSIRE DM SERAINGS 7600 HP SESO APH om, SPEED i bem = 2 ade dram snp mf an end mde Fae Figure 37. Firstand Second Mode Shapes of Overhung Compres: sor. Similar to overhung pump, predicted result will be the plotted differences between the new ‘veetorand ero (0.2 mils inthe demonstration shown performed on 8 actual rotor). Several multistage injection pumps were shipped successfully usin this technique. ‘The steps in balancing just performed using complex notation are shown in Figure 42. The lower right data was taken from @ ‘mator, where 1wo proximity sensors were placed inthe caplooking atthe shaft, and two velocity sensors were placed at the same locations. The problem was not balance. The problem was thatthe shaft “strikes” the bearing sleeve when the shaft moves “right.” ‘The displacement signal is “truncated” going right (1op of sine wave). The velocity sensor is impacted (rings down in decay each : ae aa _ iN ¢ Hn 4 Germemsec es Figure 38. Balance Ring for Overhung Compressor. Similar built with care, for pumps. revolution). The problem was thatthe motor was horizontally out of alignment-—not balance. It does show in the 1wo lower time traces that the “high spot” and the “heavy spot” are pretty well out ‘of phase by 180 degrees. This 6,000 hp motor was above its frst. resonance, Hark! ‘A four run method of balancing without using phase is also shown in Figure 42. I is also called the theee run method if the machine is running when one gets to the balancing site. In this procedure, the original uns potted asa circle witha scale radius based on the original vibration value, amount. Then tral weight is paced on the unit to be balanced, eg, one blade ofa six bladed fan. That vibration is plowed tothe same “scale,” but drawn from the base circle just ploted. That same weight (or same weight limes inches of placement is rotated, say to the #3 blade (120 grees), that vibration is plotted off the same base circle, but around the circle 120 degrees from the firs plat. These two circles should intersect a two points. Now, to determine which intersec- tioniscorrect, the weight mustbe moved one more time and athird run made. This circle must be drawn another 120 degrees around (blade #5). Iti not necessary to move 120 degrees, but whatever position the weight is moved, the same degrees must be moved on the base circle, The intersection ofall three cieles defines thePROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL PUMP USERS SYMPOSIUM ee te ha Mode Shape of 8 6 % 2 API Pump (Pid Poundatin ight Coupling examen OP L200 HE Drie Tie Coping itil Speed Mader ond Strain Energy hat Beoriag Pir) so OY fe 9D a wr ak Carrio - too oon fe snk ween fos mann pissy ar BBS - 9D = PRIN EIR ES. UFR 1B) Oration Neo "Ho "Ox sro rion eEsmUNES, (fers wr 1 2 oe SSS (Lok ES NRE, (0) Low oes vrs wea sremess (6, 28 5 6. 5 vc: "hm jen es ve en seo omens * Ba < pepper Wor is Bum nd Figure 42. High Speed Balance Considerations of Need Jackson 82). the shaft absolute vibration. Some people use shaft riders where the shaft motion is measured from a sensor that actully floats on the shaft like a bearing pad or shaft stick. BIBLIOGRAPHY Jackson, C., The Practical Vibration Primer, Houston, Texas Gal Publishing Company (1979). Jackson, C., Notes written forthe Vibration Insitute for Train ing. Jackson, C., "Considerations in Hot and Cold Alignment and Couplings,” Proceedings of the 7th International Pump Users Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Department of Me- chanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, ‘Texas (1990), Jackson, C., “Repositioning a Coupling’s Residual Unbalance ‘ToCorrect aRotor's Unbalance-CPLGBAL," Vibration Institue, Clear Lake Texas, and Annual Rotordynar Course (1984),