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Control Charts, Also Known As Shewhart Charts or Process-Behaviour Charts, in

Control charts are statistical tools used in statistical process control to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control. They involve tracking a quality metric over time and establishing control limits based on historical data to determine if the process is behaving consistently or if there are abnormal variations that require investigation. The key types of control charts are X-bar and R charts for variables and p, np, c, u charts for attributes, with each suited for monitoring different aspects of a process.

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Pranshu Agarwal
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86 views5 pages

Control Charts, Also Known As Shewhart Charts or Process-Behaviour Charts, in

Control charts are statistical tools used in statistical process control to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control. They involve tracking a quality metric over time and establishing control limits based on historical data to determine if the process is behaving consistently or if there are abnormal variations that require investigation. The key types of control charts are X-bar and R charts for variables and p, np, c, u charts for attributes, with each suited for monitoring different aspects of a process.

Uploaded by

Pranshu Agarwal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control charts, also known as 

Shewhart charts or process-behaviour charts, instatistical process


control are tools used to determine whether or not a manufacturing orbusiness process is in a state
of statistical control.

Statistical process control (SPC) is the application of statistical methods to the monitoring and control
of a process to ensure that it operates at its full potential to produce conforming product. Under SPC, a
process behaves predictably to produce as much conforming product as possible with the least possible
waste. While SPC has been applied most frequently to controlling manufacturing lines, it applies equally
well to any process with a measurable output. Key tools in SPC are control charts, a focus on continuous
improvement and designed experiments.
Types of charts

Process Process Size of


Chart Process observation observations observations shift to
relationships type detect

Quality characteristic measurement Large (≥


 and R chart Independent Variables
within one subgroup 1.5σ)

Quality characteristic measurement Large (≥


 and s chart Independent Variables
within one subgroup 1.5σ)

Shewhart individuals
Quality characteristic measurement Large (≥
control chart (ImR chart Independent Variables†
for one observation 1.5σ)
or XmR chart)

Quality characteristic measurement Large (≥


Three-way chart Independent Variables
within one subgroup 1.5σ)

Fraction nonconforming within one Large (≥


p-chart Independent Attributes†
subgroup 1.5σ)

Number nonconforming within one Large (≥


np-chart Independent Attributes†
subgroup 1.5σ)

Number of nonconformances within Large (≥


c-chart Independent Attributes†
one subgroup 1.5σ)

Nonconformances per unit within one Large (≥


u-chart Independent Attributes†
subgroup 1.5σ)

Exponentially weighted moving


Attributes or Small (<
EWMA chart average of quality characteristic Independent
variables 1.5σ)
measurement within one subgroup
Cumulative sum of quality
Attributes or Small (<
CUSUM chart characteristic measurement within Independent
variables 1.5σ)
one subgroup

Quality characteristic measurement Attributes or


Time series model Autocorrelated N/A
within one subgroup variables

Dependent of
Quality characteristic measurement Large (≥
Regression Control Chart process control Variables
within one subgroup 1.5σ)
variables
Chart details
A control chart consists of:

 Points representing a statistic (e.g., a mean, range, proportion) of measurements of a quality


characteristic in samples taken from the process at different times [the data]
 The mean of this statistic using all the samples is calculated (e.g., the mean of the means, mean
of the ranges, mean of the proportions)
 A center line is drawn at the value of the mean of the statistic
 The standard error (e.g., standard deviation/sqrt(n) for the mean) of the statistic is also calculated
using all the samples
 Upper and lower control limits (sometimes called "natural process limits") that indicate the
threshold at which the process output is considered statistically 'unlikely' are drawn typically at 3
standard errors from the center line

The chart may have other optional features, including:

 Upper and lower warning limits, drawn as separate lines, typically two standard errors above and
below the center line
 Division into zones, with the addition of rules governing frequencies of observations in each zone
 Annotation with events of interest, as determined by the Quality Engineer in charge of the
process's quality
If the process is in control, all points will plot within the control limits. Any observations outside the limits,
or systematic patterns within, suggest the introduction of a new (and likely unanticipated) source of
variation, known as a special-cause variation. Since increased variation means increased quality costs, a
control chart "signaling" the presence of a special-cause requires immediate investigation.

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