1 kWh 3421 Btu

1 f3 Natural Gas 1000 Btu

Ccf Natural Gas 100 f3 natural gas 1.0E5 Btu
Mcf Natural Gas 1000 f3 natural gas 1.0E6 Btu
1 therm 100000 Btu 1.0E5 Btu
1 barrel crude oil 5100000 Btu 5.1E6 Btu
1 ton coal 25000000 Btu 2.5E7 Btu
1 gallon gasoline 125000 Btu 1.25E5 Btu
1 gallon #2 fuel oil 140000 Btu 1.4E5 Btu
1 gallon LP gas 95000 Btu 9.5E4 Btu
1 cord of wood 30000000 Btu 3.0E7 Btu
1 Mbtu 1000 Btu
1MMBtu 10E6 Btu 10E6 Btu
1 Quad 10E15 Btu 10E15 Btu
1 MW 10E6 Watts 10E6 Watts
1 therm 29.3 kWh
1 kWh 0.03412 therm
1 hp 0.7457 kW
1 kW 1.34 HP
1 Boiler HP 33,475 Btu/hr 9.81 kW
1 ton-hr A/C 12,000 Btu 3.5 kWh
1 ton A/C 12,000 Btu/hr 3.5 kW

Density of AIR @ STP 0.075 lb/f3

Cp of AIR @ STP 0.24 Btu/lb F
Density of WATER @ STP 8.34 lb/gal
Cp of WATER @ STP 1 Btu/lb F
Density of WATER @ STP 62.4 lb/f3
Density of WATER @ STP 7.5 gal/f3
970 Btu to change 1lb H2O to steam @ 212 F
ASHRAE 90.1 Energy Efficiency Design Commercial
Equipment Prescriptive or trade off options for building envelope requirements
Cosponsored by IES
Max watt/sqf. & Auto-off Lighting
Energy cost budget method & Simulation Modeling

ASHRAE 90.2 Energy Efficiency Design Low Rise Residential

Equipment
ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation for acceptable IAQ Commercial
Ventilation 3 Procedures
Ventilation Rates
IAQ
Natural Ventilation

ASHRAE 62.2 Ventilation for acceptable IAQ Low Rise Residential

Ventialtion
ASHRAE 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
Comfort
ASHRAE 189.1 High Performance Green Buildings

CFR 433 Energy Efficiency Standards for Commercial & Manufacturing High Rise
CFR 434 Before Janurary 3rd, 2007
CFR 435 Energy Efficiency Standards for Federal High Rise

Ventilation Rates Vbz = (Rp*Pz)+(Ra*Az)

Vbz = breathing zone OA

Rp = people OA rate
Pz = zone population
Ra = area OA rate
Az = zone floor area
EUI = Total Btu/ sqf / yr
ECI = Total Cost/ sqf / yr

EPA Portifolio Manger -Energy Star Website- Benchmarking Program

MARR = Minimum Effective Rate of Return

NPV = Present Worth - Cost
IRR = Interest rate at which cost equals present value savings
LCC (Life Cycle Cost) = Present value of project costs
Simple payback in years = Cost / yearly savings

Savings = Cost (A/P,I,n)

Cost = Savings (P/A,I,n)
NPV = Net Annual Savings (P/A,I,n)
Annual Value = Annual Savings - Cost (A/P,I,n)
IRR = Cost / Savings
ATCF = Savings - [(Savings - Depreciation)(Tax Rate)]

Point of Use Cost = $ Cost per Common Unit / Efficiency of Energy Use
value savings
Order of Recommendation
1) Conservation
2) Efficiency
3) Energy Demand
4) Renewable

ISO 50001 Global Energy Management Std

Benchmark Audit
1st step, Cost Effective, EPA/DOE Energy Star Portfolio Manger

ASHRAE LEVEL 1 Walkthrough / Preliminary

-Low or No Cost Measures
-Capital Improvement

ASHRAE LEVEL 2 Energy Survey & Analysis

-Breakdown Energy Use
-Detailed Savings Cost Analysis
-List Capital Intesive Projects requiring further investigation
-Adequate for most buildings

ASHRAE LEVEL 3 Detailed Analysis or Computer Simulation

Investment Grade Audit Level 2 or Level 3 plus risk assesment

Analysis on Energy Bills -Can pinpoint energy wastes, upper limit on savings

FELF -Electric Facility Load Factor

Systems to Consider
Building Envelop
HVAC
Electrical Supply
Lighting
Boiler System
Domestic H2O
Compressed Air
Motors
Special Equipment
Water/ Sewer

Instruments
Ammeter
Temp Probe
Combustion Analyzer
Anemometer
Manometer
Tachometer
Psychrometer
Dataloggers
Air & Steam / Heat Detectors
Load Factor = Actual kW Used / (Peak kW * Time) = (kW Ave)/(kW Peak)
V =I*R
Power =I^2 * R = V*I

Single Phase Power

Power = V*I*PF
Three Phase Power
Power = sqrt(3)*V*I*PF

kW = [Nameplate HP * (0.746kW / HP)(Load Factor)] / Efficiency

Harmonics - 3% to 5% Limits for hospitals, general systems

Grounding -up to 80% of todays power quality issues are related to poor grounding

Power Factor = kW/kVA = Real Power / Apparent Power

= cos(theta)
Diagram

kVAR Needed = Real Power * Table Factor

20% of total energy in comercial buildings
75% independent refridgeration

Vapor Compression Cycle

1 ton AC = 12000 Btu/hr
1 ton-hr A/C = 12000 Btu

EER = Btu CLQ Output / Wh Electrical Input

EER Btu/hr cooling output / W electrical input

COP = Energy moved from cold space or to hot space / energy input to operating system
COP = EER / (3.421 Btu/Wh)
COP = HSPF / (3.421 Btu/hr)
COP = (dT*Vdot)CH/(dT*Vdot)H
Kw input/ton = 12/EER = 3.517 / COP

Heat recovery unit can recover about 2500 Btu/hr per ton A/C unit
Flow = Cv * sqrt(dP)
Percent OA = (RAT - MAT)/(RAT - OAT)
Q = 500*GPM*dT
Q = 1.08*CFM*dT
Q = CFM*[(0.075lb/f^3)*(0.24 Btu/lb F)*(60min/hr)]dT Heat lost through conduction
Q = Vdot*row*Cp*dT
Q = CFM*4.5*dH (Air Only)
nergy input to operating system

dT Heat lost through conduction

CRI - Color Rendering Index
90-100 Excelent
75-85 Good
55-70 Fair
0-55 Poor

Color Temp - Warmth / Coolness

< 3200K Warmer Side
> 4000K Cooler Side

E = I / d^2 E is illumincance in foot candles

I is luminous intensity
d is distance in feet

Light Levels
Parking Lot 2 foot candles
Hallways 10 foot candles
Factory Floor 30 foot candles
Offices 50 foot candles
Inspection Area 100 foot candles
O.R. 1000 foot candles

Lumen Method
N = (F1*A)/(Lu*LLF*Cu) F1 is regulation foot candles
Lu is Lumen out per lamp
Cu is Coefficient of utilitization
LLF is Light Loss Factor
RCR - Room Cavity Ratio = (2.5 * height * perimeter) / Area
Electric motors use 60% of all USA energy, 45% Global energy.
Heavily used motors can cost 10X its purchase price to run / year.
Standard Efficiency = 83%-90%
High Efficiency = 87%-92%
Premium Efficiency = 91%-92%

Speed =[(60 cycles/sec)*(60sec/min)]/ # of pole pairs

1 pole pair 3600rpm
2 pole pair 1800rpm
3 pole pair 1200rpm
4 pole pair 900rpm

% Load = (NLRPM-RPM)/(NLRPM - FLRPM)

Synchronous Speed = (frequency * 60)/(number of pole pairs)
HP * % Load = (V*A*1.73*PF*EFF)/746
PF = kW/kVA

Design Slip = (NL RPM - FL RPM)

True Slip = (NL RPM - RPM Measured)
% Load = True Slip / Design Slip
Voltage Imbalance = Max Deviation/ Mean Voltage

Efficiency & PF drop as % Loading Drops

Power Savings =[(HP*0.746*LF)/Efficiency]*[(HP*0.746*LF)/Efficiency]

Energy Savings = Power Savings * Time

Fan Laws
CFMn = CFMo * (RPMn/RPMo)
SPn = Spo * (RPMn/RPMo)^2
HPn = Hpo * (RPMn/RPMo)^3

Compressor Air Leak

R = V*(P1-P2)/(dT*14.7)
/ # of pole pairs

(3 Phase)

HP*0.746*LF)/Efficiency]
Conduction q = (A*dT)/(ER) Btu/hr

q = U*A*dT U = 1/ER R = Thickness / k

Q = U*A*DD*24

q = 1.08*CFM*dT sensible
q = 4.5*CFM*dH total
q = 500*GPM*dT water