a, an indefinite article

used before countable or singular nouns referring to people or things that have
not already been mentioned

abandon v.

to leave somebody, especially somebody you are responsible for, with no

intention of returning

abandoned adj.

left and no longer wanted, used or needed

ability n.

the fact that somebody/something is able to do something

able
(adj.) (usually followed by 'to') having the necessary means
or skill or know-how or authority to do something.

about adv., prep.

to have the skill, intelligence, opportunity, etc. needed to do something

above prep., adv.

at or to a higher place or position than something/somebody

abroad adv.

in or to a foreign country

absence n.

he fact of somebody being away from a place where they are usually expected
to be; the occasion or period of time when somebody is away

absent adj.

Page 1 of 361
not in a place because of illness, etc

absolute
(adj.) free from imperfection; complete; perfect.; not
mixed or adulterated; pure.; complete; outright.; free from
restriction or limitation; not limited in any way.

absolutely adv.

used to emphasize that something is completely true

absorb v.

to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space around

abuse n., v.

the use of something in a way that is wrong or harmful

to make bad use of something, or to use so much of something that it harms

your health

academic adj.

connected with education, especially studying in schools and universities

accent n.

a way of pronouncing the words of a language that shows which country, area
or social class a person comes from

accept v.

to take willingly something that is offered; to say ‘yes’ to an offer, invitation,

etc.

acceptable adj.

agreed or approved of by most people in a society

Page 2 of 361
access n.

a way of entering or reaching a place

accident n.

an unpleasant event, especially in a vehicle, that happens unexpectedly and

causes injury or damage

accidental adj.

happening by chance; not planned

accidentally
(adv.) happening by chance or accident; not planned;
unexpected.

accommodation n.

a place to live, work or stay in

accompany v.

to travel or go somewhere with somebody

according to prep.

as stated or reported by somebody/something

account
(n.) an oral or written description of particular events or
situations; narrative.; an explanatory statement of
conduct, as to a superior; a statement of reasons, causes,
etc., explaining some event.; (v.) to give an explanation
(usually followed by for)..

accurate
(adj.) free from error or defect; consistent with a standard,
rule, or model; precise; exact.
Page 3 of 361
e.g. The new program will produce a unified, and
hopefully, more accurate sales estimate.

accurately
(adv.) free from error or defect; consistent with a
standard, rule, or model; precise; exact.

accuse v.

to say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something

achieve v.

to succeed in reaching a particular goal, status or standard, especially by

making an effort for a long time

achievement n.

a thing that somebody has done successfully, especially using their own effort
and skill

acid
(n.) a compound usually having a sour taste and capable
of neutralizing alkalis and reddening blue litmus paper,
containing hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal or an
electropositive group to form a salt, or containing an atom
that can accept a pair of electrons from a base. Acids are
proton donors that yield hydronium ions in water solution,
or electron-pair acceptors that combine with electron-pair
donors or bases.; a substance with a sour taste.

acknowledge v.

to accept that something is true

acquire v.

to gain something by your own efforts, ability or behaviour

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across adv., prep.

from one side to the other side

act
(n.) anything done, being done, or to be done; deed;
performance.; (v.) to do something; exert energy or force;
be employed or operative..

action n.

the process of doing something in order to make something happen or to deal

with a situation

active adj.

always busy doing things, especially physical activities

actively adv.

in a way that involves doing something

activity n.

a situation in which something is happening or a lot of things are being done

actor, actress n.

a person who performs on the stage, on television or in films/movies, especially

as a profession

actual adj.

used to emphasize something that is real or exists in fact

actually adv.

Page 5 of 361
used in speaking to emphasize a fact or a comment, or that something is really
true

ad advertisement

a notice, picture or film telling people about a product, job or service

adapt v.

to change something in order to make it suitable for a new use or situation

add v.

to put something together with something else so as to

increase the size, number, amount, etc.

addition
(n.) the act or process of adding or uniting.; the process of
uniting two or more numbers into one sum, represented
by the symbol +.

additional adj.

more than was first mentioned or is usual

address n., v.

details of where somebody lives or works and where letters, etc. can be sent

adequate adj.

enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need

adequately adv.

in a way that is enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular

purpose or need
Page 6 of 361
adjust v.

to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of

conditions or to make it work better

admiration n.

a feeling of respect and liking for somebody/something

admire v.

to respect somebody for what they have done or to respect their qualities

admit
(v.) to allow to enter; grant or afford entrance to; to
acknowledge; confess.

additional adj.

more than was first mentioned or is usual

address n., v.

details of where somebody lives or works and where letters, etc. can be sent

adequate adj.

enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need

adequately adv.

in a way that is enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular

purpose or need

adjust v.

to change something slightly to make it more suitable for a new set of

conditions or to make it work better

Page 7 of 361
admiration n.

a feeling of respect and liking for somebody/something

admire v.

to respect somebody for what they have done or to respect their qualities

advertise
(v.) to announce or praise (a product, service, etc.) in some
public medium of communication in order to induce
people to buy or use it.; to give information to the public
about; announce publicly in a newspaper, on radio or
television, etc.

advertising
(n.) the act or practice of calling public attention to one's
product, service, need, etc., especially by paid
announcements in newspapers and magazines, over radio
or television, on billboards, etc.

advice n.

an opinion or a suggestion about what somebody should do in a particular

situation

advise v.

to tell somebody what you think they should do in a particular situation

affair n.

events that are of public interest or political importance

affect v.

to produce a change in somebody/something

Page 8 of 361
affection n.

the feeling of liking or loving somebody/something very much and caring about
them

afford v.

(usually used with can, could or be able to, especially in negative sentences or
questions)to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do something

afraid
(adj.) feeling fear; filled with apprehension.; feeling regret,
unhappiness, or the like.; feeling reluctance,
unwillingness, distaste, or the like.

after prep., conj., adv.

later than something; following something in time

afternoon n

the part of the day from 12 midday until about 6 o’clock.

afterwards
(adv.) at a later or subsequent time; subsequently.

again adv.

one more time; on another occasion

against prep.

opposing or disagreeing with somebody/something

age n.

the number of years that a person has lived or a thing has existed

aged
Page 9 of 361
(adj.) advanced in years; having lived or existed long; of
advanced age.
e.g. There's an aged tree at the backyard of our house,
we've been taking care of it for years.

agency
(n.) an organization, company, or bureau that provides
some service for another.; a company having a franchise
to represent another.; a governmental bureau, or an office
that represents it.

agent
(n.) a person or business authorized to act on another's
behalf.
.
aggressive
(adj.) characterized by or tending toward unprovoked
offensives, attacks, invasions, or the like; militantly
forward or menacing..

ago
(adv.) in past time; in the past.

agree v.

to have the same opinion as somebody; to say that you have the same opinion

agreement
(n.) the act of agreeing or of coming to a mutual
arrangement.; the state of being in accord.; an
arrangement that is accepted by all parties to a
transaction.; a contract or other document delineating
such an arrangement.

ahead adv.

Page 10 of 361
further forward in space or time; in front

aid n., v.

money, food, etc. that is sent to help countries in difficult situations

aim
(n.) the act of aiming or directing anything at or toward a
particular point or target.; the direction in which a weapon
or missile is pointed; the line of sighting.; something
intended or desired to be attained by one's efforts;
purpose. (v.) to position or direct (a firearm, ball, arrow,
rocket, etc.) so that, on firing or release, the discharged
projectile will hit a target or travel along a certain path.;

air n.

the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and that we breathe

aircraft n.

any vehicle that can fly and carry goods or passengers

airport n.

a place where planes land and take off and that has buildings for passengers to
wait in

alarm n., v.

fear and anxiety that somebody feels when something dangerous or unpleasant
might happen

alarming adj.

causing worry and fear

alarmed adj.

anxious or afraid that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen

Page 11 of 361
alcohol n.

drinks such as beer, wine, etc. that can make people drunk

alcoholic adj., n.

connected with or containing alcohol

alive adj.

living; not dead

all det., pron., adv.

(used with plural nouns. The noun may have the, this, that, my, her, his, etc. in
front of it, or a number.)the whole number of

allow v.

let somebody/something do something

all right adj., adv., exclamation

acceptable; in an acceptable manner

ally n., v.

a country that has agreed to help and support another country, especially in
case of a war

allied
(adj.) joined by treaty, agreement, or common cause
e.g. The meteor was the only allied jet to see active service
during the war.

almost adv.

not quite

alone adj., adv.

Page 12 of 361
without any other people

alongside prep., adv.

next to or at the side of somebody/something

aloud adv.

in a voice that other people can hear

alphabet n.

a set of letters or symbols in a fixed order used for writing a language

alphabetical adj

according to the correct order of the letters of the

alphabet

along
(prep.) through, on, beside, over, or parallel to the length
or direction of; from one end to the other of.; during; in
the course of.; in conformity or accordance with.; (adv.) by
the length; lengthwise; parallel to or in a line with the
length or direction.; with a progressive motion; onward.

alphabetically
(adv.) in the order of the letters of the alphabet.;
pertaining to, expressed by, or using an alphabet.

already adv.

before now or before a particular time in the past

also adv.

in addition; too

alter v.

to become different; to make somebody/something different

Page 13 of 361
alternative
(n.) a choice limited to one of two or more possibilities, as
of things, propositions, or courses of action, the selection
of which precludes any other possibility.; (adj.)
affording a choice of two or more things, propositions, or
courses of action.

alternatively adv.

used to introduce a suggestion that is a second choice or possibility

although conj.

used for introducing a statement that makes the main statement in a sentence
seem surprising

altogether adv.

(used to emphasize something) completely; in every way

always adv.

at all times; on every occasion

a.m. (NAmE also A.M.) abbr.

between midnight and midday (from Latin ‘ante meridiem’)

amaze v.

to surprise somebody very much

amazing adj.

very surprised

ambition n.
Page 14 of 361
something that you want to do or achieve very much

ambulance n.

a vehicle with special equipment, used for taking sick or injured people to a
hospital

among (also amongst) prep.

surrounded by somebody/something; in the middle of somebody/something

amount n., v.

a sum of money

amuse v.

to make somebody laugh or smile

amusing adj.

funny and enjoyable

amused adj.

thinking that somebody/something is funny, so that you smile or laugh

an
(adj.) An is a word used in place of the word "a" when the
following word begins with a vowel sound. .

analyse (BrE) (NAmE analyze) v.

to examine the nature or structure of something, especially by separating it into

its parts, in order to understand or explain it

analysis
(n.) tthe process of breaking down a something into its
parts to learn what they do and how they relate to one
Page 15 of 361
another.
e.g. Special study modules will allow you to study a topic
in depth and further develop your skills in critical analysis.

ancient
(adj.) of or in time long past, especially before the end of
the Western Roman Empire a.d. 476.; dating from a
remote period; of great age.; very old; aged.
e.g. The national park has thousands of ancient
archaeological sites.

and conj.

also; in addition to

anger n.

the strong feeling that you have when something has happened that you think is
bad and unfair

angle n.

the space between two lines or surfaces that join, measured in degrees

angry adj.

having strong feelings about something that you dislike very much or about an
unfair situation

angrily
(adv.) with anger
e.g. Mary stomped off angrily after having a heated

animal n.

a creature that is not a bird, a fish, a reptile, an insect or a human

ankle n.

the joint connecting the foot to the leg

Page 16 of 361
anniversary n.

a date that is an exact number of years after the date of an important or special
event

announce v.

to tell people something officially, especially about a decision, plans, etc.

annoy
(v.) to disturb or bother (a person) in a way that
displeases, troubles, or slightly irritates.
e.g. My employer was annoyed this morning when I rolled
into work an hour late with a hangover.

annoying adj.

making somebody feel slightly angry

annoyed adj.

slightly angry

annual adj.

happening or done once every year

annually adv.

once a year

another det., pron.

one more; an extra thing or person

answer n., v.

something that you say, write or do to react to a question or situation

anti- prefix

Page 17 of 361
opposed to; against

anticipate v.

to expect something

anxiety n.

the state of feeling nervous or worried that something bad is going to happen

anxiously
(adv.) full of mental distress or uneasiness because of fear
of danger or misfortune; greatly worried.
e.g. Germany is anxiously looking for ways to tackle one
of its biggest challenges: a shortage of children.

any det., pron., adv.

used with uncountable or plural nouns in negative sentences and questions,

after if or whether, and after some verbs such as prevent, ban, forbid, etc. to
refer to an amount or a number of something, however large or small

anyone (also anybody) pron.

used instead of someone in negative sentences and in questions

after if/whether, and after verbs such as prevent, forbid, avoid, etc.

anything pron.

used instead of something in negative sentences and in questions;

after if/whether; and after verbs such as prevent, ban, avoid, etc.

anyway adv.

used when adding something to support an idea or argument

anywhere adv.

used in negative sentences and in questions instead of somewhere

Page 18 of 361
apart adv.

separated by a distance, of space or time

apart from (also aside from especially in NAmE) prep.

except for

apartment n. (especially NAmE)

a set of rooms for living in, usually on one floor of a building

apologize (BrE also -ise) v.

say that you are sorry for doing something wrong or causing a problem

apparent adj.

[not usually before noun] easy to see or understand

apparently adv.

according to what you have heard or read; according to the way something
appears

appeal n., v.

a formal request to a court or to somebody in authority for a judgement or a

decision to be changed

appear v.

linking verb (not used in the progressive tenses) to give the impression of being
or doing something

appearance n.

he way that somebody/something looks on the outside; what

somebody/something seems to be

Page 19 of 361
apple n.

he way that somebody/something looks on the outside; what

somebody/something seems to be

application
(v.) the work of applying something
e.g. Please send your application through the application
link on our website.

apply v.

to make a formal request, usually in writing, for something such as a job, a

place at college, university, etc.

appoint v.

to choose somebody for a job or position of responsibility

appointment
(n.) a fixed mutual agreement for a meeting; engagement.;
a meeting set for a specific time or place.
e.g. Musicians come from all over to play without
appointment.

appreciate v.

to recognize the good qualities of somebody/something

approach v., n.

to come near to somebody/something in distance or time

appropriate adj.

suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances

approval n.

the feeling that somebody/something is good or acceptable; a positive opinion

of somebody/something
Page 20 of 361
approve (of) v.

to think that somebody/something is good, acceptable or suitable

approving adj.

showing that you believe that somebody/something is good or acceptable

approximate adj.

almost correct or accurate, but not completely so

approximately adv.

used to show that something is almost, but not completely, accurate or correc

April n. (abbr. Apr.)

the fourth month of the year, between March and May

area n.

part of a place, town, etc., or a region of a country or the world

argue v.

to speak angrily to somebody because you disagree with them

argument n.

a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree, often

angrily

arise v.

to happen; to start to exist

arm n., v.

either of the two long parts that stick out from the top of the body and connect
the shoulders to the hands
Page 21 of 361
arms n.

weapons, especially as used by the army, navy, etc.

armed adj.

weapons, especially as used by the army, navy, etc.

army n.

a large organized group of soldiers who are trained to fight on land

around adv., prep.

approximately

arrange v.

to plan or organize something in advance

arrangement n.

a plan or preparation that you make so that something can happen

arrest v., n.

if the police arrest somebody, the person is taken to a police station and kept
there because the police believe they may be guilty of a crime

arrival n.

an act of coming or being brought to a place

arrive v.

to get to a place, especially at the end of a journey

arrow n.

a thin stick with a sharp point at one end, which is shot from a bow2

Page 22 of 361
art n.

the use of the imagination to express ideas or feelings, particularly in painting,

drawing orsculpture

article n.

a piece of writing about a particular subject in a newspaper or magazine

artificial adj.

made or produced to copy something natural; not real

artificially adv.

in a way that copies something natural

artist n.

a person who creates works of art, especially paintings or drawings

artistic adj.

connected with art or artists

as prep., adv., conj.

used to describe somebody/something appearing to be somebody/something

else

ashamed adj.

feeling shame or embarrassment about somebody/something or because of

something you have done

aside adv.

to one side; out of the way

aside from apart from

Page 23 of 361
= apart from

ask v.

to say or write something in the form of a question, in order to get information

asleep adj.

sleeping

aspect n.

a particular part or feature of a situation, an idea, a problem, etc.; a way in

which it may be considered

assist v.

to help somebody to do something

assistance n.

help or support

assistant n., adj.

a person who helps or supports somebody, usually in their job

associate v.

to make a connection between people or things in your mind

associated with

if one thing is associated with another, the two things are connected because
they happen together or one thing causes the other

association n.

an official group of people who have joined together for a particular purpose

assume v.
Page 24 of 361
to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it

assure v.

to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to

happen, especially when they have doubts about it

at prep.

used to say where something/somebody is or where something happens

atmosphere n.

the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth

the feeling or mood that you have in a particular place or situation; a feeling
between two people or in a group of people

atom n.

he smallest particle (1) of a chemical element that can exist

attach v.

to fasten or join one thing to another

attached adj.

full of affection for somebody/something

attack n., v.

an act of using violence to try to hurt or kill somebody

attempt n., v.

an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult, often with no

success

attempted adj.

Page 25 of 361
(of a crime, etc.) that somebody has tried to do but without success

attend v.

to be present at an event

attention n.

the act of listening to, looking at or thinking about something/somebody

carefull

attitude n.

the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you
behave towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel

attorney n. (especially NAmE)

a lawyer, especially one who can act for somebody in court

attract v.

f you are attracted by something, it interests you and makes you want it; if you
areattracted by somebody, you like or admire them

attraction n.

a feeling of liking somebody, especially sexually

attractive adj.

(of a person) pleasant to look at, especially in a sexual way

audience n.

he group of people who have gathered to watch or listen to something (a play,

concert, somebody speaking, etc.)

August n. (abbr. Aug.)

Page 26 of 361
the 8th month of the year, between July and September

aunt n.

the sister of your father or mother; the wife of your uncle

author n.

a person who writes books or the person who wrote a particular book

authority n.

the power to give orders to people

automatic adj.

(of a machine, device, etc.) having controls that work without needing a person
to operate them

automatically adv.

without needing a person to operate controls

autumn n. (especially BrE)

the season of the year between summer and winter, when leaves change colour
and the weather becomes colder

available adj.

that you can get, buy or find

average adj., n.

calculated by adding several amounts together, finding a total, and dividing the
total by the number of amounts

avoid v.

to prevent something bad from happening

Page 27 of 361
awake adj.

not asleep (especially immediately before or after sleeping)

award n., v.

(often in names of particular awards) a prize such as money, etc. for something
that somebody has done

aware adj.

knowing or realizing something

away adv.

to or at a distance from somebody/something in space or time

awful adj.

very bad or unpleasant

awfully adv.

very; extremely

awkward adj.

making you feel embarrassed

awkwardly adv.

in a way that makes you feel embarrassed or shows that somebody is

embarrassed

baby n.

a very young child or animal

back n., adj., adv., v.

Page 28 of 361
the part of the human body that is on the opposite side to the chest, between
the neck and the tops of the legs; the part of an animal’s body
that corresponds to this

background n.

the details of a person’s family, education, experience, etc.

backwards (also backward especially in NAmE) adv.

to move backwards, especially in a vehicle

backward adj.

directed or moving towards the back

bacteria n.

the simplest and smallest forms of life. Bacteria exist in large numbers in air,
water and soil, and also in living and dead creatures and plants, and are often a
cause of disease

bad adj.

unpleasant; full of problems

badly adv.

not skilfully or not carefully

bad-tempered adj.

often angry; in an angry mood

bag n.

a container made of paper or plastic, that opens at the top, used especially in
shops/stores

baggage n. (especially NAmE)

Page 29 of 361
= luggage

bake v.

to cook food in an oven without extra fat or liquid; to be cooked in this way

balance n., v.

a situation in which different things exist in equal, correct or good amounts

ball n.

a round object used for throwing, hitting or kicking in games and sports

ban v., n.

to decide or say officially that something is not allowed

band n.

a small group of musicians who play popular music together, often with a singer
or singers

bandage n., v.

a strip of cloth used for tying around a part of the body that has been hurt in
order to protect or support it

bank n.

an organization that provides various financial services, for example keeping or

lending money

bar n.

a place where you can buy and drink alcoholic and other drinks

bargain n.

a thing bought for less than the usual price

Page 30 of 361
barrier n.

an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place
to another

base n., v.

the lowest part of something, especially the part or surface on which it rests or
stands

based on

if one thing is based on another, it uses it or is developed from it

to use an idea, a fact, a situation, etc. as the point from which something can be
developed

basic adj.

forming the part of something that is most necessary and from which other
things develop

basically adv.

in the most important ways, without considering things that are less important

basis n.

the reason why people take a particular action

bath n.

large, long container that you put water in and then get into to wash your whole
body

bathroom n.

a room in which there is a bath/ bathtub, a washbasin and often a toilet

Page 31 of 361
battery n.

a device that is placed inside a car engine, clock, radio, etc. and that produces
the electricity that makes it work

battle n.

a fight between armies, ships or planes, especially during a war; a violent fight
between groups of people

bay n.

a part of the sea, or of a large lake, partly surrounded by a wide curve of the
land

be v., auxiliary v.

linking verb there is/are + noun to exist; to be present

beach n.

an area of sand or small stones (called shingle), beside the sea or a lake

beak n.

the hard pointed or curved outer part of a bird’s mouth

bear v.

to be able to accept and deal with something unpleasant

beard n.

hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man’s face; similar hair that grows
on some animals

beat n., v.

to defeat somebody in a game or competition

Page 32 of 361
beautiful adj.

having beauty; pleasing to the senses or to the mind

beautifully adv.

in a beautiful way

beauty n.

the quality of being pleasing to the senses or to the mind

because conj.

or the reason that

because of prep.

used before a noun or noun phrase to say that somebody/something is the

reason for something

become v.

linking verb to start to be something

bed n.

a piece of furniture for sleeping on

bedroom n.

a room for sleeping in

beef n.

meat that comes from a cow

beer n.

an alcoholic drink made from malt and flavoured with hops. There are many
types of beer.
Page 33 of 361
before prep., conj., adv.

earlier than somebody/something

begin v.

to start doing something; to do the first part of something

beginning n.

the time when something starts; the first part of an event, a story, etc.

behalf n.: on behalf of sb, on sb’s behalf (BrE) (NAmE in behalf of sb, in sb’s behalf)

in order to help somebody

as the representative of somebody or instead of them

behave v.

to do things in a particular way

behaviour (BrE) (NAmE behavior) n.

the way that somebody behaves, especially towards other people

behind prep., adv.

at or towards the back of somebody/something, and often hidden by it or them

belief n.

a strong feeling that something/somebody exists or is true; confidence that

something/somebody is good or right

believe v.

to feel certain that something is true or that somebody is telling you the truth

bell n.

Page 34 of 361
a hollow metal object, often shaped like a cup, that makes a ringing sound when
hit by a small piece of metal inside it; the sound that it makes

belong v.

+ adv./prep. to be in the right or suitable place

below prep., adv.

at or to a lower level or position than somebody/something

belt n.

a long narrow piece of leather, cloth, etc. that you wear around the waist

bend v., n.

(especially of somebody’s body or head) to lean, or make something lean, in a

particular direction

bent

not straight

beneath prep., adv.

in or to a lower position than somebody/something

benefit n., v.

an advantage that something gives you; a helpful and useful effect that
something has

beside prep.

next to or at the side of somebody/something

bet v., n.

to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result

Page 35 of 361
betting n.

he act of risking money, etc. on the unknown result of an event

better,

of a higher standard or less poor quality; not as bad as something else

best good, well

of the most excellent type or quality

between prep., adv.

in or into the space separating two or more points, objects, people, etc.

beyond prep., adv.

on or to the further side of something

bicycle (also bike) n.

(informal bike) a road vehicle with two wheels that you ride by pushing
the pedals with your feet

bid v., n.

to offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction

big adj.

to offer to pay a particular price for something, especially at an auction

bill n

a document that shows how much you owe somebody for goods or services

bin n. (BrE)

a container that you put waste in

Page 36 of 361
biology n.

the scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals

bird n.

a creature that is covered with feathers and has two wings and two legs. Most
birds can fly.

birth n.

the time when a baby is born; the process of being born

birthday n.

the day in each year which is the same date as the one on which you were born

biscuit n. (BrE)

a small flat dry cake for one person, usually sweet, and baked until crisp

bit n. (especially BrE)

small amount

bite v., n.

to use your teeth to cut into or through something

bitter adj.

(of arguments, disagreements, etc.) very serious and unpleasant, with a lot of
anger and hatred involved

bitterly adv.

in a way that shows feelings of sadness or anger

black adj., n.

having the very darkest colour, like coal or the sky at night
Page 37 of 361
blade n.

the flat part of a knife, tool or machine, which has a sharp edge or edges for
cutting

blame v., n.

to think or say that somebody/something is responsible for something bad

blank adj., n.

empty, with nothing written, printed or recorded on it

blind adj.

not able to see

block n., v.

a large piece of a solid material that is square or rectangular in shape and

usually has flat sides

blonde adj., n., blond adj.

(of hair) pale gold in colour

blood n.

the red liquid that flows through the bodies of humans and animals

blow v., n.

if a flame, etc. blows out, it is put out by the wind, etc.

blue adj., n.

having the colour of a clear sky or the sea/ocean on a clear day

board n., v.

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a long thin piece of strong hard material, especially wood, used, for example,
for

boat n.

a vehicle (smaller than a ship) that travels on water, moved by oars, sails or a
motor

body n.

the whole physical structure of a human or an animal

boil v.

when a liquid boils or when you boil it, it is heated to the point where it forms
bubbles and turns to steam or vapour

bomb n., v.

a weapon designed to explode at a particular time or when it is dropped or

thrown

bone n.

any of the hard parts that form the skeleton of the body of a human or an
animal

book n., v.

a set of printed pages that are fastened inside a cover so that you can turn them
and read them

boot n.

a strong shoe that covers the foot and ankle and often the lower part of the leg

border n.

the line that divides two countries or areas; the land near this line

Page 39 of 361
bore v.

to make somebody feel bored, especially by talking too much

boring adj.

feeling tired and impatient because you have lost interest in

somebody/something or because you have nothing to do

bored adj.

not interesting; making you feel tired and impatient

born: be born v.

to come out of your mother’s body at the beginning of your life

borrow v.

to take and use something that belongs to somebody else, and return it to them
at a later time

boss n.

a person who is in charge of other people at work and tells them what to do

both det., pron.

used with plural nouns to mean ‘the two’ or ‘the one as well as the other’

bother v.

(often used in negative sentences and questions) to spend time and/or energy
doing something

bottle n.

a glass or plastic container, usually round with straight sides and a narrow neck,
used especially for storing liquids

bottom n., adj.

Page 40 of 361
the lowest part of something

bound adj.: bound to

certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something

bowl n.

a deep round dish with a wide open top, used especially for holding food or
liquid

box n.

(especially in compounds) a container made of wood, cardboard, metal, etc. with

a flat stiff base and sides and often a lid, used especially for holding solid things

boy n.

a male child or a young male person

boyfriend n.

a man or boy that somebody has a romantic or sexual relationship with

brain n.

the organ inside the head that controls movement, thought, memory and feeling

branch n.

a part of a tree that grows out from the main stem and on which leaves, flowers
and fruit grow

brand n.

a type of product made by a particular company

brave adj.

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(of a person) willing to do things which are difficult, dangerous or painful; not
afraid

bread n.

a type of food made from flour, water and usually yeast mixed together and
baked

break v., n.

to be damaged and separated into two or more parts , as a result of force; to

damage something in this way

break down

(of a machine or vehicle) to stop working because of a fault

broken adj.

breakfast n.

the first meal of the day

break into something

to enter a building by force; to open a car, etc. by force

break in

to enter a building by force

break off

to become separated from something as a result of force

break out

(of war, fighting or other unpleasant events) to start suddenly

Page 42 of 361
break up

to separate into smaller pieces

breast n.

either of the two round soft parts at the front of a woman’s body that produce
milk when she has had a baby

breath n.

the air that you take into your lungs and send out again z

breathe v.

to take air into your lungs and send it out again through your nose or mouth

breathe in

to take air into your lungs through your nose or mouth

breathe out

to send air out of your lungs through your nose or mouth

breathing n.

the action of taking air into the lungs and sending it out again

breed v., n.

(of animals) to have sex and produce young

brick n.

baked clay used for building walls, houses and other buildings; an individual
block of this

bridge n.

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a structure that is built over a road, railway/railroad, river, etc. so that people or
vehicles can cross from one side to the other

brief adj.

lasting only a short time; short

briefly adv.

for a short time

bright adj.

full of light; shining strongly

brightly adv.

with a lot of light; with strong light

brilliant adj.

extremely clever or impressive

bring v.

to come to a place with somebody/something

bring somebody down

to make somebody lose power or be defeated

bring something forward

to move something to an earlier date or time

bring something out

to make something appear

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bring somebody up
[often passive] to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc.

broad adj.

wide

broadly adv.

generally, without considering details

broadcast v., n.

to send out programmes on television or radio

broken break

that has been damaged or injured; no longer whole or working correctly

brother n.

a boy or man who has the same mother and father as another person

brown adj., n.

having the colour of earth or coffee

brush n., v.

an object made of short stiff hairs (called bristles ) or wires set in a block of
wood or plastic, usually attached to a handle. Brushes are used for many
different jobs, such as cleaning, painting and tidying your hair.

bubble n.

a ball of air or gas in a liquid, or a ball of air inside a solid substance such as
glass

budget n.

Page 45 of 361
the money that is available to a person or an organization and a plan of how it
will be spent over a period of time

build v.

to make something, especially a building, by putting parts together

building n.

a structure such as a house or school that has a roof and walls

bullet n.

a small metal object that is fired from a gun

build up (to something)

to become greater, more powerful or larger in number

bunch n.

a number of things of the same type which are growing or fastened together

burn v.

to produce flames and heat

burn down

if a fire burns down, it becomes weaker and has smaller flames

burnt adj.

damaged or injured by burning

burst v.

to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make

something break in this way

Page 46 of 361
burst into something

to start producing something suddenly and with great force

burst out

to speak suddenly, loudly and with strong feeling

bury v.

to place a dead body in a grave

bus n.

a large road vehicle that carries passengers, especially one that travels along a
fixed route and stops regularly to let people get on and off

bush n.

a plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up from the root

business n.

the activity of making, buying, selling or supplying goods or services for money

businessman, businesswoman n.

a man who works in business, especially at a high level

busy adj.

having a lot to do; perhaps not free to do something else because you are
working on something

but conj.

used to introduce a word or phrase that contrasts with what was said before

butter n.

a soft yellow food made from cream, used in cooking and for spreading on
bread
Page 47 of 361
button n.

a small round piece of metal, plastic, etc. that is sewn onto a piece of clothing
and used for fastening two parts together

buy v.

to obtain something by paying money for it

buyer n.

a person who buys something, especially something expensive

by prep., adv.

near somebody/something; at the side of somebody/something; beside

somebody/something

bye exclamation

(also bye-bye, bye-bye) (informal) goodbye

c abbr. cent

cabinet n.

a group of chosen members of a government, which is responsible for advising

and deciding on government policy

cable n.

thick strong metal rope used on ships, for supporting bridges, etc.

cake n.

a sweet food made from a mixture of flour, eggs, butter, sugar, etc. that is
baked in an oven. Cakes are made in various shapes and sizes and are often
decorated, for example with cream or icing.

calculate v.

Page 48 of 361
to use numbers to find out a total number, amount, distance, etc.

calculation n.

the act or process of using numbers to find out an amount

call v., n.

to give somebody/something a particular name; to use a particular name or title

when you are talking to somebody

call back

| to telephone somebody again or to telephone somebody who telephoned

you earlier

called

having a particular name

call for somebody

(especially British English) to collect somebody in order to go somewhere

call something off

to cancel something; to decide that something will not happen

call somebody up
(especially North American English) to make a telephone call to somebody

calm adj., v., n.

not excited, nervous or upset

calm down

to become or make somebody become calm

calmly adv.
Page 49 of 361
in a way that shows you are not excited, nervous or upset

camera n.

a piece of equipment for taking photographs, moving pictures or television

pictures

camp n., v.

a place where people live temporarily in tents or temporary buildings

camping n.

living in a tent, etc. on holiday/vacation

campaign n.

a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social,

commercial or political aim

can modal v., n.

used to say that it is possible for somebody/something to do something, or for

something to happen

a metal container in which food and drink is sold

cannot

could modal v.

cancel v.

to decide that something that has been arranged will not now take place

cancer n.

Page 50 of 361
a serious disease in which growths of cells, also called cancers, form in the body
and kill normal body cells. The disease often causes death.

candidate n.

a person who is trying to be elected or is applying for a job

candy n. (NAmE)

sweet food made of sugar and/or chocolate, eaten between meals; a piece of
this

cap n.

a type of soft flat hat with a peak (= a hard curved part sticking out in
front). Caps are worn especially by men and boys, often as part of a uniform

capable (of) adj.

having the ability or qualities necessary for doing something

capacity n.

the number of things or people that a container or space can hold

capital n., adj.

the most important town or city of a country, usually where the central
government operates from

captain n.

the person in charge of a ship or commercial aircraft

an officer of fairly high rank in the navy, the army and the US air force

the leader of a group of people, especially a sports team

capture v., n.

Page 51 of 361
to catch a person or an animal and keep them as a prisoner or in a confined
space

car n.

a road vehicle with an engine and four wheels that can carry a small number of
passengers

card n.

thick stiff paper

cardboard n.

stiff material like very thick paper, often used for making boxes

care n., v.

the process of caring for somebody/something and providing what they need
for their health or protection

care for

to look after somebody who is sick, very old, very young, etc.

career n.

the series of jobs that a person has in a particular area of work, usually
involving more responsibility as time passes

careful adj.

giving attention or thought to what you are doing so that you avoid hurting
yourself, damaging something or doing something wrong

carefully adv.

with a lot of attention or thought, so that you avoid hurting yourself, damaging
something or doing something wrong
Page 52 of 361
careless adj.

not giving enough attention and thought to what you are doing, so that you
make mistakes

carelessly adv.

without giving enough attention and thought to what you are doing, so that you
make mistakes or damage things

carpet n.

a thick woven material made of wool, etc. for covering floors or stairs

carrot n.

a long pointed orange root vegetable

carry v.

to support the weight of somebody/something and take them or it from place to

place; to take somebody/something from one place to another

carry on

(especially British English) to continue moving

to continue doing something

carry something out

to do something that you have said you will do or have been asked to do

case n.

a particular situation or a situation of a particular type

cash n.

money in the form of coins or notes/bills

cast v., n.

Page 53 of 361
to look, smile, etc. in a particular direction

castle n.

a large strong building with thick high walls and towers, built in the past by
kings or queens, or other important people, to defend themselves against attack

cat n.

a small animal with soft fur that people often keep as a pet. Cats catch and kill
birds and mice.

catch v.

to stop and hold a moving object, especially in your hands

catch up (with somebody)

to reach somebody who is ahead by going faster

to reach the same level or standard as somebody who was better or more
advanced

category n.

a group of people or things with particular features in common

cause n., v.

the person or thing that makes something happen

CD n.

the abbreviation for ‘compact disc’ (a small disc on which sound or information
is recorded. CDs are played on a special machine called a CD player).

cease v.

to stop happening or existing; to stop something from happening or existing

ceiling n.

Page 54 of 361
the top inside surface of a room

celebrate v.

to show that a day or an event is important by doing something special on it

celebration n.

a special event that people organize in order to celebrate something

cell n.

a room for one or more prisoners in a prison or police station

the smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its own. All plants and
animals are made up of cells.

cellphone (also cellular phone) n. (especially NAmE)

a telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry with
you and use anywhere

cent n. (abbr. c, ct)

a coin and unit of money worth 1% of the main unit of money in many countries,
for example of the US dollar or of the euro

centimetre (BrE) (NAmE centimeter) n. (abbr. cm)

a unit for measuring length. There are 100 centimetres in a metre.

central adj.

most important

n the centre of an area or object

centre (BrE) (NAmE center) n.

in the centre of an area or object

Page 55 of 361
century n.

a period of 100 years

ceremony n.

public or religious occasion that includes a series of formal or traditional actions

certain adj., pron.

that you can rely on to happen or to be true

certainly adv.

without doubt

certificate n.

an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true

chain n., v.

a series of connected metal rings, used for pulling or fastening things; a length
of chain used for a particular purpose

chair n.

a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, with a back, a seat and four legs

chairman, chairwoman n.

the person in charge of a meeting, who tells people when they can speak, etc.

challenge n., v.

a new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skill

chamber n.

a hall in a public building that is used for formal meetings

Page 56 of 361
chance n.

a possibility of something happening, especially something that you want

change v., n.

to become different

channel n.

a television station

chapter n.

a separate section of a book, usually with a number or title

character n.

all the qualities and features that make a person, groups of people, and places
different from others

characteristic adj., n.

very typical of something or of somebody’s character

charge n., v.

the amount of money that somebody asks for goods and services

charity n.

an organization for helping people in need

chart n., v.

a page or sheet of information in the form of diagrams, lists of figures, etc.

chase v., n.

to run, drive, etc. after somebody/something in order to catch them

Page 57 of 361
chase away

to force somebody/something to run away

chat v., n.

to talk in a friendly informal way to somebody

cheap adj.

costing little money or less money than you expected

cheaply adv.

without spending or costing much money

cheat v., n.

to trick somebody or make them believe something which is not true

check v., n.

to examine something to see if it is correct, safe or acceptable

check in (at…)

to go to a desk in a hotel, an airport, etc. and tell an official there that you have
arrived

check into…

to arrive at a hotel or private hospital to begin your stay there

check on

to make sure that there is nothing wrong with somebody/something

check out

to be found to be true or acceptable after being examined

Page 58 of 361
check over

to examine something carefully to make sure that it is correct or

acceptable

cheek n.

either side of the face below the eyes

cheerful adj.

happy, and showing it by the way that you behave

cheerfully adv.

in a way that shows you are happy

cheese n.

a type of food made from milk that can be either soft or hard and is usually
white or yellow in colour; a particular type of this food

chemical adj., n.

connected with chemistry

chemist n.

(also dispensing chemist) (both British English) (North American

English druggist) a person whose job is to prepare and sell medicines, and who
works in a shop

chemistry n.

he scientific study of the structure of substances, how they react when

combined or in contact with one another, and how they behave under different
conditions

cheque n. (BrE) (NAmE check)

Page 59 of 361
a printed form that you can write on and sign as a way of paying for something
instead of using money

chest n.

the top part of the front of the body, between the neck and the stomach

chew v.

to bite food into small pieces in your mouth with your teeth to make it easier to
swallow

chicken n.

a large bird that is often kept for its eggs or meat

chief adj., n.

most important

highest in rank

child n.

a young human who is not yet an adult

chin n.

he part of the face below the mouth and above the neck

chip n.

the place from which a small piece of wood, glass, etc. has broken from an
object

chocolate n.

a hard brown sweet food made from cocoa beans, used in cooking to add
flavour to cakes, etc. or eaten as a sweet/candy

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choice n.

an act of choosing between two or more possibilities; something that you can
choose

choose v.

to decide which thing or person you want out of the ones that are available

chop v.

to cut something into pieces with a sharp tool such as a knife

church n.

a building where Christians go to worship

cigarette n.

a thin tube of paper filled with tobacco, for smoking

cinema n. (especially BrE)

(especially British English) (usually North American English movie

theater, theater)[countable] a building in which films/movies are shown

circle n.

a completely round flat shape

circumstance n.

the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event
or an action

citizen n.

a person who has the legal right to belong to a particular country

city n.

Page 61 of 361
a large and important town

civil adj.

connected with the people who live in a country

claim v., n.

to say that something is true although it has not been proved and other people
may not believe it

clap v., n.

to hit your open hands together several times to show that you approve of or
have enjoyed something

class n.

a group of students who are taught together

classic adj., n.

accepted or deserving to be accepted as one of the best or most important of its

kind

classroom n.

a room where a class of children or students is taught

clean adj., v.

not dirty

clear adj., v.

easy to understand and not causing any confusion

clearly adv.

in a way that is easy to see or hear

Page 62 of 361
clerk n.

a person whose job is to keep the records or accounts in an office, shop/store

etc.

clever adj.

quick at learning and understanding things

click v., n.

to make or cause something to make a short sharp sound

client n.

person who uses the services or advice of a professional person or organization

climate n.

the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place

climb v.

to go up something towards the top

climbing n

the sport or activity of climbing rocks or mountains

clock n.

an instrument for measuring and showing time, in a room, on the wall of a

building or on a computer screen (not worn or carried like a watch)

close / adj.

close (something) to put something into a position so that it covers an opening;

to get into this position

closely adv.

Page 63 of 361
near in space or time

close / v.

near in space or time

closed
(adj.) having or forming a boundary or barrier.; brought to
a close; concluded.; not public; restricted; exclusive.; not
open to new ideas or arguments.; self-contained;
independent or self-sufficient.
e.g. It was a closed incident with no repercussions.

cloth
(n.) a fabric formed by weaving, felting, etc., from wool,
hair, silk, flax, cotton, or other fiber, used for garments,
upholstery, and many other items.
e.g. Cloth diapers have come a long way from safety pins.

clothes n.

the things that you wear, such as trousers/pants, dresses and jackets

clothing n.

clothes, especially a particular type of clothes

closet n. (especially NAmE)

a small room or a space in a wall with a door that reaches the

floor, used for storing things
cloud
(n.) a visible collection of particles of water or ice
suspended in the air, usually at an elevation above the
earth's surface.
e.g. Look up in the sky near an airport and you might see
some unusual cloud formations.

cm
(abbr.) a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a
meter
e.g. This length of this ladder is 500cm.
Page 64 of 361
club n.

a group of people who meet together regularly, for a particular

activity, sport, etc.
comedy
(n.) a play, movie, etc., of light and humorous character
with a happy or cheerful ending; a dramatic work in which
the central motif is the triumph over adverse
circumstance, resulting in a successful or happy
conclusion.; that branch of the drama which concerns
itself with this form of composition.; the comic element of
drama, of literature generally, or of life.
e.g. Comedy is not really a field in which practice makes
perfect.

coach n.

a person who trains a person or team in sport

coal n.

a hard black mineral that is found below the ground and burnt to produce heat

coast n.

the land beside or near to the sea or ocean

coat n.

a piece of outdoor clothing that is worn over other clothes to keep warm or
dry. Coatshave sleeves and may be long or short.

code n.

(often in compounds) a system of words, letters, numbers or symbols that represent a

message or record information secretly or in a shorter form

coffee n.

the roasted seeds (called coffee beans) of a tropical bush; a powder made from them

coin n.

a small flat piece of metal used as money

Page 65 of 361
cold adj., n.

having a lower than usual temperature; having a temperature lower than the human
body

coldly adv.

without any emotion or warm feelings; in an unfriendly way

collapse v., n.

to fall down or fall in suddenly, often after breaking apart

colleague n.

a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a business

collect v.

to bring things together from different people or places

collection n.

a group of objects, often of the same sort, that have been collected

college n.

(often in names) (in Britain) a place where students go to study or to receive training
after they have left school

colour (BrE) (NAmE color) n., v.

the appearance that things have that results from the way in which they reflect light.
Red, orange and green are colours.

coloured (BrE) (NAmE colored) adj.

having a particular colour or different colours

column n.

a tall, solid, vertical post, usually round and made of stone, which supports or decorates
a building or stands alone as a monument

combination n.
Page 66 of 361
two or more things joined or mixed together to form a single unit

combine v.

to come together to form a single thing or group; to join two or more things or groups
together to form a single one

come v.

to move to or towards a person or place

come across

(also come over)

to be understood

come down

to break and fall to the ground

come from…

(not used in the progressive tenses) to have as your place of birth or the place
where you live
come off

to be able to be removed

come out

when the sun, moon or stars come out, they appear

come round

| (also come to)to become conscious again

come to

= come around/round

[no passive] (of an idea) to enter your mind

come up

(of plants) to appear above the soil

comfort n., v.
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the state of being physically relaxed and free from pain; the state of having a pleasant
life, with everything that you need

comfortable adj.

(of clothes, furniture, etc.) making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on,
etc.

comfortably adv.

in a comfortable way, with no problem

command v., n.

an order given to a person or an animal

comment n., v.

something that you say or write which gives an opinion on or explains

somebody/something

commercial adj.

connected with the buying and selling of goods and services

commission n., v.

an official group of people who have been given responsibility to control something, or to
find out about something, usually for the government

commit
(v.) to pledge (oneself) to a position on an issue or
question; express (one's intention, feeling, etc.)
e.g. Asked if he was a candidate, he refused to commit
himself.

commitment
(n.) a pledge or promise; obligation.; engagement;
involvement.
e.g. They have a sincere commitment to religion.

committee n.

Page 68 of 361
a group of people who are chosen, usually by a larger group, to make decisions or to
deal with a particular subject

common adj.

happening often; existing in large numbers or in many places

commonly
(adv.) usually; generally; ordinarily.; in a common manner.
e.g. It is also very commonly noticed that these two paths,
after diverging awhile, run into each other.

communicate v.

to exchange information, news, ideas, etc. with somebody

communication n.

the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information

community n.

all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group

company
(n.) a number of individuals assembled or associated
together; group of people.; companionship; fellowship;
association.
e.g. The company that funded the first successful cloning
of a domestic cat two years ago has gone commercial.

compare v.

to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different

comparison n.

the process of comparing two or more people or things

compete v.

Page 69 of 361
to try to be more successful or better than somebody else who is
trying to do the same as you

competition
(n.) the act of competing; rivalry for supremacy, a prize,
etc.; a contest for some prize, honor, or advantage.
e.g. The competition between the two teams was bitter.

competitive adj.

a situation in which people or organizations compete with each other for something that
not everyone can have

complain v.

to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/something

complaint n.

a reason for not being satisfied; a statement that somebody makes saying that they are
not satisfied

complete adj., v.

used when you are emphasizing something, to mean ‘to the greatest degree possible’

completely adv.

(used to emphasize the following word or phrase) in every way possible

complex adj.

made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand

complicate v.

complicate something to make something more difficult to do, understand or deal with

complicate
(v.) To make complex, difficult, or hard to deal with.
e.g. This mathematics problem is too complicated to be
solved by a 10 years old kid.

complicated
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(adj.) composed of elaborately interconnected parts;
complex.; difficult to analyze, understand, explain, etc.
e.g. The origins of great inventions are generally more
complicated than they appear.

computer n.

an electronic machine that can store, organize and find information, do calculations and
control other machine

concentrate v.

to give all your attention to something and not think about anything else

concentration
(n.) the act of concentrating; the state of being
concentrated.; exclusive attention to one object; close
mental application.
e.g. Concentration span of a flea and i get bored after five
years.

concept n.

an idea or a principle that is connected with something abstract

concern v., n.

to affect somebody/something; to involve somebody/something

concerned adj.

worried and feeling concern about something

concerning prep.

about something; involving somebody/something

concert n.

a public performance of music

conclude
(v.) to bring to an end; finish; terminate.; to bring to a
decision or settlement; settle or arrange finally.; to

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determine by reasoning; deduce; infer.; to decide,
determine, or resolve.
e.g. At the end of the speech he concluded that we had
been a fine audience.

conclusion n.

something that you decide when you have thought about all the information connected
with the situation

concrete adj., n.

made of concrete, based on facts, not on ideas or guesses

condition n.

the state that something is in

conduct v., n.

to organize and/or do a particular activity, a person’s behaviour in a particular place or

in a particular situation

conference
(n.) a meeting for consultation or discussion.
e.g. Getting a group of players together for online battles
in multiplayer games is easier now than placing a
conference call.

Conflict
(n.) a fight, battle, or struggle, especially a prolonged
struggle; strife. (v.) to come into collision or
disagreement; be contradictory, at variance, or in
opposition; clash.
e.g. The account of one eyewitness conflicted with that of
the other.

confidence n.

the feeling that you can trust, believe in and be sure about the abilities or good qualities
of somebody/something

confident adj.
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feeling sure about your own ability to do things and be successful

confidently adv.

in a way that shows that you feel sure about your own ability to do things and be
successful

confine v.

to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc.

confined adj.

(of a space or an area) small and surrounded by walls or sides

confirm v.

to state or show that something is definitely true or correct, especially by providing

evidence

confront v.

(of problems or a difficult situation) to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody

confuse v.

to make somebody unable to think clearly or understand something

confusing adj.

difficult to understand; not clear

confused adj.

unable to think clearly or to understand what is happening or what somebody is saying

confusion n.

a state of not being certain about what is happening, what you should do, what
something means, etc.

congratulations n.

to tell somebody that you are pleased about their success or achievements

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congress n.

a large formal meeting or series of meetings where representatives from different groups
discuss ideas, make decisions, etc.

connect v.

to join together two or more things; to be joined together

connected adj.

(of two or more things or people) having a link between them

connection n.

something that connects two facts, ideas, etc.

conscious adj.

aware of something; noticing something

consequence
(n.) the effect, result, or outcome of something occurring
earlier:
e.g. The accident was the consequence of reckless driving.

conservative adj.

opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and
values

consider v.

to think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision

considerable adj.

great in amount, size, importance, etc.

considerably adv
much; a lot

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consideration
(n.) the act of considering; careful thought; meditation;
deliberation.; something that is or is to be kept in mind in
making a decision, evaluating facts, etc.
e.g. I will give your project full consideration.

consist of v.

consist of somebody,consist of something

to be formed from the people or things mentioned

constant

happening all the time or repeatedly

constantly adv.

all the time; repeatedly

construct
(v.) to build or form by putting together parts; frame;
devise.
e.g. Construct computer models of the ocean's changes
which in turn may help predict future developments.

construction n.

the process or method of building or making something, especially roads, buildings,

bridges, etc.

consult v.

the process or method of building or making something, especially roads, buildings,

bridges, etc.

consumer n.

a person who buys goods or uses services

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contact n., v.

(between A and B) the act of communicating with somebody, especially regularly

contain v.

contain something if something contains something else, it has that thing inside it or as
part of it

container n.

a box, bottle, etc. in which something can be stored or transported

contemporary adj.

contemporary (with somebody/something) belonging to the same time

content n.

contents [plural] the things that are contained in something

contest n.

a competition in which people try to win something

context n.

the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it

continent n.

one of the large land masses of the earth such as Europe, Asia or Africa

continue v.

to keep existing or happening without stopping

continuous adj.

happening or existing for a period of time without interruption

continuously adv.

in a way that happens or exists for a period of time without interruption

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contract
(n.) a binding agreement between two or more persons
that is enforceable by law.; (v.) squeeze or press together.
e.g. Either party may terminate the contract by giving the
other party 28 days notice in writing.

contrast n., v.

a difference between two or more people or things that you can see clearly when they
are compared or put close together; the fact of comparing two or more things in order to
show the differences between them

to compare two things in order to show the differences between them

contrasting adj.

very different in style, colour or attitude

contribute
(v.) to give (money, time, knowledge, assistance, etc.) to a
common supply, fund, etc., as for charitable purposes.
e.g. Do the schools contribute to the creation of a taste
for good literature?

contribution n.

a sum of money that is given to a person or an organization in order to help pay for
something

control n., v.

the power to make decisions about how a country, an area, an organization, etc. is run

controlled adj.

done or arranged in a very careful way

convenient adj.

useful, easy or quick to do; not causing problems

convention

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(n.) a meeting or formal assembly, as of representatives or
delegates, for discussion of and action on particular
matters of common concern.; an international agreement,
especially one dealing with a specific matter, as postal
service or copyright.
e.g. All that judges can do, if they find that legislation
contravenes the european convention, is to issue a
declaration of incompatibility.

conventional
(adj.) conforming or adhering to accepted standards, as of
conduct or taste.
e.g. They put real details of portraiture into things that are
thought merely conventional.

conversation n.

an informal talk involving a small group of people or only two; the activity of talking in this
way

convert v.

to change or make something change from one form, purpose, system, etc. to another

convince v.

to make somebody/yourself believe that something is true

cook
(v.) to prepare (food) by the use of heat, as by boiling,
baking, or roasting. (n.) a person who cooks.
e.g. With the larger space and more elaborate equipment,
chefs can cook better food.

cooking n.

the process of preparing food

cooker n. (BrE)

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a large piece of equipment for cooking food, containing an oven and gas or electric rings
on top

cookie n. (especially NAmE)

a small flat sweet cake for one person, usually baked until crisp

cool adj., v.

fairly cold; not hot or warm

cool down,cool off

to become cool or cooler

cope (with) v.

to deal successfully with something difficult

copy n., v.

a thing that is made to be the same as something else, especially a document or a work
of art

core n.

the hard central part of a fruit such as an apple, that contains the seeds

the central part of an object

corner n.

a part of something where two or more sides, lines or edges join

correct adj., v.

accurate or true, without any mistakes

correctly adv.

in a way that is accurate or true, without any mistakes

cost n., v.

the amount of money that you need in order to buy, make or do something

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cottage
(n.) a small house, usually of only one storey.; a small,
modest house at a lake, mountain resort, etc., owned or
rented as a vacation home.; one of a group of small,
separate houses, as for patients at a hospital, guests at a
hotel, or students at a boarding school.
e.g. Luxury large holiday cottage to rent at youth hostel
prices.

cotton
(n.) a soft, white, downy substance consisting of the hairs
or fibers attached to the seeds of plants belonging to the
genus Gossypium, of the mallow family, used in making
fabrics, thread, wadding, etc.
e.g. They farmed the land as well as spinning and weaving
cotton.

cough
(v.) to expel air from the lungs suddenly with a harsh
noise, often involuntarily.; (n.) an illness characterized by
frequent coughing.
e.g. When you have the flu, you cough a lot, which can
help transmit the virus to other people.

coughing n.

the action of coughing

could
(modal v.) used to express possibility; used to express
conditional possibility or ability.
e.g. Our approach to holiday leftovers could help us eat
better all year long.

could
(auxiliary v.) used to express possibility
e.g. I wonder who that could be at the door.

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council n.

a group of people who are elected to govern an area such as a city or county

count v.

to say numbers in the correct order

count on

to trust somebody to do something or to be sure that something will happen

counter n.

a long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop/store, bank,
etc.

country n.

an area of land that has or used to have its own government and laws

countryside n.

land outside towns and cities, with fields, woods, etc.

county n.

an area of Britain, Ireland or the US that has its own government

couple n.

two people or things

courage n.

the ability to do something dangerous, or to face pain or opposition, without showing fear

course n.

a series of lessons or lectures on a particular subject

court n.

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the place where legal trials take place and where crimes, etc. are judged

cousin n.

a child of your aunt or uncle

cover v., n.

to place something over or in front of something in order to hide or protect it

covered adj.

having a layer or amount of something on it

covering n.

a layer of something that covers something else

cow n.

a large animal kept on farms to produce milk or beef

crack n., v.

to break without dividing into separate parts; to break something in this way

cracked
(adj.) broken
e.g. The plate cracked when I dropped it, but it was still
usable.

craft
(n.) an art, trade, or occupation requiring special skill,
especially manual skill.
e.g. Foam pumpkins are thin enough to carve with a craft
knife and light enough to hang with thin wire.

crash n., v.

an accident in which a vehicle hits something, for example another vehicle, usually
causing damage and often injuring or killing the passengers

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crazy adj.

not sensible; stupid

cream n., adj.

the thick pale yellowish-white fatty liquid that rises to the top of milk, used in cooking or
as a type of sauce to put on fruit, etc.

create v.

create something to make something happen or exist

creature
(n.) an animal, especially a nonhuman.
e.g. The creature it belonged to ploughed against the
current for a while, and then disappeared.

credit n.

an arrangement that you make, with a shop/store for example, to pay later for something
you buy

credit card n.

a small plastic card that you can use to buy goods and services and pay for them later

crime n.

activities that involve breaking the law

criminal adj., n.

(rather formal or law) connected with or involving crime

crisis
(n.) a stage in a sequence of events at which the trend of
all future events, especially for better or for worse, is
determined; turning point.; a stage in a sequence of
events at which the trend of all future events, especially
for better or for worse, is determined; turning point.

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e.g. Now the rains have come but storms have destroyed
crops, deepening the crisis.

crisp adj.

(of food) (also crispy) pleasantly hard and dry

criterion n.

a standard or principle by which something is judged, or with the help of which a

decision is made

critical
(adj.) inclined to find fault or to judge with severity, often
too readily.; occupied with or skilled in criticism.;
involving skillful judgment as to truth, merit, etc.
e.g. Sales in the run-up to last night's draw could prove
critical to the company's future.

criticism
(n.) the act of passing judgment as to the merits of
anything.; the act of passing severe judgment; censure;
faultfinding.
e.g. Any constructive criticisms or ideas for new topics are
most welcome.

criticize (BrE also -ise) v.

to say that you disapprove of somebody/something; to say what you do not like or think
is wrong about somebody/something

crop n.

a plant that is grown in large quantities, especially as food

cross n., v.

a mark or an object formed by two lines crossing each other (X or +); the mark (X) is
often used on paper to show something,

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crowd n.

a large number of people gathered together in a public place,

for example in the streets or at a sports game
He pushed his way through the crowd.

crowded
(adj.) filled to excess; packed.
e.g. Crowded trains can lead to delays because it takes
people more time to get in and out of the cars.

crown n.

an object in the shape of a circle, usually made of gold and precious stones, that a king
or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions

crucial adj.

extremely important, because it will affect other things

cruel adj.

having a desire to cause pain and suffering

crush v.

to press or squeeze something so hard that it is damaged or

injured, or loses its shape
cry
(v.) to utter inarticulate sounds, especially of lamentation,
grief, or suffering, usually with tears.; to weep; shed tears,
with or without sound.; (n.) the act or sound of crying; any
loud utterance or exclamation; a shout, scream, or wail.
e.g. The little girl cried her eyes out when her cat died.

ct abbr. cent

cultural adj.

connected with the culture of a particular society or group, its customs, beliefs, etc.

culture n.

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the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or
group

cup n.

a small container shaped like a bowl, usually with a handle, used for drinking tea, coffee,
etc.

cupboard n.

a piece of furniture with doors and shelves used for storing

dishes, food, clothes, etc.

curb
(v.) a rim, especially of joined stones or concrete, along a
street or roadway, forming an edge for a sidewalk.
e.g. They've installed new curb and gutter since last time
we were here.

cure v., n.

to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness

curious adj.

having a strong desire to know about something

curiously adv.

in a way that shows a strong desire to know about something

curl v., n.

to form or make something form into a curl or curls

curly adj.

having a lot of curls or a curved shape

current
(adj.) passing in time; belonging to the time actually
passing.; (n.) a flowing; flow, as of a river.
e.g. Current situation will continue to ride.

currently adv.
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at the present time

curtain n.

a piece of cloth that is hung to cover a window

curve n., v.

a line or surface that bends gradually; a smooth bend

curved adj.

having a round shape

custom n.

an accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society or a community

customer n.

a person or an organization that buys something from a shop/store or business

customs n.

the government department that collects taxes on goods bought and sold and on goods
brought into the country, and that checks what is brought in

cut v., n.

to make an opening or a wound in something, especially with a sharp tool such as a

knife or scissors

cut back
(on something))to reduce something

cut down
(formal) to kill somebody

cut somebody off

[often passive] to interrupt somebody who is speaking on the telephone by breaking the
connection

cut out
if a motor or an engine cuts out, it suddenly stops working

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cycle
(n.) any complete round or series of occurrences that
repeats or is repeated.; (v.) to ride or travel by bicycle,
motorcycle, tricycle, etc.
e.g. The vicious cycle of compounding one's depression by
having to deal with hair loss makes these drugs a thing
worth trying to avoid.

cycling n.

the sport or activity of riding a bicycle

dad
(n.) father. .

daily adj.

happening, done or produced every day

damage n., v.

physical harm caused to something which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable

damp adj.

slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant

dance
(v.) to move one's feet or body, or both, rhythmically in a
pattern of steps, especially to the accompaniment of
music.; (n.) a successive group of rhythmical steps or
bodily motions, or both, usually executed to music.
e.g. Madagascar's cultural diversity makes for fascinating
music, dance and other art forms but also for complicated
politics.

dancing

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(n.) taking a series of rhythmical steps (and movements) in
time to music.
e.g. My passion is dancing.

dancer n.

a person who dances or whose job is dancing

danger
(n.) a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss
or injury; liability or exposure to harm or injury; risk.
e.g. Other amphibian species are in danger if the hybrid's
range continues to spread throughout the valley.

dangerous adj.

likely to injure or harm somebody, or to damage or destroy something

dare v.

(not usually used in the progressive tenses) to be brave enough to do something

dark
(n., adj.) having very little or no light
e.g. The room is very dark.

data
(n.) individual facts, statistics, or items of information.; a
body of facts; information.
e.g. These data represent the results of our analyses.

date n., v.

a particular day of the month, sometimes in a particular year, given in numbers and
words

date back (to…

date from…

to have existed since a particular time in the past or for the length of time mentioned

daughter n.

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a person’s female child

day n.

a period of 24 hours, he time between when it becomes light in the morning and when it
becomes dark in the evening

dead adj.

no longer alive

deaf adj.

unable to hear anything or unable to hear very well

deal v., n.

to give cards to each player in a game of cards

deal in something

to buy and sell a particular product

deal with

to take appropriate action in a particular situation or according to who you are talking to,
managing, etc.

dear adj.

loved by or important to somebody

death n.

the fact of somebody dying or being killed

debate n., v.

a formal discussion of an issue at a public meeting or in a parliament. In a debate two or

more speakers express opposing views and then there is often a vote on the issue.

debt n.

to take appropriate action in a particular situation or according to who you are talking to,
managing, etc.

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decade
(n.) a period of 10 years
e.g. There will be more people, Colleges will double their
enrollments within the decade.

decay n., v.

the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for (= of
decaying)

December n. (abbr. Dec.)

the 12th and last month of the year

decide
(v.) to solve or conclude (a question, controversy, or
struggle) by giving victory to one side.; to make a
judgment or determine a preference; come to a
conclusion.
e.g. He struggles to decide whether the treatment will help
or destroy his sense of self.

decision
(n.) the act or process of deciding; determination, as of a
question or doubt, by making a judgment.
e.g. They must make a decision between these two
contestants.

declare v.

to say something officially or publicly

decline n., v.

a continuous decrease in the number, value, quality, etc. of something

decorate v.

to make something look more attractive by putting things on it

decoration n.

a thing that makes something look more attractive on special occasions

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decorative adj.

(of an object or a building) decorated in a way that makes it attractive; intended to look
attractive or pretty

decrease v., n.

to become or make something become smaller in size, number, etc.

deep adj., adv.

having a large distance from the top or surface to the bottom

deeply adv.

very; very much

defeat
(v.) to overcome in a contest, election, battle, etc.; prevail
over; vanquish.; (n.) the act of overcoming in a contest.;
an overthrow or overturning; vanquishment.
e.g. : They defeated the enemy.

defence (BrE) (NAmE defense) n.

the act of protecting somebody/something from attack, criticism, etc.

defend v.

to protect somebody/something from attack

define v.

to say or explain what the meaning of a word or phrase is

definite adj.

sure or certain; unlikely to change

definitely adv.

a way of emphasizing that something is true and that there is no doubt about it

definition n.

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 an explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase, especially in a dictionary; the act of
stating the meanings of words and phrases

degree n.

a unit for measuring angles

delay n., v.

a period of time when somebody/something has to wait because of a problem that

makes something slow or late

deliberate adj.

done on purpose rather than by accident

deliberately adv.

done in a way that was planned, not by chance

delicate adj.

easily damaged or broken

delight n., v.

a feeling of great pleasure

delighted adj.

a feeling of great pleasure

deliver v.

to take goods, letters, etc. to the person or people they have

been sent to; to take somebody somewhere
delivery
(n.) the carrying and turning over of letters, goods, etc., to
a designated recipient or recipients.; vocal and bodily
behavior during the presentation of a speech

demand n., v.

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a very firm request for something; something that somebody needs

demonstrate v.

to show something clearly by giving proof or evidence

dentist n.

a person whose job is to take care of people’s teeth

deny v.

to say that something is not true

department n.

a section of a large organization such as a government, business, university, etc.

departure n.

the act of leaving a place; an example of this

depend (on)
(v.) to rely; place trust (usually followed by on or upon).
e.g. You may depend on the accuracy of the report.

depend on somebody

to rely on somebody/something and be able to trust them

deposit n., v.

a sum of money that is given as the first part of a larger payment

depress v.

to make somebody sad and without enthusiasm or hope

depressing adj.

making you feel very sad and without enthusiasm

depressed adj.

very sad and without hope

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depth n.

the distance from the top or surface to the bottom of

something
derive
(v.) to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually
followed by from).
e.g. If we're lucky, we may derive one great benefit from
this horrible experience.

derive from something

to come or develop from something

describe v.

to say what somebody/something is like

description n.

a piece of writing or speech that says what somebody/something is like; the act of writing
or saying in words what somebody/something is like

desert n., v.

a large area of land that has very little water and very few plants growing on it.
Manydeserts are covered by sand.

deserted adj.

to leave somebody without help or support

deserve v.

something, it is right that they should have it, because of the way they have behaved or
because of what they are

design n., v.

the general arrangement of the different parts of something that is made, such as a
building, book, machine, etc.

desire n., v.

a strong wish to have or do something

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desk n.

a piece of furniture like a table, usually with drawers in it, that you sit at to read, write,
work, etc.

desperate adj.

feeling or showing that you have little hope and are ready to do anything without
worrying about danger to yourself or others

desperately adv.

in a way that shows you have little hope and are ready to do anything without worrying
about danger to yourself or others

despite prep.

used to show that something happened or is true although something else might have
happened to prevent it

destroy v.

to damage something so badly that it no longer exists, works, etc.

destruction n.

the act of destroying something; the process of being destroyed

detail n.

a small individual fact or item; a less important fact or item

detailed adj.

giving many details and a lot of information; paying great attention to details

determination n.

the quality that makes you continue trying to do something even when this is difficult

determine v.

to discover the facts about something; to calculate something exactly

determined adj.
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if you are determined to do something, you have made a firm decision to do it and you
will not let anyone prevent you

develop v.

to gradually grow or become bigger, more advanced, stronger, etc.; to make something
do this

development n.

the gradual growth of something so that it becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.

device n.

an object or a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job

devote
(v.) to give up or appropriate to or concentrate on a
particular pursuit, occupation, purpose, cause, etc.; to
appropriate by or as if by a vow; set apart or dedicate by a
solemn or formal act; consecrate.
e.g. It is not easy to convince small farmers to devote care
and attention to an untried crop which takes so long to
provide a return.

devoted adj.

having great love for somebody/something and being loyal to them

diagram n.

a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc.

diamond n.

a clear precious stone of pure carbon, the hardest substance known.Diamonds are used
in jewellery and also in industry, especially for cutting glass.

diary n.

a book with spaces for each day of the year in which you can write down things you
have to do in the future

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dictionary n.

a book that gives a list of the words of a language in alphabetical order and explains
what they mean, or gives a word for them in a foreign language

die v.

to stop living

die away

to become gradually weaker or fainter and finally disappear

die out

to stop existing

dying adj.

connected with or happening at the time of somebody’s death

diet n.

the food that you eat and drink regularly

difference n.

the way in which two people or things are not like each other; the way in which
somebody/something has changed

different adj.

not the same as somebody/something; not like somebody/something else

differently adv.

in a different way from somebody/something

difficult adj.

not easy; needing effort or skill to do or to understand

difficulty n.

a problem; a thing or situation that causes problems

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dig v.

to make a hole in the ground or to move soil from one place to another using your
hands, a tool or a machine

digital

using a system of receiving and sending information as a series of the numbers one and
zero, showing that an electronic signal is there or is not there

dinner n.

the main meal of the day, eaten either in the middle of the day
or in the evening
direct
(v.) to manage or guide by advice, helpful information,
instruction, etc; (adj.) proceeding in a straight line or by
the shortest course; straight; undeviating; not oblique.
e.g. Rooftop gardens require particularly unfussy plants
since they get direct sunlight and sporadic water.

directly adv.

in a direct line or manner

direction n.

the general position a person or thing moves or points towards

director n.

one of a group of senior managers who run a company

dirt n.

any substance that makes something dirty, for example dust, soil or mud

dirty adj.

not clean

disabled adj.

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unable to use a part of your body completely or easily because of a physical condition,
an illness, an injury, etc.; unable to learn easily

disadvantage n.

something that causes problems and tends to stop somebody/something from

succeeding or making progress

disagree v.

if two people disagree or one person disagrees with another about something, they
have a different opinion about it

disagreement n.

a situation where people have different opinions about something and often argue

disappear v.

to become impossible to see

disappoint
(v.) to fail to fulfill the expectations or wishes of.; to
defeat the fulfillment of (hopes, plans, etc.); thwart;
frustrate.
e.g. These men did not want to disappoint their families
and friends.

disappointing adj.

not as good, successful, etc. as you had hoped; making you feel disappointed

disappointed adj.

upset because something you hoped for has not happened or been as good, successful,
etc. as you expected

disappointment n.

sadness because something has not happened or been as good, successful, etc. as
you expected or hoped

disapproval n.

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a feeling that you do not like an idea, an action or somebody’s behaviour because you
think it is bad, not suitable or going to have a bad effect on somebody else

disapprove (of) v.

to think that somebody/something is not good or suitable; to not approve of

somebody/something

disapproving adj.

howing that you do not approve of somebody/something

disaster n.

an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood or a fire, that kills a lot of
people or causes a lot of damage

disc (also disk, especially in NAmE) n.

a thin flat round object

discipline n.

the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do
not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training

discount n.

an amount of money that is taken off the usual cost of

something
discover
(v.) to see, get knowledge of, learn of, find, or find out;
gain sight or knowledge of (something previously unseen
or unknown).
e.g. Dangerous bacteria are developing resistance to
existing antibiotics faster than humans can invent or
discover new drugs.

discovery n.

to be the first person to become aware that a particular place or thing exists

discuss v.

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an act or the process of finding somebody/something, or learning about something that
was not known about before

discussion n.

he process of discussing somebody/something; a conversation about

somebody/something

disease n.

an illness affecting humans, animals or plants, often caused by infection

disgust v., n.

a strong feeling of dislike or disapproval for somebody/something that you feel is

unacceptable, or for something that looks, smells, etc. unpleasant

disgusting adj.

extremely unpleasant

disgusted adj.

feeling or showing disgust

dish n.

a flat shallow container for cooking food in or serving it from

dishonest adj.

not honest; intending to trick people

dishonestly adv.

in a way that is not honest or is intended to trick people

disk n.

= disc, (also magnetic disk) (computing) a device for storing information on a computer,
with a magneticsurface that records information received in electronic form

dislike v., n.
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(rather formal) to not like somebody/something

dismiss v.

to decide that somebody/something is not important and not worth thinking or talking
about

display v., n.

to put something in a place where people can see it easily; to show something to people

dissolve v.

(of a solid) to mix with a liquid and become part of it

distance n.

the amount of space between two places or things

distinguish v.

to recognize the difference between two people or things

distribute v.

to give things to a large number of people; to share something between a number of

people

distribution n.

the way that something is shared or exists over a particular area or among a particular
group of people

district n.

an area of a country or town, especially one that has particular features

disturb v.

to interrupt somebody when they are trying to work, sleep, etc.

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disturbing adj.

making you feel anxious and upset or shocked

divide v.

to separate or make something separate into parts

division
(n.) the act or process of dividing; state of being divided.
e.g. Cancers can start in almost any body cell, due to
damage or defects in genes involved in cell division.

divorce n., v.

the process or result of dividing into separate parts; the process or result of dividing
something or sharing it out

divorced adj.

no longer married
do
(v.) to perform (an act, duty, role, etc.)
e.g. Do nothing until you hear the bell.

do up
to be fastened

do without

to manage without somebodysomething

doctor n. (abbr. Dr, NAmE Dr.)

a person who has been trained in medical science, whose job is to treat people who are
ill/sick or injured

document n.

an official paper or book that gives information about something, or that can be used as
evidence or proof of something

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dog n.

an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work, for example
hunting or guarding buildings. There are many types of dog, some of which are wild.

dollar n.

the unit of money in the US, Canada, Australia and several other countries

domestic adj.

of or inside a particular country; not foreign or international

dominate v.

to control or have a lot of influence over somebody/something, especially in an

unpleasant way

door n.

a piece of wood, glass, etc. that is opened and closed so that people can get in and out
of a room, building, car, etc.; a similar thing in a cupboard/closet

dot n.

a small round mark, especially one that is printed

double
(adj., det., adv., n., v.) anything that is twofold in size or
amount or twice the usual size, quantity, strength, etc.
e.g. The publisher asks for the sample chapter, including
endnotes, to be double spaced.

doubt n., v.

a feeling of being uncertain about something or not believing something

down adv., prep.

to or at a lower place or position

downstairs adv., adj., n.

that is on a floor of a house or building lower than the one you are on, especially the one
at ground level

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downward
(adj.) from a higher to a lower place or condition.; down
from a source or beginning. from a past time,
predecessor, or ancestor.
e.g. As the river flows downward, it widens.

downwards
towards the ground or towards a lower level

dozen n., det.

a group of twelve of the same thing

Dr
(abbr.) Doctor.
e.g. Dr. Leonard went around the world to provide medical
services to the poor.

draft
(n.) a drawing, sketch, or design.;
a first or preliminary form of any writing, subject to
revision, copying, etc. (adj.)
to do drafting; work as a draftsman. (v,) .
to draw the outlines or plan of; sketch.;
to draw up in written form; compose.
e.g. This publication is a draft.

drag v.

to pull somebody/something along with effort and difficulty

drama
(n.) a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue
or pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of
character, especially one intended to be acted on the
stage; a play.; any situation or series of events having
vivid, emotional, conflicting, or striking interest or results.
e.g. Ernst, a seasoned backpacker and paddler,
intentionally seeks bad weather to add drama to his
photographs.

dramatic
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(adj.) of or pertaining to the drama.; characteristic of or
appropriate to the drama, especially in involving conflict
or contrast; vivid; moving.; employing the form or manner
of the drama.; highly effective; striking.
e.g. The dramatic story of what happened to him has
received wide play.

dramatically adv.

very suddenly and to a very great and often surprising degree

draw v.

to make pictures, or a picture of something, with a pencil, pen or chalk (but not paint)

drawing n.

a picture made using a pencil or pen rather than paint

drawer n.

a part of a piece of furniture such as a desk, used for keeping things in. It is shaped like
a box and has a handle on the front for pulling it out.

dream n., v.

a series of images, events and feelings that happen in your mind while you are asleep

dress n., v.

a piece of women’s clothing that is made in one piece and covers the body down to the
legs, sometimes reaching to below the knees, or to the ankles

dressed adj.

wearing clothes and not naked or wearing clothes for sleeping

drink
(n.) any liquid that is swallowed to quench thirst, for
nourishment, etc.; beverage.; liquor; alcohol. (v.) to take
water or other liquid into the mouth and swallow it;
imbibe.; to imbibe alcoholic drinks, especially habitually

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or to excess; tipple.
e.g. They may be clear, clean-tasting, and free of the
sugary syrups that contaminate nearly every other drink in
a disposable bottle.

drive v., n.

to operate a vehicle so that it goes in a particular direction

drive off

(of a driver, car, etc.) to leave

driving n.

the way that somebody drives a vehicle; the act of driving

driver n.

a person who drives a vehicle

drop v., n.

to fall or allow something to fall by accident

drop out (of something)

to no longer take part in or be part of something

drug n.

an illegal substance that some people smoke, inject, etc. for the physical and mental
effects it has

drugstore n. (NAmE)

a shop/store that sells medicines and also other types of goods, for example cosmetics

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drum n.

a musical instrument made of a hollow round frame with plastic or skin stretched tightly
across one or both ends. You play it by hitting it with sticks or with your hands.

drunk adj.

having drunk so much alcohol that it is impossible to think or speak clearly

dry adj., v.

not wet, damp or sticky; without water or moisture

dry up

(of rivers, lakes, etc.) to become completely dry

due adj.

caused by somebody/something; because of

somebody/something
due to
attributable to; ascribable to
e.g. Today's traffic jam was due to the heavy rain.

dull adj.

not interesting or exciting

dump v., n.

to get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable

during prep.

all through a period of time

dust n., v.

a fine powder that consists of very small pieces of sand, earth, etc.

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duty
(n.) something that one is expected or required to do by
moral or legal obligation.
e.g. The museum tour is self guided, and docents are on
duty to accompany visitors, by request.

DVD n.

the abbreviation for ‘digital versatile disc’ or ‘digital

videodisc’ (a disk on which large amounts of information,
especially photographs and video, can be stored, for use on a
computer orDVD player)

each
(pron.) every one individually; each one.
e.g. Each had a different solution to the problem.

each other
(n.) One another
e.g. Shawn and Gary looked at each other in surprise.

ear n.

either of the organs on the sides of the head that you hear with

early adj., adv.

near the beginning of a period of time, an event etc.

earn v.

to get money for work that you do

earth n.

the world; the planet that we live on

ease n., v.

lack of difficulty

east n., adj., adv.

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the direction that you look towards to see the sun rise; one of the four main points of
thecompass

eastern adj.

located in the east or facing east

easy adj.

not difficult; done or obtained without a lot of effort or problems

easily adv.

without problems or difficulty

eat v.

to put food in your mouth, chew it and swallow it

eat up

to eat all of something

eat out

to have a meal in a restaurant, etc. rather than at home

economic adj.

connected with the trade, industry and development of wealth

of a country, an area or a society

economy
(n.) thrifty management; frugality in the expenditure or
consumption of money, materials, etc.; the management
of the resources of a community, country, etc., especially
with a view to its productivity.; the prosperity or earnings
of a place.
e.g. Further inflation would endanger the national
economy seriously.

edge n.

the outside limit of an object, a surface or an area; the part furthest from the centre
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edition n.

the form in which a book is published

editor
(n.) a person having managerial and sometimes policy-
making responsibility for the editorial part of a publishing
firm or of a newspaper, magazine, or other publication.
e.g. Each submission is read carefully before being
forwarded to the appropriate editor.

educate v.

to teach somebody over a period of time at a school,

university, etc.

educated
(adj.) having undergone education; characterized by or
displaying qualities of culture and learning.
e.g. He was educated in Germany, and knows no language
but the German.

education n.

a process of teaching, training and learning, especially in

schools or colleges, to improve knowledge and develop skills

effect
(n.) something that is produced by an agency or cause;
result; consequence.; power to produce results; efficacy;
force; validity; influence.
e.g. Exposure to the sun had the effect of toughening his
skin.

Effective

(adj.) adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the

intended or expected result.; actually in operation or in
force; functioning.; prepared and available for service,
especially military service.
e.g. The brain is like a muscle: when it gets depleted, it
becomes less effective.
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effectively adv.

in a way that produces the intended result or a successful result

efficient adj.

producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result

efficiently adv.

in a good and thorough way, with no waste of time, money or energy

effort n.

the physical or mental energy that you need to do something; something that takes a lot
of energy

e.g. abbr.

for example (from Latin ‘exempli gratia’)

egg n.

a small oval object with a thin hard shell produced by a female bird and containing a
young bird; a similar object produced by a female fish, insect, etc.

either det., pron., adv.

one or the other of two; it does not matter which

elbow n.

the joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm where it bends in the middle

elderly adj.

(of people) used as a polite word for ‘old’

elect v.

to choose somebody to do a particular job by voting for them

election

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(n.) a vote to select the winner of a position or political
office.
e.g. These will likely be the states where the presidential
election is decided.

electric adj.

connected with electricity; using, produced by or producing electricity

electrical adj.

connected with electricity; using or producing electricity

electricity n.

a form of energy from charged elementary particles, usually supplied as electric current
through cables, wires, etc. for lighting, heating, driving machines, etc.

electronic adj.

(of a device) having or using many small parts, such as microchips, that control and
direct a small electric current

elegant
(adj.) tastefully fine or luxurious in dress, style, design,
etc.; gracefully refined and dignified, as in tastes, habits,
or literary style.; graceful in form or movement.
e.g. Pierre wears elegant suits to news conferences and
speaks in gentle tones.

element n.

a necessary or typical part of something

elevator n. (NAmE)

a machine that carries people or goods up and down to different levels in a building or a
mine

else adv.

in addition to something already mentioned

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elsewhere
(adv.) somewhere else; in or to some other place.
e.g. You will have to look elsewhere for an answer.

email (also e-mail) n., v.

(formal electronic mail) [uncountable] a way of sending messages and data to other
people by means of computers connected together in a network

embarrass v.

to make somebody feel shy, awkward or ashamed, especially in a social situation

embarrassing adj.

making you feel shy, awkward or ashamed

embarrassed adj.

(of a person or their behaviour) shy, awkward or ashamed, especially in a social

situation

embarrassment n.

shy, awkward or guilty feelings; a feeling of being embarrassed

emerge v.

to come out of a dark, confined or hidden place.

emergency n.

a sudden serious and dangerous event or situation which needs immediate action to
deal with it

emotion n.

a strong feeling such as love, fear or anger; the part of a person’s character that consists
of feelings

emotional adj.

connected with people’s feelings (= with the emotions)

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emotionally adv.

in a way that is connected with people's feelings (= with the emotions)

emphasis n.

special importance that is given to something

emphasize (BrE also -ise) v.

to give special importance to something

empire n.

a group of countries or states that are controlled by one ruler

or government

employ
(v.) to hire or engage the services of (a person or persons);
provide employment for; have or keep in one's service.
e.g. This factory employs thousands of people.

employee n.

a person who is paid to work for somebody

employer n.

a person or company that pays people to work for them

employment n.

work, especially when it is done to earn money; the state of being employed

empty adj., v.

with no people or things inside

enable v.

to make it possible for somebody to do something

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encounter v., n.

to experience something, especially something unpleasant or difficult, while you are

trying to do something else

encourage v.

to give somebody support, courage or hope

encouragement n.

the act of encouraging somebody to do something; something that encourages

somebody

end n., v.

the final part of a period of time, an event, an activity or a story

ending
(n.) a bringing or coming to an end; termination; close.;
the final or concluding part; conclusion.; death;
destruction.
e.g. Putting away the Christmas ornaments marked the
ending of the season.

end up
to find yourself in a place or situation that you did not intend
or expect to be in

enemy
(n.) a person who feels hatred for, fosters harmful designs
against, or engages in antagonistic activities against
another; an adversary or opponent; an opposing military
force
e.g. Sam could never forget when his best friend became
his enemy.

energy n.

the ability to put effort and enthusiasm into an activity, work, etc.

engage

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(v.) to occupy the attention or efforts of; to secure for aid,
employment, use, etc.; hire.
e.g. The most popular activity kids engage in is sports.

engaged
(adj.) busy or occupied; involved.; pledged to be married;
betrothed.
e.g. Scans have shown that much of the brain is engaged
even during simple tasks.

engine n.

the part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move

engineer n.

the part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle

move

engineering
(n.) the art or science of making practical application of
the knowledge of pure sciences, as physics or chemistry,
as in the construction of engines, bridges, buildings,
mines, ships, and chemical plants.
e.g. One is to fund research with a strong emphasis on
energy engineering and science.

enjoy v.

to get pleasure from something

enjoyable adj.

giving pleasure

enjoyment n.

the pleasure that you get from something

enormous adj.

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extremely large

enough det., pron., adv.

used before plural or uncountable nouns to mean ‘as many or

as much as somebody needs or wants’

enquiry
(n.) inquiry.
e.g. Either way, your enquiry will receive our careful
consideration .

ensure v.

an official process to find out the cause of something or to find out information about
something

enter v.

to make sure that something happens or is definite

entertain
(v.) to hold the attention of pleasantly or agreeably; divert;
amuse.
e.g. The two-legged machines even dance during a
halftime performance to entertain the crowd.

entertaining adj.

interesting and amusing

entertainer n.

a person whose job is amusing or interesting people, for example, by singing, telling
jokes or dancing

entertainment n.

films/movies, music, etc. used to entertain people; an example of this

enthusiasm n.

a strong feeling of excitement and interest in something and a desire to become involved
in it

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enthusiastic adj.

eeling or showing a lot of excitement and interest about somebody/something

enthusiastically

in a way that shows a lot of excitement and interest about somebody/something

entire adj.

(used when you are emphasizing that the whole of something is involved) including
everything, everyone or every part

entirely adv.

in every way possible; completely

entitle v.

to give somebody the right to have or to do something

entrance n.

a door, gate, passage, etc. used for entering a room, building

or place
entry
(n.) permission or right to enter; access.
e.g. They were clearly not expecting the house to be
occupied at the time and made off without gaining entry
when disturbed.

envelope
(n.) a flat rectangular paper container for papers.
e.g. Please specify on envelope the reference of the post
being applied for.

environment n.

the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of somebody/something; the
physical conditions that somebody/something exists in

environmental adj.

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connected with the natural conditions in which people, animals and plants live;
connected with the environment

equal adj., n., v.

the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as something else

equally adv.

to the same degree; in the same or in a similar way

equipment n.

the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity

equivalent adj., n.

equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc.

error n.

a mistake, especially one that causes problems or affects the result of something

escape v., n.

to get away from a place where you have been kept as a

prisoner or not allowed to leave
especially
(adv.) particularly; exceptionally; markedly.
e.g. The use of wood, especially walnut and mahogany,
was a main design feature of that era.

essential
(adj.) absolutely necessary; indispensable.; (n.) a basic,
indispensable, or necessary element; chief point.
e.g. Discipline is essential in an army.

essentially adv.

when you think about the true, important or basic nature of somebody/something

establish v.

to start or create an organization, a system, etc. that is meant to last for a long time
Page 121 of 361
estate n.

a large area of land, usually in the country, that is owned by one person or family

estimate n., v.

a judgement that you make without having the exact details or

figures about the size, amount, cost, etc. of something
etc
(full form et cetera) (adv.) and others; and so forth; and so
on (used to indicate that more of the same sort or class
might have been mentioned, but for brevity have been
omitted).
e.g. He had dogs, cats, guinea pigs, frogs, et cetera, as
pets. Abbreviation: etc.

euro
(n.) the official common currency of 17 European Union
nations (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and
Spain). It is also the official currency of Andorra, Kosovo,
Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, and the Vatican City. In
1999 the euro was first adopted by 11 nations as an
alternative currency in noncash transactions. Then in 2002
the euro fully replaced existing currencies in 12 European
Union nations, before being adopted more widely. Symbol:
€.

even adv., adj.

used to emphasize something unexpected or surprising

evening
(n.) the latter part of the day and early part of the night.
e.g. The company shows its best moves in this dazzling
evening performance.

event n.
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a thing that happens, especially something important

eventually
(adv.) within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future
time.
e.g. The emergency power eventually ran out altogether.

ever
(adv.) at all times; always.; continuously; at any time; in
any possible case; by any chance; at all (often used to
intensify or emphasize a phrase or an emotional reaction
as surprise or impatience).
e.g. How did you ever manage to do it?

every
(det.) each one (of the class specified), without exception.
e.g. Many schools are small enough so that teachers know
every student.

everyone (also everybody) pron.

every person; all people

everything pron.

all things

everywhere adv.

in, to or at every place; all places

evidence n.

the facts, signs or objects that make you believe that something is true

evil adj., n.

(of people) enjoying harming others; morally bad and cruel

ex- prefix

(in nouns) former

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exact adj.

correct in every detail

exactly adv.

used to emphasize that something is correct in every way or in every detail

exaggerate v.

to make something seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is

exaggerated adj.

made to seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is or needs to be

exam n.

a formal written, spoken or practical test, especially at school

or college, to see how much you know about a subject, or
what you can do
examination
(n.) the act of examining; inspection; inquiry;
investigation.; the act or process of testing pupils,
candidates, etc., as by questions.
e.g. The tribes had hoped to rebury the human remains
without further examination of them.

examine
(v.) to inspect or scrutinize carefully.
e.g. They examine the purchasing patterns of a subculture
based on common.

example
(n.) one of a number of things, or a part of something,
taken to show the character of the whole
e.g. This painting is an example of his early work.

excellent adj.

extremely good
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except prep., conj.

used before you mention the only thing or person about which a statement is not true

exception n.

a person or thing that is not included in a general statement

exchange
(v.) to give up (something) for something else; part with
for some equivalent; change for another.; (n.) something
that is given or received in exchange or substitution for
something else.

excite v.

to make somebody feel very pleased, interested or enthusiastic, especially about

something that is going to happen

exciting adj.

causing great interest or excitement

excited adj.

feeling or showing happiness and enthusiasm

excitement
(n.) an excited state or condition.

exclude v.
to deliberately not include something in what you are doing or
considering

excluding prep.

not including

excuse n., v.

a reason, either true or invented, that you give to explain or defend your behaviour,
Page 125 of 361
to forgive somebody for something that they have done, for example not being polite or
making a small mistake

executive n., adj.

a person who has an important job as a manager of a company or an organization

exercise n., v.

physical or mental activity that you do to stay healthy or become stronger

exhibit v., n.

to show something in a public place for people to enjoy or to give them information

exhibition n.

a collection of things, for example works of art, that are shown to the public

exist v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to be real; to be present in a place or situation

existence n.

the state or fact of being real or living or of being present

exit n.

a way out of a public building or vehicle

expand v.

to become greater in size, number or importance; to make something greater in size,

number or importance

expect v.

to think or believe that something will happen or that

somebody will do something

expected
(adj.) considered likely or probable to happen or arrive..

expense n.
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the money that you spend on something

expensive adj.

costing a lot of money

experience n., v.

the knowledge and skill that you have gained through doing something for a period of
time; the process of gaining this

experienced adj.

having knowledge or skill in a particular job or activity

experiment
(n.) a test, trial, or tentative procedure; an act or operation
for the purpose of discovering something unknown or of
testing a principle, supposition, etc. (v.) to try or test,
especially in order to discover or prove something.
e.g. As part of the experiment, I always ask my students
to write about being left in the technological cold.

expert n., adj.

a person with special knowledge, skill or training in something

explain v.

to tell somebody about something in a way that makes it easy to understand

explanation n.

a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why something happened; a reason given for
something

explode v.

to burst or make something burst loudly and violently, causing damage

explore v.

to travel to or around an area or a country in order to learn

about it
explosion
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(n.) an act or instance of exploding; a violent expansion or
bursting with noise, as of gunpowder or a boiler (opposed
to implosion).;
the noise itself.

export v., n.
to sell and send goods to another countryThe islands export sugar and fruit.90% of the
expose v.
to travel to or around an area or a country in order to learn about it

express v., adj.

to show or make known a feeling, an opinion, etc. by words, looks or actions

expression n.

things that people say, write or do in order to show their feelings, opinions and ideas

extend v.

things that people say, write or do in order to show their feelings, opinions and ideas

extension n.

the act of increasing the area of activity, group of people, etc. that is affected by
something

extensive adj.

covering a large area; great in amount

extent
(n.) the space or degree to which a thing extends; length,
area, volume, or scope.; something extended, as a space;
a particular length, area, or volume; something having
extension..

extra
(adj.) beyond or more than what is usual, expected, or
necessary; additional.; larger or better than what is usual.
(n.) something extra or additional.; an additional expense.

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(adv.) in excess of the usual or specified amount.; beyond
the ordinary degree; unusually; uncommon.

extraordinary
(adj.) beyond what is usual, ordinary, regular, or
established.
extreme adj., n.
very great in degree

extremely adv.

(usually with adjectives and adverbs) to a very high degree

eye n.

either of the two organs on the face that you see with

face n., v.

the front part of the head between the forehead and the chin

facility n.

buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose

fact n.

used to refer to a particular situation that exists

factor n.

one of several things that cause or influence something

factory n.

a building or group of buildings where goods are made

fail
(v.) be unsuccessful

failure n.
lack of success in doing or achieving something

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faint
(adj.) lacking brightness, vividness, clearness, loudness,
strength, etc.; feeble or slight.; feeling weak, dizzy, or
exhausted; about to lose consciousness.

faintly adv.
n a way that cannot be clearly seen, heard or smelt

fair adj.

acceptable and appropriate in a particular situation

fairly adv.

(before adjectives and adverbs) to some extent but not very

faith n.

trust in somebody’s ability or knowledge; trust that somebody/something will do what has
been promised

faithful adj.

staying with or supporting a particular person, organization or belief

faithfully adv.

accurately; carefully

fall v., n.

to drop down from a higher level to a lower level

false
(adj.) not true or correct; erroneous.

fame n.
the state of being known and talked about by many people

familiar adj.

well known to you; often seen or heard and therefore easy to

recognize
family
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(n.) a basic social unit consisting of parents and their
children, considered as a group, whether dwelling
together or not.; (adj.) suitable or appropriate for adults
and children.

famous adj.

known about by many people

fan n.

a person who admires somebody/something or enjoys watching or listening to

somebody/something very much

fancy v., adj.

to want something or want to do something

far
(adv.) at or to a great distance; a long way off; at or to a
remote point.; (adj.) being at a great distance; remote in
time or place.

further adj.

farm n.

an area of land, and the buildings on it, used for growing crops and/or keeping animals

farming n.

he business of managing or working on a farm

farmer n.

a person who owns or manages a farm

farther, farthest far

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(comparative of far) at or to a greater distance in space or time

fashion n.

a popular style of clothes, hair, etc. at a particular time or place; the state of being
popular

fashionable adj.

following a style that is popular at a particular time

fast
(adj.) moving or able to move, operate, function, or take
effect quickly; quick; swift; rapid. (adv.) quickly, swiftly, or
rapidly.
e.g. Fast turnaround of professionally prepared copy, from
any rough draft or submitted text.

fasten v.

to close or join together the two parts of something; to become closed or joined together

fat adj., n.

(of a person’s or an animal’s body) having too much flesh on it and weighing too much

father n.

a male parent of a child or an animal; a person who is acting as the father to a child

faucet n. (NAmE)

a device that controls the flow of water from a pipe

fault n.

the responsibility for something wrong that has happened or been done

favour (BrE) (NAmE favor) n.

a thing that you do to help somebody

favourite
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(adj.) most liked; preferred above all others.; (n.) .a person
or thing regarded with especial preference or liking.

fear n., v.

one of the many soft light parts covering a bird’s body

feather
(n.), the light horny waterproof structure forming the
external covering of birds.

feature n., v.

something important, interesting or typical of a place or thing

February n. (abbr. Feb.)

the 2nd month of the year, between January and March

federal adj.

having a system of government in which the individual states of a country have control
over their own affairs, but are controlled by a central government for national decisions,
etc.

fee n.

an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services

feed v.

to give food to a person or an animal

feel v.

linking verb to experience a particular feeling or emotion

feeling n.

something that you feel through the mind or through the senses

fellow n., adj.

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a way of referring to a man or boy

female adj., n.

being a woman or a girl

fence n.

a structure made of wood or wire supported with posts that is put between two areas of
land as a boundary, or around a garden/yard, field, etc. to keep animals in, or to keep
people and animals out

festival n.

a series of performances of music, plays, films/movies, etc., usually organized in the

same place once a year; a series of public events connected with a particular activity or
idea

fetch v.

to go to where somebody/something is and bring them/it back

fever
(n.) an abnormal condition of the body, characterized by
undue rise in temperature, quickening of the pulse, and
disturbance of various body functions.

few det., adj., pron.

used with plural nouns and a plural verb to mean ‘not many’

field n.

an area of land in the country used for growing crops or

keeping animals in, usually surrounded by a fence, etc.
fight
(v.) to engage in battle or in single combat; attempt to
defend oneself against or to subdue, defeat, or destroy an
adversary.; (n.) a battle or combat.; any contest or
struggle.; an angry argument or disagreement..

fighting n.
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the activity of being involved in a battle against an enemy

figure n., v.

a number representing a particular amount, especially one

given in official information

figure out somebody

to think about somebody/something until you understand them/it

file
(n.) a folder, cabinet, or other container in which papers,
letters, etc., are arranged in convenient order for storage
or reference.; a collection of papers, records, etc.,
arranged in convenient order; Computers - a collection of
related data or program records stored on some
input/output or auxiliary storage medium.

fill v.

to make something full of something; to become full of something

fill in

to do somebody’s job for a short time while they are not there

fill out

to become larger, rounder or fatter

fill up

to become completely full; to make something completely full

film n., v.

a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on television or
at the cinema/movie theater

final adj., n.
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being or happening at the end of a series of events, actions,
statements, etc.

finally
(adv.) at the final point or moment; in the end.

finance
(n.) the management of revenues; the conduct or
transaction of money matters generally, especially those
affecting the public, as in the fields of banking and
investment.; (v.) to supply with money or capital; obtain
money or credit for.

financial adj.

connected with money and finance

find v.

to discover somebody/something unexpectedly or by chance

find out

to get some information about something/somebody by asking, reading, etc.

fine adj.

of high quality; good

finely adv.

into very small grains or pieces

finger n.

one of the four long thin parts that stick out from the hand (or
five, if the thumb is included)

finish
(v.) to bring (something) to an end or to completion;
complete: to finish.; (n.) the end or conclusion; the final
part or last stage.

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Finish up

to destroy somebody/something, especially

somebody/something that is badly injured or damaged

finished adj.

no longer doing something or dealing with somebody/something

fire n., v.

the flames, light and heat, and often smoke, that are produced when something burns

firm n., adj., adv.

a business or company

firmly
(adv.) not moved or shaken easily; fixed; stable.

First
happening or coming before all other similar things or people;
1st
(adv.) the initial time

fish n., v.

a creature that lives in water, breathes through gills, and uses fins and a tail for
swimming

fishing n.

the sport or business of catching fish

fit
(v.) to be adapted to or suitable for (a purpose, object,
occasion, etc.). (adj.) adapted or suited; appropriate..

fix v.

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to put something firmly in a place so that it will not move

fixed
(adj.) fastened, attached, or placed so as to be firm and
not readily movable; firmly implanted; stationary; rigid.

flag n.

a piece of cloth with a special coloured design on it that may be the symbol of a
particular country or organization, or may have a particular meaning. A flag can be
attached to a pole or held in the hand

flame n.

a hot bright stream of burning gas that comes from something that is on fire

flash v., n.

to shine very brightly for a short time; to make something

shine in this way

flat
(adj.) level, even, or without unevenness of surface, as
land or tabletops.; (n.) a shoe, especially a woman's shoe,
with a flat heel or no heel. .

flavour
(n.) taste perceived in food or liquid in the mouth..

flesh n.

the soft substance between the skin and bones of animal or

human bodies

flight
(n.) the act, manner, or power of flying.

float v.

to move slowly on water or in the air

flood n., v.

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a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry

flooding

large amounts of water covering an area that is usually dry; the fact of this happening

flooded

(of an area that is usually dry) covered by a large amount of water

floor n.

the surface of a room that you walk on

flour n.

a fine white or brown powder made from grain, especially wheat, and used in cooking for
making bread, cakes, etc.

flow n., v.

the steady and continuous movement of

something/somebody in one direction

flower
(n.) the blossom of a plant.
e.g. The world's biggest and stinkiest flower is in full
bloom.

flu n.

an infectious disease like a very bad cold, that causes fever, pains and weakness

fly v , n.

to move through the air, using wings.

flying
(n.) an instance of traveling by air.; (adj.) done swiftly in or
as if in the air.

focus
(v.) to concentrate.; (n.) a central point, as of attraction,
attention, or activity.

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fold v., n.

to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part lies on top of another part

folding adj.

(of a piece of furniture, a bicycle, etc.) that can be folded, so

that it can be carried or stored in a small space

follow
(v.) to come after in sequence, order of time, etc..

following adj., n., prep.

next in time

food n.

things that people or animals eat

foot n.

the lowest part of the leg, below the ankle, on which a person or an animal stands

football
(n.) a game in which two opposing teams of 11 players
each defend goals at opposite ends of a field having goal
posts at each end, with points being scored chiefly by
carrying the ball across the opponent's goal line and by
place-kicking or drop-kicking the ball over the crossbar
between the opponent's goal posts. Compare conversion (
def. 13 ) , field goal ( def. 1 ) , safety ( def. 6 ) ,
touchdown.

for prep.

used to show who is intended to have or use something or where something is intended
to be put

force n., v.

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violent physical action used to obtain or achieve something

forecast n., v.

a statement about what will happen in the future, based on information that is available
now

foreign adj.

in or from a country that is not your own

forest n.

a large area of land that is thickly covered with trees

forever (BrE also for ever) adv.

used to say that a particular situation or state will always exist

forget v.

(not usually used in the progressive tenses) to be unable to remember something that
has happened in the past or information that you knew in the past

forgive v.

to stop feeling angry with somebody who has done something to harm, annoy or upset
you; to stop feeling angry with yourself

fork
(n.) cutlery used for serving and eating food..

form n., v.

a type or variety of something

formal adj.

(of a style of dress, speech, writing, behaviour, etc.) very correct and suitable for official
or important occasions

formally adv.

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in a very correct way that is suitable for official or important occasions

former adj.

that existed in earlier times

formerly
(adv.) in time past; in an earlier period or age; previously.

formula
(n.) a set form of words, as for stating or declaring
something definitely or authoritatively, for indicating
procedure to be followed, or for prescribed use on some
ceremonial occasion.

fortune
(n.) position in life as determined by wealth.; wealth or
riches.; great wealth; ample stock of money, property, and
the like.; chance; luck.

forward (also forwards) adv.

towards a place or position that is in front

found v.

to start something, such as an organization or an institution, especially by providing

money

foundation n.

a layer of bricks, concrete, etc. that forms the solid underground base of a building

frame n., v.

a strong border or structure of wood, metal, etc. that holds a

picture, door, piece of glass, etc. in position

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free
(adj.) enjoying personal rights or liberty, as a person who
is not in slavery.; pertaining to or reserved for those who
enjoy personal liberty.; (v.)
to make free; set at liberty; release from bondage,
imprisonment, or restraint. (adv.)
in a free manner; freely.

freely
(adv.) in a free manner

freedom n.

the right to do or say what you want without anyone stopping you

freeze v.

to become hard, and often turn to ice, as a result of extreme cold; to make something do
this

frozen adj.

frequent adj.

happening or doing something often

frequently adv.

often

fresh adj.

(usually of food) recently produced or picked and not frozen, dried or preserved in tins or
cans

freshly adv.

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usually followed by a past participle showing that something has been made, prepared,
etc. recently

Friday n. (abbr. Fri.)

the day of the week after Thursday and before Saturday

fridge n. (BrE)

a piece of electrical equipment in which food is kept cold so

that it stays fresh

friend
(n.) a person attached to another by feelings of affection
or personal regard; a person who is on good terms with
another; a person who is not hostile.

friendly
(adj.) characteristic of or befitting a friend; showing
friendship; like a friend; kind; helpful.

friendship n.
a relationship between friends

frighten v.

to make somebody suddenly feel afraid

frightening adj.

frightened adj.

afraid; feeling fear

frightening

making you feel afraid

from
(prep.) used to specify a starting point in spatial
movement, used to specify a starting point in an
expression of limits..

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front
(n.) the foremost part or surface of anything.; the part or
side of anything that faces forward; (adj.) of or pertaining
to the front; situated in or at the front.
e.g. The front door was flung open now, and the crowd
poured into the room.

frozen freeze

(of food) kept at a very low temperature in order to preserve it

fruit
(n.) any product of plant growth useful to humans or
animals.

fry
(v.) to cook in a pan or on a griddle over direct heat,
usually in fat or oil.; (n.) a dish of something fried.

fuel n.
any material that produces heat or power, usually when it is
burnt

full adj.

containing or holding as much or as many as possible; having no empty space

fully
(adv.) entirely or wholly.

fun n., adj.

enjoyment; pleasure; a thing that gives enjoyment or pleasure and makes you feel
happy

function n., v.

a special activity or purpose of a person or thing

fund

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(n.) a supply of money or pecuniary resources, as for some
purpose.; (v.) to provide a fund to pay the interest or
principal of (a debt). .

fundamental adj.

serious and very important; affecting the most central and important parts of something

funeral n.

a ceremony, usually a religious one, for burying or cremating (= burning) a dead person

funny adj.

making you laugh; amusing

fur n.

the soft thick mass of hair that grows on the body of some animals

furniture n.

objects that can be moved, such as tables, chairs and beds, that are put into a house or
an office to make it suitable for living or working in

further, furthest far

at or to a greater distance

future n., adj.

the time that will come after the present or the events that will happen then

g abbr. gram

gain v., n.

to obtain or win something, especially something that you need or want

gallon n.

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a unit for measuring liquid. In the UK, Canada and other countries it is equal to about 4.5
litres; in the US it is equal to about 3.8 litres. There are four quarts in a gallon.

gamble v., n.

to risk money on a card game, horse race, etc.

gambling n.

the activity of playing games of chance for money and of betting on horses, etc.

game n.

an activity or a sport with rules in which people or teams compete against each other

gap n.

a space between two things or in the middle of something, especially because there is a
part missing

garage n.

a building for keeping one or more cars or other vehicles in

garbage n. (especially NAmE)

waste food, paper, etc. that you throw away

garden n.

a piece of land next to or around your house where you can grow flowers, fruit,
vegetables, etc., usually with a lawn(= an area of grass)

gas n.

any substance like air that is neither a solid nor a liquid, for
example hydrogenand oxygen are both gases

gasoline n. (NAmE)

= gas

gate n.

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a barrier like a door that is used to close an opening in a fence or a wall outside a
building

gather v.

to come together, or bring people together, in one place to form a group

gear n.

machinery in a vehicle that turns engine power (or power on a bicycle) into movement
forwards or backwards

general adj.

affecting all or most people, places or things

generally adv.

by or to most people

generate

(v.) to bring into existence; cause to be; produce.; to create by a vital or natural
process.; to create and distribute vitally and profusely.
generation n.

all the people who were born at about the same time

generous adj.

giving or willing to give freely; given freely

generously adv.

in a way that shows that somebody is willing to give freely

gentle adj.

calm and kind; doing things in a quiet and careful way

gently adv.

in a gentle way

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gentleman n.

a man who is polite and well educated, who has excellent manners and always behaves
well

genuine adj.

real; exactly what it appears to be; not artificial

genuinely adv.

ruly; in a way that is exactly what it appears to be and is not

artificial

geography

(n.) the science dealing with the areal differentiation of the earth's surface, as
shown in the character, arrangement, and interrelations over the world of such
elements as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use, industries,
or states, and of the unit areas formed by the complex of these individual
elements.
get v.

to receive something

get on

used to talk or ask about how well somebody is doing in a particular situation

get off

used especially to tell somebody to stop touching you or another person

giant n., adj.

(in stories) a very large strong person who is often cruel and stupid

gift n.

a thing that you give to somebody, especially on a special occasion or to say thank you

girl n.

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a female child

girlfriend n.

a girl or a woman that somebody is having a romantic relationship with

give v.

to hand something to somebody so that they can look at it, use it or keep it for a time

give sth away

(in a marriage ceremony) to lead the bride to the bridegroom and formally allow her to
marry him, to give something as a gift

give sth out

to come to an end; to be completely used up

give (sth) up
to stop trying to do something

give birth (to)

(v.) cause to be born

glad adj.

pleased; happy

glass n.

a hard, usually transparent, substance used, for example, for making windows and
bottles

glasses n.

two lenses in a frame that rests on the nose and ears. People wear glasses in order to
be able to see better or to protect their eyes from bright light

global adj.

covering or affecting the whole world

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glove n.

a covering for the hand, made of wool, leather, etc. with separate parts for each finger
and the thumb

glue n., v.

a sticky substance that is used for joining things together

gm abbr. gram

go v.

to move or travel from one place to another

goal n.

(in sports) a frame with a net into which players must kick or hit the ball in order to score
a point

god n.

God [singular] (not used with the) (in Christianity, Islam and Judaism) the being or spirit
that is worshipped and is believed to have created the universe

gold n., adj.

(symbol Au) a chemical element. Gold is a yellow precious

metal used for making coins, jewellery, decorative objects, etc.

good
(n.) moral excellence or admirableness; profit or
advantage; worth; benefit.
(adj.) morally excellent; virtuous; righteous; pious;
satisfactory in quality, quantity, or degree.

goodbye exclamation, n.
used when you are leaving somebody or when somebody else
is leaving

goods

(n.) possessions, especially movable effects or personal property.; articles of

trade; wares; merchandise.
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govern v.

to legally control a country or its people and be responsible for introducing new laws,
organizing public services, etc.

government n.

the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state

governor n.

a person who is the official head of a country or region that is governed by another
country

grab v.

to take or hold somebody/something with your hand suddenly, firmly or roughly

grade n., v.

the quality of a particular product or material

gradual

(adj.) taking place, changing, moving, etc., by small degrees or little by little.;
rising or descending at an even, moderate inclination.
gradually adv.

slowly, over a long period of time

grain n.

the small hard seeds of food plants such as wheat, rice, etc.; a single seed of such a
plant

gram ( BrE also gramme) n. (abbr. g, gm)

a unit for measuring weight. There are 1 000 gramsin one kilogram.

grammar n.

the rules in a language for changing the form of words and joining them into sentences
Page 152 of 361
grand adj.

impressive and large or important

grandchild n.

child of your son or daughter

granddaughter n.

a daughter of your son or daughter

grandfather n.

the father of your father or mother

grandmother n.

the mother of your father or mother

grandparent n.

the father or mother of your father or mother

grandson n.

a son of your son or daughter

grant v., n.

to agree to give somebody what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do
something

grass n.

a common wild plant with narrow green leaves and stems that are eaten by cows,
horses, sheep, etc.

grateful adj.

feeling or showing thanks because somebody has done something kind for you or has
done as you asked

grave n., adj.

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a place in the ground where a dead person is buried

gray (NAmE) grey

having the colour of smoke or ashes

great adj.

very large; much bigger than average in size or quantity

greatly adv.

(usually before a verb or participle) very much

green adj., n.

having the colour of grass or the leaves of most plants and trees

grey

grocery (NAmE usually grocery store) n.

a shop/store that sells food and other things used in the home. In American English
‘grocery store’ is often used to mean ‘supermarket’.

ground n.

the solid surface of the earth

group n.

a number of people or things that are together in the same place or that are connected
in some way

grow v.

to increase in size, number, strength or quality

growth
(n.) the gradual beginning or coming forth; size or stage
of development.

guarantee n., v.

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a firm promise that you will do something or that something will happen

guard n., v.

a person, such as a soldier, a police officer or a prison officer, who protects a place or
people, or prevents prisoners from escaping

guess v., n.

transitive] to try and give an answer or make a judgement about something without
being sure of all the facts

guest n.

a person that you have invited to your house or to a particular event that you are paying
for

guide n., v.

a book, magazine, etc. that gives you information, help or instructions about something

guilty adj.

feeling ashamed because you have done something that you know is wrong or have not
done something that you should have done

gun n.

a weapon that is used for firing bullets or shells

guy n.

(informal) a man

habit n.

a thing that you do often and almost without thinking, especially something that is hard
to stop doing

hair

(n.) any of the numerous fine, usually cylindrical, keratinous filaments growing
from the skin of humans and animals; a pilus.

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hairdresser n.

a person whose job is to cut, wash and shape hair

half

(n.) one of two equal or approximately equal parts of a divisible whole, as an

object, or unit of measure or time; a part of a whole equal or almost equal to
the remainder.
hall n.

a space or passage inside the entrance or front door of a building

hammer n.

a tool with a handle and a heavy metal head, used for breaking things or hitting nails

hand n., v.

the part of the body at the end of the arm, including the fingers and thumb

handle v., n.

to deal with a situation, a person, an area of work or a strong emotion

hang v.

to attach something, or to be attached, at the top so that the lower part is free or loose

happen

(v.) to take place; come to pass; occur.

happiness n.

the state of feeling or showing pleasure

happy adj.

feeling or showing pleasure; pleased

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happily adv.

in a cheerful way; with feelings of pleasure or satisfaction

hard adj., adv.

solid, firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break

hardly adv.

almost no; almost not; almost none

harm n., v.

damage or injury that is caused by a person or an event

harmful
(adj.) causing or capable of causing harm; injurious

hat
(n.) a shaped covering for the head, usually with a crown
and brim, especially for wear outdoors.

heart

(n.) Anatomy . a hollow, pumplike organ of blood circulation, composed mainly

of rhythmically contractile smooth muscle, located in the chest between the
lungs and slightly to the left and consisting of four chambers: a right atrium
that receives blood returning from the body via the superior and inferior vena
cavae, a right ventricle that pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to
the lungs for oxygenation, a left atrium that receives the oxygenated blood via
the pulmonary veins and passes it through the mitral valve, and a left ventricle
that pumps the oxygenated blood, via the aorta, throughout the body.

hate v., n.

to dislike something very much

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hatred n.

a very strong feeling of dislike for somebody/something

have v., auxiliary v.

(also have got) have something (not used in the progressive tenses) to own, hold or
possess something

have to modal v.

(also have got to) used to show that you must do something

he pron.

a male person or animal that has already been mentioned or is easily identified

head n., v.

the part of the body on top of the neck containing the eyes, nose, mouth and brain

headache n.

a continuous pain in the head

heal v.

to become healthy again; to make something healthy again

health n.

the condition of a person’s body or mind

healthy adj.

having good health and not likely to become ill/sick

hear v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to be aware of sounds with your ears

hearing n.

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the ability to hear

heat n., v.

the quality of being hot

heating n.

the process of supplying heat to a room or building; a system used to do this

heaven n.

(in some religions) the place believed to be the home of God where good people go
when they die

heavy adj.

weighing a lot; difficult to lift or move

heavily adv.

to a great degree; in large amounts

heel n.

the back part of the foot below the ankle

height n.

the measurement of how tall a person or thing is

hell

(n.) any place or state of torment or misery.

hello exclamation, n.

used as a greeting when you meet somebody, when you answer the telephone or when
you want to attract somebody’s attention

help v., n.

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 to make it easier or possible for somebody to do something by doing something for
them or by giving them something that they need

helpful adj.

able to improve a particular situation

hence adv.

for this reason

her pron., det.

used as the object of a verb, after the verb be or after a preposition to refer to a woman
or girl who has already been mentioned or is easily identified

here adv.

used after a verb or preposition to mean ‘in, at or to this position or place’

hero n.

a person, especially a man, who is admired by many people for doing something brave
or good

herself pron.

(the reflexive form of she) used when the woman or girl who performs an action is also
affected by it

hesitate v.

to be slow to speak or act because you feel uncertain or

nervous

hi

(n.) an expression of greeting

hide v.

to put or keep somebody/something in a place where they/it cannot be seen or found

high adj., adv.

measuring a long distance from the bottom to the top

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highly adv.

Very, at or to a high standard, level or amount

highlight v., n.

to emphasize something, especially so that people give it more attention

highway n. (especially NAmE)

a main road for travelling long distances, especially one connecting and going through
cities and towns

hill n.

an area of land that is higher than the land around it, but not as high as a mountain

him pron.

used as the object of a verb, after the verb be or after a preposition to refer to a male
person or animal that has already been mentioned or is easily identified

himself
(pron.) an emphatic appositive of him or he.; a reflexive
form of him.

hip
(n.) the projecting part of each side of the body formed by
the side of the pelvis and the upper part of the femur and
the flesh covering them; haunch.

hire

(v.) to engage the services of (a person or persons) for wages or other payment.;
to engage the temporary use of at a set price; rent. (n.) the act of hiring.; the
state or condition of being hired.

his det., pron.

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of or belonging to a man or boy who has already been mentioned or is easily identified

historical adj.

connected with the past

history n.

all the events that happened in the past

hit v., n.

to bring your hand, or an object you are holding, against somebody/something quickly
and with force

hobby

(n.) an activity or interest pursued for pleasure or relaxation and not as a main
occupation.
hold v., n.

an activity that you do for pleasure when you are not working

hole n.

a hollow space in something solid or in the surface of something

holiday n.

(also holidays [plural]) (both British English) (North American English vacation) a period
of time when you are not at work or school

hollow adj.

having a hole or empty space inside

holy adj.

connected with God or a particular religion

home n., adv..

the house or flat/apartment that you live in, especially with your family
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homework n.

work that is given by teachers for students to do at home

honest adj.

always telling the truth, and never stealing or cheating

honestly adv.

in an honest way

honour (BrE) (NAmE honor) n.

great respect and admiration for somebody

hook n.

a curved piece of metal, plastic or wire for hanging things on, catching fish with, etc.

hope v., n.

to want something to happen and think that it is possible

horizontal

(adj.) at right angles to the vertical; parallel to level ground.

horn n.

a hard pointed part that grows, usually in pairs, on the heads of some animals, such as
sheep and cows. Horns are often curved.

horror n.

a feeling of great shock, fear or disgust

horse

(n.) a large, solid-hoofed, herbivorous quadruped, Equus caballus, domesticated

since prehistoric times, bred in a number of varieties, and used for carrying or
pulling loads, for riding, and for racing.

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hospital n.

a large building where people who are ill/sick or injured are given medical treatment and
care

host n., v.

a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying at their
house

hot adj.

having a high temperature; producing heat

hotel n.

a building where people stay, usually for a short time, paying for their rooms and meals

hour

(n.) a period of time equal to one twenty-fourth of a mean solar or civil day and
equivalent to 60 minutes.
house n.

a building for people to live in, usually for one family

housing n.

houses, flats/apartments, etc. that people live in, especially when referring to their type,
price or condition

household n., adj.

connected with a house or flat and the people living in it

how adv.

n what way or manner

however adv.

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used with an adjective or adverb to mean ‘to whatever degree’

huge adj.

extremely large in size or amount; great in degree

human adj., n.

of or connected with people rather than animals, machines or gods

humorous adj.

funny and entertaining; showing a sense of humour

humour (BrE) (NAmE humor) n.

the quality in something that makes it funny or amusing; the ability to laugh at things that
are amusing

hungry adj.

feeling that you want to eat something

hunt v.

to chase wild animals or birds in order to catch or kill them for food, sport or to make
money

hunting n.

chasing and killing wild animals and birds as a sport or for food

hurry v., n.

to do something more quickly than usual because there is not much time

hurt v.

to cause physical pain to somebody/yourself; to injure somebody/yourself

husband n.

(informal hubby) the man that somebody is married to; a married man

I pron.
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the 9th letter of the English alphabet

ice

(n.) the solid form of water, produced by freezing; frozen water.

ice cream n.

a type of sweet frozen food made from milk fat, flavoured with fruit, chocolate, etc. and
often eaten as a dessert; a small amount of this food intended for one person, often
served in a container made of biscuit that is shaped like a cone

idea n.

a plan, thought or suggestion, especially about what to do in a particular situation

ideal adj., n.

perfect; most suitable

identify v.

to recognize somebody/something and be able to say who or what they are

identity n.

(abbreviation ID) who or what somebody/something is

i.e. abbr.

used to explain exactly what the previous thing that you have mentioned means (from
Latin ‘id est’)

if conj.

used to say that one thing can, will or might happen or be true, depending on another
thing happening or being true

ignore v.

to pay no attention to somethingSYNONYM disregard

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ill adj. (especially BrE)

(especially British English) (usually North American English sick) [not usually before
noun] suffering from an illness or disease; not feeling well

illegal adj.

not allowed by the law

illegally adv.

in a way that is not allowed by the law

illness n.

the state of being physically or mentally ill

illustrate v.

to use pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book, etc.

image n.

the impression that a person, an organization or a product, etc. gives to the public

imaginary adj.

existing only in your mind or imagination

imagination n.

the ability to create pictures in your mind; the part of your mind that does this

imagine
(v.) to form a mental image of (something not actually
present to the senses).

immediate
happening or done without delay

immediately

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(adv.) without lapse of time; without delay; instantly; at once.; with no object or
space intervening.; closely.; without intervening medium or agent; concerning or
affecting directly.

immoral adj.

(of people and their behaviour) not considered to be good or honest by most people

impact n.

the powerful effect that something has on somebody/something

impatient adj.

annoyed or irritated by somebody/something, especially because you have to wait for a

long time

implication n.

a possible effect or result of an action or a decision

import n., v.

a product or service that is brought into one country from another, to bring a product, a
service, an idea, etc. into one country from another

importance n.

the quality of being important

important adj.

having a great effect on people or things; of great value

importantly adv.

used for saying that something is important

impose v.

to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be used

impossible adj.
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that cannot exist or be done; not possible

impress v.

if a person or thing impresses you, you feel admiration for them or it

impressed adj.

feeling admiration for somebody/something because you think they are particularly
good, interesting, etc.

impression n.

an idea, a feeling or an opinion that you get about somebody/something, or that

somebody/something gives you

impressive adj.

(of things or people) making you feel admiration, because they are very large, good,
skilful, etc.

improve v.

to become better than before; to make something/somebody better than before

improvement n.

the act of making something better; the process of something becoming better

in prep., adv.

at a point within an area or a space

inability

(n.) lack of ability; lack of power, capacity, or means

inch n.

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(abbreviation in.) a unit for measuring length, equal to 2.54 centimetres. There are
12 inches in a foot.

incident

(n.) an individual occurrence or event.

include v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) if one thing includes another, it has the second
thing as one of its parts

including
(prep.) involving, containing, or comprising.

Income
the money that a person, a region, a country, etc. earns from
work, from investing money, from business, etc.

(n.) the monetary payment received for goods or services, or from other
sources, as rents or investments.

increase v., n.

to become or to make something greater in amount, number, value, etc.

increasingly adv.

more and more all the time

indeed adv.

used to emphasize a positive statement or answer

independence n.

(of a country) freedom from political control by other countries

independent adj.

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(of countries) having their own government

independently adv.

without being connected with or influenced by something or by each other

index n.

(pl. indexes) a list of names or topics that are referred to in a book, etc., usually
arranged at the end of a book in alphabetical order or listed in a separate file or book

indicate v.

[transitive, intransitive] to show that something is true or exists

indication n.

a remark or sign that shows that something is happening or what somebody is thinking
or feeling

indirect adj.

happening not as the main aim, cause or result of a particular action, but in addition to it

indirectly adv.

not as the main aim, cause or result of something, but in addition to it; not in a direct line
or manner

individual adj., n.

considered separately rather than as part of a group

indoors adv.

inside or into a building

indoor adj.

located, done or used inside a building

industrial adj.

connected with industry

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industry n.

the production of goods from raw materials, especially in factories

inevitably

(adv.) in such a manner as could not be otherwise.

inevitably adv.

the production of goods from raw materials, especially in factories

infect v.

to make a disease or an illness spread to a person, an animal or a plant

infected adj.

containing harmful bacteria

infection n.

the act or process of causing or getting a disease

infectious

(adj.) communicable by infection, as from one person to another or from one

part of the body to another.
influence n., v.

the effect that somebody/something has on the way a person thinks or behaves or on
the way that something works or develops

inform v.

to tell somebody about something, especially in an official way

informal adj.

relaxed and friendly; not following strict rules of how to behave or do something

information n.

facts or details about somebody/something

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ingredient n.

one of the things from which something is made, especially one of the foods that are
used together to make a particular dish

initial adj., n.

happening at the beginning; first

initially adv.

at the beginning

initiative n.

a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose

injure v.

to harm yourself or somebody else physically, especially in an accident

injured adj.

injury n.

ink

(n.) a fluid or viscous substance used for writing or printing.

inner adj.

inside; towards or close to the centre of a place

innocent adj.

not guilty of a crime, etc.; not having done something wrong

inquiry enquiry

insect n.

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any small creature with six legs and a body divided into three parts. Insects usually also
have wings. Ants, bees and flies are all insects

insert v.

to put something into something else or between two things

inside prep., adv., n., adj.

on or to the inner part of something/somebody; within something/somebody

insist (on) v.

to demand that something happens or that somebody agrees to do something

install v.

to fix equipment or furniture into position so that it can be used

instance n.

a particular example or case of something

instead adv.

in the place of somebody/something

institute n.

an organization that has a particular purpose, especially one that is connected with
education or a particular profession; the building used by this organization

institution n.

a large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example, a university or
bank

instruction
(n.) the act or practice of instructing or teaching;
education.

instrument

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(n.) a contrivance or apparatus for producing musical sounds.

insult v., n.

to say or do something that offends somebody

insulting

(adj.) giving or causing insult; characterized by affronting rudeness, insolence,

etc.
insurance n.

an arrangement with a company in which you pay them regular amounts of money and
they agree to pay the costs, for example, if you die or are ill/sick, or if you lose or
damage something

intelligence
(n.) capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and
similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping
truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc.; manifestation
of a high mental capacity.

in the end

eventually, ultimately.

intelligent adj.

good at learning, understanding and thinking in a logical way about things; showing this
ability

intend v.

to have a plan, result or purpose in your mind when you do something

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intended adj.

that you are trying to achieve or reach

intention n.

what you intend or plan to do; your aim

interest n., v.

the feeling that you have when you want to know or learn more about
somebody/something

interesting adj.

attracting your attention because it is special, exciting or unusual

interested adj.

giving your attention to something because you enjoy finding out about it or doing it;
showing interest in something and finding it exciting

interior n., adj.

the inside part of something

internal adj.

connected with the inside of something

international adj.

connected with or involving two or more countries

Internet n.

an international computer network connecting other networks and computers from

companies, universities, etc.

interpret v.

to explain the meaning of something

interpretation n.

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the particular way in which something is understood or explained

interrupt v.

to say or do something that makes somebody stop what they are saying or doing

interruption n.

something that temporarily stops an activity or a situation; a time when an activity is

stopped

interval n.

interview n., v.

a formal meeting at which somebody is asked questions to see if they are suitable for a
particular job, or for a course of study at a college, university, etc.

into prep.

to a position in or inside something

introduce v.

to tell two or more people who have not met before what each other’s names are; to tell
somebody what your name is

introduction n.

the act of bringing something into use or existence for the first time, or of bringing
something to a place for the first time

invent v.

to produce or design something that has not existed before

invention n.

a thing or an idea that has been invented

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invest v.

to buy property, shares in a company, etc. in the hope of making a profit

investigate v.

to carefully examine the facts of a situation, an event, a crime, etc. to find out the truth
about it or how it happened

investigation n.

an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.

investment

(n.) the investing of money or capital in order to gain profitable returns, as

interest, income, or appreciation in value.

invitation n.

a spoken or written request to somebody to do something or to go somewhere

invite v.

to ask somebody to come to a social event

involve v.

(v.) to include as a necessary circumstance, condition, or consequence; imply;

entail

involvement n.

the act of taking part in something

iron n., v.
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a chemical element. Iron is a hard strong metal that is used to make steel and is also
found in small quantities in blood and food.

irritate v.

to annoy somebody, especially by something you continuously do or by something that

continuously happens

irritating adj.

(adj.) causing irritation; annoying; provoking.

irritated adj.

annoyed or angry

island n.

a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water

issue n., v.

an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about

it pron., det.
used to refer to an animal or a thing that has already been
mentioned or that is being talked about now

its

(det.) of, belonging to, or associated in some way with it.

item n.

one thing on a list of things to buy, do, talk about, etc.

itself pron.

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jacket n.

a piece of clothing worn on the top half of the body over a shirt, etc. that has sleeves and
fastens down the front; a short, light coat

jam n.

a thick sweet substance made by boiling fruit with sugar, often sold in jars and spread on
bread

January n. (abbr. Jan.)

the 1st month of the year, between December and February.

jealous adj.

feeling angry or unhappy because somebody you like or love is showing interest in
somebody else

jeans n.

trousers/pants made of strong cotton, especially denim

jelly n.

(North American English jello, Jell-O™ [uncountable]) a cold sweet transparent food
made from gelatin, sugar and fruit juice, that shakes when it is moved

jewellery (BrE) (NAmE jewelry) n.

objects such as rings and necklaces that people wear as decoration

job

(n.) a post of employment; full-time or part-time position

join v.

to fix or connect two or more things together

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joint adj., n.

involving two or more people together

jointly adv.

in a way that involves two or more people or groups together

joke n., v.

something that you say or do to make people laugh, for example a funny story that you
tell

journalist n.

a person whose job is to collect and write news stories for newspapers, magazines,
radio or television

journey n.

an act of travelling from one place to another, especially when they are far apart

joy n.

a feeling of great happiness

judge n., v.

a person in a court who has the authority to decide how criminals should be punished or
to make legal decisions

judgement
the ability to make sensible decisions after carefully
considering the best thing to do

juice n.

the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables; a drink made from this

July

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(abbr. Jul.) (n.) the seventh month of the year, containing 31 days.

jump v., n.

to move quickly off the ground or away from a surface by pushing yourself with your
legs and feet

June n. (abbr. Jun.)

the 6th month of the year, between May and July

junior adj., n.

having a low rank in an organization or a profession

just adv.

exactly

justice n.

the fair treatment of people

justify v.

to show that somebody/something is right or reasonable

justified adj.

having a good reason for doing something

k abbr. kilometre

keen adj.

wanting to do something or wanting something to happen very much

keep v.

to stay in a particular condition or position; to make somebody/something do this

key n., adj.

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a specially shaped piece of metal used for locking a door, starting a car, etc.

keyboard n.

the set of keys for operating a computer or typewriter, or the set of letters that you can
click on to write on a smartphone or tablet (4)

kick v., n.

]to hit somebody/something with your foot

kid n.

a child or young person

kill v.

to make somebody/something die

killing n.

an act of killing somebody deliberately

kilogram (BrE also kilogramme) (also kilo) n. (abbr. kg)

a unit for measuring weight; 1 000 grams

kilometre (BrE) (NAmE kilometer) n. (abbr. k, km)

a unit for measuring distance; 1 000 metres

kind n., adj.

a group of people or things that are the same in some way; a particular variety or type

kindly

(adv.) in a kind manner; with sympathetic or helpful kindness.; cordially or

heartily.; obligingly; please.

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kindness n.

the quality of being kind

king n.

the male ruler of an independent state that has a royal family

kiss v., n.

to touch somebody with your lips as a sign of love, affection, sexual desire, etc., or when
saying hello or goodbye

kitchen n.

a room in which meals are cooked or prepared

km abbr. kilometre

knee

(n.) the joint of the leg that allows for movement between the femur and tibia
and is protected by the patella; the central area of the leg between the thigh and
the lower leg.

knife n.

a sharp blade with a handle, used for cutting or as a weapon

knit v.

to make clothes, etc. from wool or cotton thread using two long thin knitting needles or a
machine

knitted adj.

made by knitting wool or thread

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knitting n.

an item that is being knitted

knock v., n.

to persuade somebody to reduce the price of something

knock out

to make somebody fall asleep or become unconscious

knot

(n.) an interlacing, twining, looping, etc., of a cord, rope, or the like, drawn tight
into a knob or lump, for fastening, binding, or connecting two cords together or
a cord to something else.

know v.

a join made by tying together two pieces or ends of string, rope, etc.

knowledge n.

the information, understanding and skills that you gain through education or experience

l abbr. litre

label n., v.

a piece of paper, etc. that is attached to something and that gives information about it

laboratory, lab n.

a room or building used for scientific research, experiments, testing, etc.

labour (BrE) (NAmE labor) n.

work, especially physical work

lack n., v.

he state of not having something or not having enough of something

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lacking adj.

having none or not enough of something

lady n.

a word used to mean ‘woman’ that some people, especially older people, consider is
more polite

lake n.

a large area of water that is surrounded by land

lamp n.

a device that uses electricity, oil or gas to produce light

land n., v.

the surface of the earth that is not sea

landscape n.

everything you can see when you look across a large area of land, especially in the
country

language n.

the system of communication in speech and writing that is used

by people of a particular country or area

lane
(n.) a narrow way or passage between hedges, fences,
walls, or houses.

large

(adj.) of more than average size, quantity, degree, etc.; exceeding that which is
common to a kind or class; big; great:.; on a great scale.; of great scope or
range.

largely adv.

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to a great extent; mostly or mainly

last det., adv., n., v.

happening or coming after all other similar things or people

late

(adj.) occurring, coming, or being after the usual or proper time; (adv.) after the
usual or proper time, or after delay.

later adv., adj.

at a time in the future; after the time you are talking abou

latest adj., n.

the most recent or newest

latter
(adj.) being the second mentioned of two.

laugh

(v.) to express mirth, pleasure, derision, or nervousness with an audible, vocal

expulsion of air from the lungs that can range from a loud burst of sound to a
series of quiet chuckles and is usually accompanied by characteristic facial and
bodily movements. (n.) the act or sound of laughing; laughter.

launch v., n.

to start an activity, especially an organized one

law n.

the whole system of rules that everyone in a country or society must obey

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lawyer n.

a person who is trained and qualified to advise people about the law and to represent
them in court, and to write legal documents

lay v.

to put somebody/something in a particular position, especially when it is done gently or

carefully

layer n.

a quantity or thickness of something that lies over a surface or between surfaces

lazy adj.

unwilling to work or be active; doing as little as possible

lead /li:d/ v., n.

to go with or in front of a person or an animal to show the way or to make them go in the
right direction

leading adj.

most important or most successful

leader n.

a person who leads a group of people, especially the head of a country, an organization,
etc.

leaf n.

a flat green part of a plant, growing from a stem or branch or from the root

league n.

a group of sports teams who all play each other to earn points and find which team is
best

lean

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(v.) to incline or bend from a vertical position; have a
tendency or disposition to do or be something.

learn v.

to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience, from being taught, etc

least det., pron., adv.

smallest in size, amount, degree, etc.

leather

(n.) the skin of an animal, with the hair removed, prepared for use by tanning or
a similar process designed to preserve it against decay and make it pliable or
supple when dry.

leave v.

to go away from a person or a place

lecture n.

a talk that is given to a group of people to teach them about a particular subject, often as
part of a university or college course

left adj., adv., n.

on or to the left side

leg n.

one of the long parts that connect the feet to the rest of the body

legal

(adj.) permitted by law; lawful.

legally adv.
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in a way that is connected with the law

lemon n.

a yellow citrus fruit with a lot of sour juice. Slices of lemonand lemon juice are used in
cooking and drinks.

lend

(v.) to grant the use of (something) on condition that it or its equivalent will be
returned.

length n.

the size or measurement of something from one end to the other

less det., pron., adv.

used with uncountable nouns to mean ‘a smaller amount of’

lesson n.

a period of time in which somebody is taught something

let v.

to allow somebody to do something or something to happen without trying to stop it

letter n.

a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in an envelope and
sent to somebody

level n., adj.

the amount of something that exists in a particular situation at a particular time

library n.

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a building in which collections of books, CDs, newspapers, etc. are kept for people to
read, study or borrow

license

(v.) to grant authoritative permission or license to.

lid n.

a cover over a container that can be removed or opened by turning it or lifting it

lie v., n.

(of a person or an animal) to be or put yourself in a flat or horizontal position so that you
are not standing or sitting

life n.

to say or write something that you know is not true

lift v., n.

the ability to breathe, grow, reproduce, etc. which people, animals and plants have
before they die and which objects do not have

light n., adj., v.

the energy from the sun, a lamp, etc. that makes it possible to see things

lightly adv.

gently; with very little force or effort

like
(v.) be fond of

Likely
probable or expected

limit n., v.
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a point at which something stops being possible or existing

limited adj.

not very great in amount or extent

link n., v.

a connection between two or more people or things

lip

(n.) either of the two fleshy parts or folds forming the margins of the mouth and
functioning in speech.

liquid n., adj.

a substance that flows freely and is not a solid or a gas, for example water or oil

list n., v.

a series of names, items, figures, etc., especially when they are written or printed

listen (to) v.

to pay attention to somebody/something that you can hear

literature n.

pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems (in
contrast to technical books and newspapers, magazines, etc.)

litre (BrE) (NAmE liter) n. (abbr. l)

a unit for measuring volume, equal to 1.76 British pints or 2.11

American pints

little

(adj.) small in size; not big; not large; tiny.; small in amount or degree; not
much.; (adv.) not at all (used before a verb).

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live /la?v/ adj., adv.

to have your home in a particular place

live /l?v/ v.

living; not dead

living adj.

alive now

lively adj.

full of life and energy; active and enthusiastic

load n., v.

something that is being carried (usually in large amounts) by a person, vehicle, etc.

loan n.

money that an organization such as a bank lends and somebody borrows

local adj.

belonging to or connected with the particular place or area that you are talking about or
with the place where you live

locally adv.

in the particular place or area that you are talking about; in the place where you live

locate v.
to find the exact position of somebody/something

located

(adj.) situated in a particular spot or position

location n.
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a place where something happens or exists; the position of something

lock v., n.

to fasten something with a lock; to be fastened with a lock

logic n.

a way of thinking or explaining something

logical adj.

(of an action, event, etc.) seeming natural, reasonable or sensible

lonely adj.

unhappy because you have no friends or people to talk to

long
measuring or covering a great length or distance, or a greater
length or distance than usual

look
(v.) to turn one's eyes toward something or in some
direction in order to see.; to glance or gaze in a manner
specified. (n.) a visual search or examination.; the way in
which a person or thing appears to the eye or to the mind;
aspect.

look after
to be responsible for or to take care of somebody/something.

look at

to examine something closely

loose adj.

not firmly fixed where it should be; able to become separated from something

loosely adv.

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in a way that is not firm or tight

lord n.

(in Britain) a man of high rank in the nobility (= people of high social class), or
somebody who has been given the title ‘lord’ as an honour

lorry n. (BrE)

a large vehicle for carrying heavy loads by road

lose v.

to be unable to find something/somebody

lost adj.

the state of no longer having something or as much of something; the process that
leads to this

loss n.

unable to find your way; not knowing where you are

lot: a lot (of) (also lots (of)) pron., det., adv.

a large number or amount

loud adj., adv.

making a lot of noise

loudly adv.

in a way that makes a lot of noise

love n., v.

a strong feeling of deep affection for somebody/something, especially a member of your

family or a friend

lovely adj.

beautiful; attractive

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lover n.

a partner in a sexual relationship outside marriage

low adj., adv.

not high or tall; not far above the ground

loyal adj.

remaining faithful to somebody/something and supporting them or it

luck n.

good things that happen to you by chance, not because of your own efforts or abilities

lucky adj.

having good luck

luggage n. (especially BrE)

bags, cases, etc. that contain somebody’s clothes and things when they are travelling

lump n.

a piece of something hard or solid, usually without a particular shape

lunch n.

a meal eaten in the middle of the day

lung n.

either of the two organs in the chest that you use for breathing

machine n.

a piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a particular job. The
power used to work a machine may be electricity, steam, gas, etc. or human power.

machinery n.

machines as a group, especially large ones

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mad adj.

having a mind that does not work normally; mentally ill

magazine n.

a type of large thin book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month,
containing articles, photographs, etc., often on a particular topic

magic n., adj.

the secret power of appearing to make impossible things happen by saying special
words or doing special things

mail n., v.

the official system used for sending and delivering letters, packages, etc.

main adj.

being the largest or most important of its kind

mainly adv.

more than anything else; also used to talk about the most important reason for
something

maintain v.

to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc.

major adj.

very large or important

majority n.

make v., n.

to create or prepare something by combining materials or putting parts together

make sth up

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to form something

make-up n.

to put powder, lipstick, etc. on your/somebody’s face to make it more attractive or to

prepare for an appearance in the theatre, on television, etc.

male adj., n.

(abbreviation m) belonging to the sex that does not give birth to babies; connected with
this sex

mall n. (especially NAmE)

(also shopping mall) (both especially North American English) a large building or covered
area that has many shops/stores, restaurants, etc. inside it

man n.

an adult male human

manage v.

to succeed in doing something, especially something difficult

management n.

the act of running and controlling a business or similar organization

manager n.

a person who is in charge of running a business, a shop/store or a similar organization

or part of one

manner n.

a person who is in charge of running a business, a shop/store or a similar organization

or part of one

manufacture v., n.
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to make goods in large quantities, using machinery

manufacturing n.

the business or industry of producing goods in large quantities in factories, etc.

manufacturer n.

a person or company that produces goods in large quantities

many det., pron.

used with plural nouns and verbs, especially in negative sentences or in more formal
English, to mean ‘a large number of’. Also used in questions to ask about the size of a
number, and with ‘as’, ‘so’ and ‘too’.

map n.

a drawing or plan of the earth’s surface or part of it, showing countries, towns, rivers, etc

March n. (abbr. Mar.)

the 3rd month of the year, between February and April

march v., n.

to walk with stiff regular steps like a soldier

mark n., v.

to write or draw a symbol, line, etc. on something in order to give information about it

market n.

an occasion when people buy and sell goods; the open area or building where they meet
to do this

marketing n.

the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company’s products or services in the
best possible way

marriage n.
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the legal relationship between a husband and wife

marry v.

to become the husband or wife of somebody; to get married to somebody

married adj.

having a husband or wife

mass n., adj.

a large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape or form

massive adj.

very large, heavy and solid

master n.

a man who has people working for him, often as servants in his home

match n., v.

a small stick made of wood or cardboard that is used for lighting a fire, cigarette, etc

matching adj.

(of clothing, material, objects, etc.) having the same colour, pattern, style, etc. and
therefore looking attractive together

mate n., v.

a friend

material n., adj.

cloth used for making clothes, curtains, etc.

mathematics ( also maths BrE, math NAmE) n.

the science of numbers and shapes. Branches

of mathematics include arithmetic, algebra,geometry and trigonometry.
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matter n., v.

a subject or situation that you must consider or deal with

maximum adj., n.

(abbreviation max) as large, fast, etc. as is possible, or the most that is possible or
allowed

may modal v.

used to say that something is possible

May n.

the fifth month of the year, between April and June

maybe adv.

used when you are not certain that something will happen or that something is true or is
a correct number

mayor n.

(in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) the head of a town, borough or county council,
chosen by other members of the council to represent them at official ceremonies, etc.

me pron.

the form of I that is used when the speaker or writer is the object of a verb or preposition,
or after the verb be

meal n.

an occasion when people sit down to eat food, especially breakfast, lunch or dinner

mean v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to have something as a meaning

meaning n.

the thing or idea that a sound, word, sign, etc. represents

means n.
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an action, an object or a system by which a result is achieved; a way of achieving or
doing something

meanwhile adv.

while something else is happening

measure v., n.

to find the size, quantity, etc. of something in standard units

measurement n.

the act or the process of finding the size, quantity or degree of something

meat n.

the flesh of an animal or a bird eaten as food; a particular type of this

media n.

the main ways that large numbers of people receive information and entertainment, that
is television, radio, newspapers and the Internet

medical adj.

connected with illness and injury and their treatment

medicine n.

the study and treatment of diseases and injuries

medium adj., n.

in the middle between two sizes, amounts, lengths, temperatures, etc.

meet v.

to be in the same place as somebody by chance and talk to them

meeting n.

an occasion when people come together to discuss or decide something

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melt v.

to become or make something become liquid as a result of heating

member n.

a person, an animal or a plant that belongs to a particular group

membership n.

the state of being a member of a group, a club, an organization, etc.

memory n.

your ability to remember things

mental adj.

connected with or happening in the mind; involving the process of thinking

mentally adv.

connected with or happening in the mind

mention v.

to write or speak about something/somebody, especially without giving much information

menu n.

a list of the food that is available at a restaurant or to be served at a meal

mere adj.

used when you want to emphasize how small, unimportant, etc. somebody/something is

merely adv.

used meaning ‘only’ or ‘simply’ to emphasize a fact or something that you are saying

mess n.

a dirty or untidy state

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message n.

a written or spoken piece of information, etc. that you send to somebody or leave for
somebody when you cannot speak to them yourself

metal n.

a type of solid mineral substance that is usually hard and shiny and that heat and
electricity can travel through, for example tin, iron and gold

method n.

a particular way of doing something

metre (BrE) (NAmE meter) n.

(abbreviation m) a unit for measuring length; a hundred centimetres

mg abbr. milligram

mid- combining form

(in nouns and adjectives) in the middle of

midday n.

12 o’clock in the middle of the day; the period around this time

middle n., adj.

the part of something that is at an equal distance from all its edges or sides; a point or a
period of time between the beginning and the end of something

midnight n.

12 o’clock at night

might modal v.

used as the past tense of may when reporting what somebody has said

mild adj.

not severe or strong

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mile n.

a unit for measuring distance equal to 1 609 metres or 1 760 yards

military adj.

connected with soldiers or the armed forces

milk n.

the white liquid produced by cows, goats and some other animals as food for their young
and used as a drink by humans

milligram (BrE also milligramme) n. (abbr. mg)

a unit for measuring weight; a 1 000th of a gram

millimetre (NAmE millimeter) n. (abbr. mm)

a unit for measuring length; a 1 000th of a metre

mind n., v.

the part of a person that makes them able to be aware of things, to think and to feel

mine pron., n.

of or belonging to the person writing or speaking

mineral n., adj.

a substance that is naturally present in the earth and is not formed from animal or
vegetable matter, for example gold and salt. Some minerals are also present in food and
drink and in the human body and are essential for good health.

minimum adj., n.

(abbreviation min.) the smallest that is possible or allowed; extremely small

minister n.

(in Britain and many other countries) a senior member of the government who is in
charge of a government department or a branch of one
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ministry n.

a government department that has a particular area of responsibility

minor adj.

not very large, important or serious

minority n.

the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group

minute n.

(abbreviation min.) each of the 60 parts of an hour, that are equal to 60 seconds

mirror n.

a piece of special flat glass that reflects images, so that you can see yourself when you
look in it

miss v., n.

to fail to hit, catch, reach, etc. something

Miss n.

missing adj.

that cannot be found or that is not in its usual place, or at home

mistake n., v.

an action or an opinion that is not correct, or that produces a result that you did not want

mistaken adj.

wrong in your opinion or judgement

mix v., n.

if two or more substances mix or you mix them, they combine, usually in a way that
means they cannot easily be separated

mixed adj.
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having both good and bad qualities or feelings

mixture n.

a combination of different things

mm abbr. millimetre

mobile adj.

that is not fixed in one place and can be moved easily and quickly

mobile phone (also mobile) n. (BrE)

a telephone that does not have wires and works by radio, that you can carry with you
and use anywhere

model n.

a copy of something, usually smaller than the original object

modern adj.

of the present time or recent times

mom (NAmE) mum

a mother

moment n.

a very short period of time

Monday n. (abbr. Mon.)

the day of the week after Sunday and before Tuesday, the first day of the working week

money n.

what you earn by working or selling things, and use to buy things

monitor n., v.

a television screen used to show particular kinds of information; a screen that shows
information from a computer
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month n.

any of the twelve periods of time into which the year is divided, for example May or June

mood n.

the way you are feeling at a particular time

moon n.

he round object that moves around the earth once every 27½ days and shines at night
by light reflected from the sun

moral adj.

concerned with principles of right and wrong behaviour

morally adv.

according to principles of good behaviour and what is considered to be right or wrong

more det., pron., adv.

(used as the comparative of ‘much’, ‘a lot of’, ‘many’) more (something/of something)
(than…) a larger number or amount of

moreover adv.

used to introduce some new information that adds to or supports what you have said
previously

morning n.

the early part of the day from the time when people wake up until midday or before lunch

most det., pron., adv.

the largest in number or amount

mostly adv.

mainly; generally

mother n.

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a female parent of a child or animal; a person who is acting as a mother to a child

motion n.

the act or process of moving or the way something moves

motor n.

a device that uses electricity, petrol/gas, etc. to produce movement and makes a
machine, a vehicle, a boat, etc. work

motorcycle (BrE also motorbike) n.

= motorcycle a road vehicle with two wheels, driven by an engine, with one seat for the
driver and often a seat for a passenger behind the driver

mount v., n.

to organize and begin something

mountain n.

a very high hill, often with rocks near the top

mouse n.

a small animal that is covered in fur and has a long thin tail.Mice live in fields, in people’s
houses or where food is stored.

mouth n.

the opening in the face used for speaking, eating, etc.; the area inside the head behind
this opening

move v., n.

to change position or make somebody/something change position in a way that can be

seen, heard or felt

moving adj.

causing you to have deep feelings of sadness or sympathy

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movement n.

an act of moving the body or part of the body

movie n. (especially NAmE)

a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story, shown at the
cinema/movie theater

movie theater n. (NAmE)

= cinema (1)

Mr (BrE) (also Mr. NAmE, BrE) abbr.

a title that comes before a man’s family name, or before his first and family names
together

Mrs (BrE) (also Mrs. NAmE, BrE) abbr.

a title that comes before a married woman’s family name or before her first and family
names together

Ms (BrE) (also Ms. NAmE, BrE) abbr.

a title that comes before a woman’s family name or before her first and family names
together, and that can be used when you do not want to state whether she is married or
not

much det., pron., adv.

used with uncountable nouns, especially in negative sentences to mean ‘a large amount
of something’, or after ‘how’ to ask about the amount of something. It is also used with
‘as’, ‘so’ and ‘too’.

mud n.

wet earth that is soft and sticky

multiply v.

to add a number to itself a particular number of times

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mum (BrE) (NAmE mom) n.

(informal) a mother

murder n., v.

the crime of killing somebody deliberately

muscle n.

a piece of body tissue that you contract and relax in order to move a particular part of
the body; the tissue that forms the muscles of the body

museum n.

a building in which objects of artistic, cultural, historical or scientific interest are kept and
shown to the public

music n.

sounds that are arranged in a way that is pleasant or exciting to listen to. People
sing music or play it on instruments.

musical adj.

connected with music; containing music

musician n.

a person who plays a musical instrument or writes music, especially as a job

must modal v.

used to say that something is necessary or very important (sometimes involving a rule or
a law)

my det.

of or belonging to the speaker or writer

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myself pron.

(the reflexive form of I) used when the speaker or writer is also the person affected by an
action

mysterious adj.

difficult to understand or explain; strange

mystery n.

something that is difficult to understand or to explain

nail n.

thin hard layer covering the outer tip of the fingers or toes,

a small thin pointed piece of metal with a flat head, used for hanging things on a wall or
for joining pieces of wood together

naked adj.

not wearing any clothes

name n., v.

a word or words that a particular person, animal, place or thing is known by

narrow adj.

measuring a short distance from one side to the other, especially in relation to length

nation n.

a country considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history,
who live in a particular area under one government

national adj.

connected with a particular nation; shared by a whole nation

natural adj.

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existing in nature; not made or caused by humans

naturally adv.

in a way that you would expect

nature n.

all the plants, animals and things that exist in the universe that are not made by people

navy n.

the part of a country’s armed forces that fights at sea, and the ships that it uses

near adj., adv., prep.

a short distance away

nearby adj., adv.

near in position; not far away

nearly adv.

almost; not quite; not completely

neat adj.

tidy and in order; carefully done or arranged

neatly adv.

in a way that is tidy and in order; carefully

necessary adj.

that is needed for a purpose or a reason

necessarily adv.

used to say that something cannot be avoided

neck n.

the part of the body between the head and the shoulders
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need v., modal v., n.

to require something/somebody because they are essential or very important, not just
because you would like to have them

needle n.

a small thin piece of steel that you use for sewing, with a point at one end and a hole for
the thread at the other

negative adj.

bad or harmful

neighbour (BrE) (NAmE neighbor) n.

a person who lives next to you or near you

neighbourhood (BrE) (NAmE neighborhood) n.

a district or an area of a town; the people who live there

neither det., pron., adv.

not one nor the other of two things or people

nephew n.

the son of your brother or sister; the son of your husband’s or wife’s brother or sister

nerve n.

any of the long threads that carry messages between the brain and parts of the body,
enabling you to move, feel pain, etc.the optic nerve

nervous adj.

anxious about something or afraid of something

nervously adv.

in a worried or frightened way

nest n., v.

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 a hollow place or structure that a bird makes or chooses for laying its eggs in and
sheltering its young

net n.

a type of material that is made of string, thread or wire twisted or tied together, with small
spaces in between

network n.

a complicated system of roads, lines, tubes, nerves, etc. that cross each other and are
connected to each other

never adv.

not at any time; not on any occasion

nevertheless adv.

despite something that you have just mentioned

new adj.

not existing before; recently made, invented, introduced, etc.

newly adv.

(usually before a past participle) recently

news n.

new information about something that has happened recently

newspaper n.

a set of large printed sheets of paper containing news, articles, advertisements, etc. and
published every day or every week

next adj., adv., n.

(usually with the) coming straight after somebody/something in time, order or space

next to prep.
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in or into a position right beside somebody/something

nice adj.

pleasant, enjoyable or attractive

nicely adv.

in an attractive or acceptable way; well

niece n.

the daughter of your brother or sister; the daughter of your husband’s or wife’s brother or
sister

night n.

the time between one day and the next when it is dark, when people usually sleep

no exclamation, det.

used to give a negative reply or statement

No. (also no.) abbr. number

nobody (also no one) pron.

= no one

noise n.

a sound, especially when it is loud, unpleasant or disturbing

noisy adj.

making a lot of noise

noisily adv.

in a way that makes a lot of noise

non- prefix

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(in nouns, adjectives and adverbs) not

none pron.

not one of a group of people or things; not any

nonsense n.

ideas, statements or beliefs that you think are ridiculous or not true

no one nobody

not anyone; no person

nor conj., adv.

neither… nor… | not… nor… and not

normal adj., n.

typical, usual or ordinary; what you would expect

normally adv.

usually; in normal circumstances

north n., adj., adv.

the direction that is on your left when you watch the sun rise; one of the four main points
of the compass

northern adj.

located in the north or facing north; connected with or typical of the north part of the
world or a region

nose n.

the part of the face that sticks out above the mouth, used for breathing and smelling
things

not adv.

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used to form the negative of the verbs be, do and have and modal verbs
like can or must and often reduced to n’t

note n., v.

a short piece of writing to help you remember something

nothing pron.

not anything; no single thing

notice n., v.

the fact of somebody paying attention to somebody/something or knowing about

something

noticeable adj.

easy to see or notice; clear or definite

novel n.

a story long enough to fill a complete book, in which the characters and events are
usually imaginary

November n. (abbr. Nov.)

the 11th month of the year, between October and December

now adv.

(at) the present time

nowhere adv.

not in or to any place

nuclear adj.

using, producing or resulting from nuclear energy

number (abbr. No., no.) n.

a word or symbol that represents an amount or a quantity

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nurse n.

a person whose job is to take care of sick or injured people, usually in a hospital

nut n.

a small hard fruit with a very hard shell that grows on some trees

obey v.

to do what you are told or expected to do

object n., v.

a thing that can be seen and touched, but is not alive,

to say that you disagree with, disapprove of or oppose something

objective n., adj.

something that you are trying to achieve

observation n.

the act of watching somebody/something carefully for a period of time, especially to

learn something

observe v.

to see or notice somebody/something

obtain v.

to get something, especially by making an effort

obvious adj.

easy to see or understand

obviously adv.

used when giving information that you expect other people to know already or agree with

occasion n.

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a particular time when something happens

occasionally adv.

ometimes but not often

occupy v.

to fill or use a space, an area or an amount of time

occupied adj.

being used by somebody

occur v.

(formal) to happen

ocean n.

the mass of salt water that covers most of the earth’s surface

o’clock adv.

used with the numbers 1 to 12 when telling the time, to mean an exact hou

October n. (abbr. Oct.)

he 10th month of the year, between September and Novembe

odd adj.

strange or unusual

oddly adv.

in a strange or unusual way

of prep.

belonging to somebody; relating to somebody

off adv., prep.

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away from a place; at a distance in space or time

offence (BrE) (NAmE offense) n.

an illegal act

offend v.

to make somebody feel upset because of something you say or do that is rude or
embarrassing

offensive adj.

rude in a way that causes you to feel upset, insulted or annoyed

offer v., n.

to say that you are willing to do something for somebody or give something to
somebody

office n.

a room, set of rooms or building where people work, usually sitting at desks

officer n.

a person who is in a position of authority in the armed forces

official adj., n.

connected with the job of somebody who is in a position of authority

officially adv.

publicly and by somebody who is in a position of authority

often adv.

many times

oh exclamation

used when you are reacting to something that has been said, especially if you did not
know it before

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oil n.

a thick liquid that is found in rock underground

OK (also okay) exclamation, adj., adv.

yes; all right

old adj.

be… years, months, etc. old of a particular age

old-fashioned adj.

not modern; no longer fashionable

on prep., adv.

in or into a position covering, touching or forming part of a surface

once adv., conj.

on one occasion only; one time

one number, det., pron.

one another each other

onion n.

a round vegetable with many layers inside each other and a brown, red or white skin.
Onions have a strong smell and flavour.

online

controlled by or connected to a computer or to the Internet

only adj., adv.

used to say that no other or others of the same group exist or are there

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onto prep.

used with verbs to express movement on or to a particular place or position

open adj., v.

allowing things or people to go through

openly adv.

without hiding any feelings, opinions or information

opening n.

a space or hole that somebody/something can pass through

operate v.

to work in a particular way

operation n.

the process of cutting open a part of a person’s body in order to remove or repair a
damaged part

opinion n.

your feelings or thoughts about somebody/something, rather than a fact

opponent n.

a person that you are playing or fighting against in a game, competition, argument, etc.

opportunity n.

a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve something

oppose v.

to disagree strongly with somebody’s plan, policy, etc. and try to change it or prevent it
from succeeding

opposing adj.

(of teams, armies, forces, etc.) playing, fighting, working, etc. against each other
Page 223 of 361
opposed to

(of a person) disagreeing strongly with something and trying to stop it

opposite adj., adv., n., prep

on the other side of a particular area from somebody/something and usually facing them .

opposition n.

the act of strongly disagreeing with somebody/something, especially with the aim of
preventing something from happening

option n.

something that you can choose to have or do; the freedom to choose what you do

or conj.

used to introduce another possibility

orange n., adj.

a round citrus fruit with thick reddish-yellow skin and a lot of sweet juice

order n., v.

the way in which people or things are placed or arranged in relation to each other

ordinary adj.

not unusual or different in any way

organ n.

a part of the body that has a particular purpose, such as the heart or the brain; part of a
plant with a particular purpose

organization (BrE also -isation) n.

a group of people who form a business, club, etc. together in order to achieve a
particular aim

organize ( BrE also -ise) v.

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to arrange for something to happen or to be provided

organized adj.

involving large numbers of people who work together to do something in a way that has
been carefully planned

origin n.

the point from which something starts; the cause of something

original adj., n.

existing at the beginning of a particular period, process or activity

originally adv.

used to describe the situation that existed at the beginning of a particular period or
activity, especially before something was changed

other adj., pron.

used to refer to people or things that are additional or different to people or things that
have been mentioned or are known about

otherwise adv.

used to state what the result would be if something did not happen or if the situation
were different

ought to modal v.

used to say what is the right thing to do

our det.

belonging to us; connected with us

ours pron.

the one or ones that belong to us

ourselves pron.

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the reflexive form of we; used when you and another person or other people together
cause and are affected by an action

out (of) adv., prep.

out (of something) away from the inside of a place or thing

outdoors adv.

used, happening or located outside rather than in a building

outdoor adj.

outside, rather than in a building

outer adj.

on the outside of something

outline v., n.

to give a description of the main facts or points involved in something

output n.

the amount of something that a person, a machine or an organization produces

outside n., adj., prep., adv.

the outer side or surface of something

of, on or facing the outer side

outstanding adj.

extremely good; excellent

oven n.

the part of a cooker/stove shaped like a box with a door on the front, in which food is
cooked or heated

over adv., prep.

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downwards and away from a vertical position

overall adj., adv.

including all the things or people that are involved in a particular situation; general

overcome v.

to succeed in dealing with or controlling a problem that has been preventing you from
achieving something

owe v.

to have to pay somebody for something that you have already received or return money
that you have borrowed

own adj., pron., v.

used to emphasize that something belongs to or is connected with somebody

owner n.

a person who owns something

p abbr. page, penny

pace n.

the speed at which somebody/something walks, runs or moves

pack v., n.

to put clothes, etc. into a bag in preparation for a trip away from home

package n., v.

= parcel

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packaging n.

materials used to wrap or protect goods that are sold in shops/stores

packet n.

a small paper or cardboard container in which goods are packed for selling

page n. (abbr. p)

(abbreviation p) one side or both sides of a sheet of paper in a book, magazine, etc.

pain n.

the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill/sick

painful adj.

causing you pain

paint n., v.

a liquid that is put on surfaces to give them a particular colour; a layer of this liquid when
it has dried on a surface

painting n.

a picture that has been painted

painter n.

a person whose job is painting buildings, walls, etc.

pair n.

two things of the same type, especially when they are used or worn together

palace n.

the official home of a king, queen, president, etc

pale adj.

(of a person, their face, etc.) having skin that is almost white; having skin that is whiter
than usual because of illness, a strong emotion, etc.
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pan n.

a container, usually made of metal, with a handle or handles, used for cooking food in

panel n.

a square or rectangular piece of wood, glass or metal that forms part of a larger surface
such as a door or wall

pants n.

underpants or knickers

paper n.

the thin material that you write and draw on and that is also used for wrapping and
packing things

parallel adj.

two or more lines that are parallel to each other are the same distance apart at every
point

parent n.

a person’s father or mother

park n., v.

an area of public land in a town or a city where people go to walk, play and relax

parliament n.

the group of people who are elected to make and change the laws of a country

part n.

some but not all of a thing

particular adj.

used to emphasize that you are referring to one individual person, thing or type of thing
and not others
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particularly adv.

especially; more than usual or more than others

partly adv.

to some extent; not completely

partner n.

the person that you are married to or having a sexual relationship with

partnership n.

the state of being a partner in business

party n.

a political organization that you can vote for in elections and whose members have the
same aims and ideas

pass v.

to move past or to the other side of somebody/something

passing n., adj.

the process of time going by

passage n.

a long narrow area with walls on either side that connects one room or place with
another

passenger n.

a person who is travelling in a car, bus, train, plane or ship and who is not driving it or
working on it

passport n.

an official document that identifies you as a citizen of a particular country, and that you
may have to show when you enter or leave a country
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past adj., n., prep., adv.

gone by in time

path n.

a way or track that is built or is made by the action of people walking

patience n.

the ability to stay calm and accept a delay or something annoying without complaining

patient n., adj.

a person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital

pattern n.

the regular way in which something happens or is done

pause v., n.

to stop talking or doing something for a short time before continuing

pay v., n.

to give somebody money for work, goods, services, etc.

payment n.

the act of paying somebody/something or of being paid

peace n.

a situation or a period of time in which there is no war or violence in a country or an

area

peaceful adj.

not involving a war, violence or argument

peak n.

the point when somebody/something is best, most successful, strongest, etc

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pen n.

an instrument made of plastic or metal used for writing with ink

pence n.

penny

pencil n.

a narrow piece of wood, or a metal or plastic case, containing a black or coloured

substance, used for drawing or writing

penny n. (abbr. p)

a small British coin and unit of money. There are 100 pence in one pound (£1)

pension n.

an amount of money paid regularly by a government or company to somebody who is

considered to be too old or too ill/sick to work

people n.

persons; men, women and children

pepper n.

a powder made from dried berries (called peppercorns ), used to give a hot flavour to
food

per prep.

used to express the cost or amount of something for each person, number used,
distance travelled, etc.

per cent (NAmE usually percent) n., adj., adv.

one part in every hundred

perfect adj.

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having everything that is necessary; complete and without faults or weaknesses

perfectly adv.

completely

perform v.

to do something, such as a piece of work, task or duty

performance n.

the act of performing a play, concert or some other form of entertainment

performer n.

a person who performs for an audience in a show, concert, etc.

perhaps adv.

possibly

period n.

a particular length of time

permanent adj.

lasting for a long time or for all time in the future; existing all the time

permanently adv.

in a way that lasts for a long time or for all time in the future; in a way that exists all the
time

permission n.

the act of allowing somebody to do something, especially when this is done by

somebody in a position of authority

permit v.

to allow somebody to do something or to allow something to happen

person n.
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a human as an individual

personal adj.

your own; not belonging to or connected with anyone else

personally adv.

used to show that you are giving your own opinion about something

personality n.

the various aspects of a person’s character that combine to make them different from
other people

persuade v.

to make somebody do something by giving them good reasons for doing it

pet n.

an animal, a bird, etc. that you have at home for pleasure, rather than one that is kept for
work or food

petrol n. (BrE)

a liquid obtained from petroleum, used as fuel in car engines, etc.

phase n.

a stage in a process of change or development

philosophy n.

the study of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life

phone telephone

a system for talking to somebody else over long distances using wires or radio; a
machine used for this; a telephone

photocopy n., v.

a copy of a document, etc. made by the action of light on a specially treated surface

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photograph n., v. (also photo n.)

(also photo) a picture that is made by using a camera that stores images in digital form or
that has a film sensitive to light inside it

photographer n.

a person who takes photographs, especially as a job

photography n.

the art, process or job of taking photographs or filming something

phrase n.

(grammar) a small group of words without a finite verb that together have a particular
meaning and that typically form part of a sentence. ‘the green car’ and ‘on Friday
morning’ are phrases

physical adj.

connected with a person’s body rather than their mind

physically adv.

connected with a person’s body rather than their mind

physics n.

the scientific study of matter and energy and the relationships between them, including
the study of forces, heat, light, sound, electricity and the structure of atoms

piano n.

a large musical instrument played by pressing the black and white keys on the
keyboard. The sound is produced by small hammers hitting the metal strings inside
the piano.

pick v.

to choose somebody/something from a group of people or things

pick sth up

to get better, stronger, etc.; to improve

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picture n.

a painting or drawing, etc. that shows a scene, a person or thing

piece n.

(used especially with of and uncountable nouns) an amount of something that has been
cut or separated from the rest of it; a standard amount of something

pig n.

(also hog especially in North American English) an animal with pink, black or brown skin,
short legs, a broad nose and a short tail which curls round itself. Pigs are kept on farms
for their meat (called pork) or live in the wild.

pile n., v.

a number of things that have been placed on top of each other

pill n.

a small flat round piece of medicine that you swallow without chewing it

pilot n.

a person who operates the controls of an aircraft, especially as a job

pin n., v.

a short thin piece of stiff wire with a sharp point at one end and a round head at the
other, used especially for fastening together pieces of cloth when sewing

pink adj., n.

pale red in colour

pint n. (abbr. pt)

(abbreviation pt) a unit for measuring liquids and some dry goods. There are 8 pints in a
gallon, equal to 0.568 of a litre in the UK and some other countries, and 0.473 of a litre
in the US

pipe n.

a tube through which liquids and gases can flow

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pitch n.

(also field North American English, British English) [countable]an area of ground
specially prepared and marked for playing a sports game

pity n.

a feeling of sympathy and sadness caused by the suffering and troubles of others

place n., v.

a particular position, point or area

plain adj.

easy to see or understand

plan n., v.

something that you intend to do or achieve

planning n.

the act or process of making plans for something

plane n.

(British English also aeroplane) (also airplane especially in North American English) a
flying vehicle with wings and one or more engines

planet n.

a large round object in space that moves around a star (such as the sun) and receives
light from it

plant n., v.

a living thing that grows in the earth and usually has a stem, leaves and roots,
especially one that is smaller than a tree or bush

plastic n., adj.

a light strong material that is produced by chemical processes and can be formed into
shapes when heated. There are many different types of plastic, used to make different
objects and fabrics.
Page 237 of 361
plate n.

a flat, usually round, dish that you put food on

platform n.

the raised flat area beside the track at a train station where you get on or off the train

play v., n.

to do things for pleasure, as children do; to enjoy yourself, rather than work

player n.

a person who takes part in a game or sport

pleasant adj.

enjoyable, pleasing or attractive

pleasantly adv.

n an enjoyable, pleasing or attractive way

please exclamation, v.

used as a polite way of asking for something or telling somebody to do something

pleasing adj.

that gives you pleasure or satisfaction

pleased adj.

feeling happy about something

pleasure n.

a state of feeling or being happy or satisfied

plenty pron., adv., n., det.

a large amount; as much or as many as you need

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plot n., v.

the series of events that form the story of a novel, play, film/movie, etc.

plug n.

a small plastic object with two or three metal pins that connects a piece of electrical
equipment to the main supply of electricity

plus prep., n., adj., conj.

used when the two numbers or amounts mentioned are being added together

p.m. (NAmE also P.M.) abbr.

after 12 o’clock noon (from Latin ‘post meridiem’)

pocket n.

a small piece of material like a small bag sewn into or onto a piece of clothing so that
you can carry things in it

poem n.

a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their sound and the images they
suggest, not just for their obvious meanings. The words are arranged in separate lines,
usually with a repeated rhythm, and often the lines rhyme at the end.

poetry n.

a collection of poems; poems in general

point n., v.

a thing that somebody says or writes giving their opinion or stating a fact

pointed adj.

having a sharp end

poison n., v.

a substance that causes death or harm if it is swallowed or absorbed into the body

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poisonous adj.

causing death or illness if swallowed or absorbed into the body

pole n.

a long thin straight piece of wood or metal, especially one with the end placed in the
ground, used as a support

police n.

(also the police) [plural] an official organization whose job is to make people obey the law
and to prevent and solve crime; the people who work for this organization

policy n.

a plan of action agreed or chosen by a political party, a business, etc.

polish n., v.

a substance used when rubbing a surface to make it smooth and shiny

polite adj.

having or showing good manners and respect for the feelings of others

politely adv.

in a way that shows good manners and respect for the feelings of others

political adj.

connected with the state, government or public affairs

politically adv.

in a way that is connected with politics

politician n.

(also North American English, informal pol) a person whose job is concerned with
politics, especially as an elected member of parliament, etc.

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politics n.

the activities involved in getting and using power in public life, and being able to
influence decisions that affect a country or a society

pollution n.

the process of making air, water, soil, etc. dirty; the state of being dirty

pool n.

= swimming pool

poor adj.

having very little money; not having enough money for basic needs

pop n., v.

popular music of the sort that has been popular since the 1950s, usually with a strong
rhythm and simple tunes, often contrasted with rock, soul and other forms of popular
music

popular adj.

liked or enjoyed by a large number of people

population n.

all the people who live in a particular area, city or country; the total number of people
who live there

port n.

a town or city with a harbour, especially one where ships load and unload goods

pose v., n.

to create a threat, problem, etc. that has to be dealt with

position n.

the place where somebody/something is located

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positive adj.

thinking about what is good in a situation; feeling confident and sure that something
good will happen

possess v.

(formal) to have or own something

possession n.

the state of having or owning something

possibility n.

the fact that something might exist or happen, but is not certain to

possible adj.

that can be done or achieved

possibly adv.

used to say that something might exist, happen or be true, but you are not certain

post n., v.

(also mail North American English, British English) [uncountable] the official system
used for sending and delivering letters, packages, etc.

post office n.

a place where you can buy stamps, send letters, etc.

pot n.

a deep round container used for cooking things in

potato n.

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a round white vegetable with a brown or red skin that grows underground as the root of
a plant also called a potato

potential adj., n.

that can develop into something or be developed in the future

potentially adv.

used to say that something may develop into something

pound n.

(symbol £) the unit of money in the UK, worth 100 pence

pour v.

to make a liquid or other substance flow from a container in a continuous stream,

especially by holding the container at an angle

powder n.

a dry mass of very small fine pieces or grains

power n.

the ability to control people or things

powerful adj.

(of people) being able to control and influence people and events

practical adj.

connected with real situations rather than with ideas or theories

practically adv.

almost; very nearly

practice n. (BrE, NAmE), v. (NAmE)

action rather than ideas

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practise v. (BrE)

to do an activity or train regularly so that you can improve your skill

praise n., v.

words that show approval of or admiration for somebody/something

prayer n.

to speak to God, especially to give thanks or ask for help

precise adj.

clear and accurate

precisely adv.

exactly

predict v.

exactly

prefer v.

to like one thing or person better than another; to choose one thing rather than
something else because you like it better

preference n.

a greater interest in or desire for somebody/something than somebody/something else

pregnant adj.

(of a woman or female animal) having a baby or young animal developing inside her/its
body

premises n.

the building and land near to it that a business owns or uses

preparation n.
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the act or process of getting ready for something or making something ready

prepare v.

to make something or somebody ready to be used or to do something

prepared adj.

ready and able to deal with something

presence n.

(of a person) the fact of being in a particular place

present adj., n., v.

to give something to somebody, especially formally at a ceremony

presentation n.

the act of showing something or of giving something to somebody

preserve v.

to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept

president n.

the leader of a republic, especially the US

press n., v.

newspapers and magazines

pressure n.

] the force or weight with which something presses against something else

presumably adv.

used to say that you think that something is probably true

pretend v.

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to behave in a particular way, in order to make other people believe something that is
not true

pretty adv., adj.

to some extent; fairly

prevent v.

to stop somebody from doing something; to stop something from happening

previous adj.

happening or existing before the event or object that you are talking about

previously adv.

at a time before the time that you are talking about

price n.

the amount of money that you have to pay for something

pride n.

a feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that you get when you or people who are connected
with you have done something well or own something that other people admire

priest n.

a person who is qualified to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the Roman
Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches

primary adj.

main; most important; basic

primarily adv.

mainly

prime minister n.

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the main minister and leader of the government in some countries

prince n.

a male member of a royal family who is not king, especially the son or grandson of the
king or queen

princess n.

a female member of a royal family who is not a queen, especially the daughter or
granddaughter of the king or queen

principle n.

a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions

print v., n.

to produce letters, pictures, etc. on paper using a machine that puts ink on the surface

printing n.

the act of producing letters, pictures, patterns, etc. on something by pressing a surface
covered with ink against it

printer n.

a machine for printing text on paper, especially one connected to a computer

prior adj.

happening or existing before something else or before a particular time

priority n.

something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with
first

prison n.

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a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime they have committed, or
while they are waiting for trial

prisoner n.

a person who is kept in prison as a punishment, or while they are waiting for trial

private adj.

belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group; not for public use

privately adv.

independently; in a way that is not under control of the state

prize n.

an award that is given to a person who wins a competition, race, etc. or who does very
good work

probable adj.

likely to happen, to exist or to be true

probably adv.

used to say that something is likely to happen or to be true

problem n.

a thing that is difficult to deal with or to understand

procedure n.

a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way

proceed v.

to continue doing something that has already been started; to continue being done

process n., v.

a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result

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produce v.

to make things to be sold, especially in large quantities

producer n.

a person, a company or a country that grows or makes food, goods or materials

product n.

a thing that is grown or produced, usually for sale

production n.

the process of growing or making food, goods or materials, especially large quantities

profession n.

a type of job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of
education

professional adj., n.

connected with a job that needs special training or skill, especially one that needs a
high level of education

professor n.

(North American English full professor) a university teacher of the highest rank

profit n.

the money that you make in business or by selling things, especially after paying the
costs involved

program n., v.

a set of instructions in code that control the operations or functions of a computer

programme n. (BrE)

a plan of things that will be done or included in the development of something

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progress n., v.

the process of improving or developing, or of getting nearer to achieving or completing

something

project n., v.

to improve or develop over a period of time; to make progress

to plan an activity, a project etc. for a time in the future

promise v., n.

a planned piece of work that is designed to find information about something, to produce
something new, or to improve something

promote v.

to tell somebody that you will definitely do or not do something, or that something will
definitely happen

to help something to happen or develop

promotion n.

a move to a more important job or rank in a company or an organization

prompt adj., v.

done without delay

promptly adv.

without delay

pronounce v.

to make the sound of a word or letter in a particular way

pronunciation n.

the way in which a language or a particular word or sound is pronounced

proof n.

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information, documents, etc. that show that something is true

proper adj.

right, appropriate or correct; according to the rules

properly adv.

in a way that is correct and/or appropriate

property n.

a thing or things that are owned by somebody; a possession or possessions

proportion n.

a part or share of a whole

proposal n.

a formal suggestion or plan; the act of making a suggestion

propose v.

to suggest a plan, an idea, etc. for people to think about and decide on

prospect n.

the possibility that something will happen

protect v.

to make sure that somebody/something is not harmed, injured, damaged, etc.

protection n.

the act of protecting somebody/something; the state of being protected

protest

to say or do something to show that you disagree with or disapprove of something,

especially publicly

proud adj.

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feeling pleased and satisfied about something that you own or have done, or are
connected with

proudly adv.

in a way that shows that somebody is proud of something

prove v.

to use facts, evidence, etc. to show that something is true

provide v.

to give something to somebody or make it available for them to use

provided (also providing) conj.

used to say what must happen or be done to make it possible for something else to
happen

pt abbr. pint

pub n.

a building where people go to drink and meet their friends. Pubs serve alcoholic and
other drinks, and often also food.

public adj., n.

connected with ordinary people in society in general

publicly adv.

by the government

publication n.

the act of printing a book, a magazine, etc. and making it available to the public; a book,
a magazine, etc. that has been published

publicity n.

the attention that is given to somebody/something by newspapers, television, etc.

publish v.
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to produce a book, magazine, CD-ROM, etc. and sell it to the public

publishing n.

the profession or business of preparing and printing books, magazines, CD-ROMs, etc.
and selling or making them available to the public

pull v., n.

to hold something firmly and use force in order to move it or try to move it towards
yourself

punch v., n.

to hit somebody/something hard with your fist (= closed hand)

punish v.

to make somebody suffer because they have broken the law or done something wrong

punishment n.

an act or a way of punishing somebody

pupil n. (especially BrE)

a person who is being taught, especially a child in a school

purchase n., v.

the act or process of buying something

pure adj.

not mixed with anything else; with nothing added

purely adv.

only; completely

purple adj., n.

the colour of blue and red mixed together

purpose n.
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the intention, aim or function of something; the thing that something is supposed to
achieve

pursue v.

to do something or try to achieve something over a period of time

push v., n.

to use your hands, arms or body in order to make somebody/something move forward
or away from you; to move part of your body into a particular position

put v.

to move something into a particular place or position

put sth on

to give somebody the telephone so that they can talk to the person at the other end

put sth out

to take something out of your house and leave it, for example for somebody to collect, to
stop something from burning or shining

put forward

to suggest yourself/somebody as a candidate for a job or position, to move something to

an earlier time or date, to suggest something for discussion

put off

to cancel a meeting or an arrangement that you have made with somebody

put up with

to accept somebody/something that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining

put up

to show a particular level of skill, determination, etc. in a fight or contest,

qualification n.

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an exam that you have passed or a course of study that you have successfully
completed

qualify v.

to reach the standard of ability or knowledge needed to do a particular job, for example
by completing a course of study or passing exams

qualified adj.

having passed the exams or completed the training that are necessary in order to do a
particular job; having the experience to do a particular job

quality n.

the standard of something when it is compared to other things like it; how good or bad
something is

quantity n.

an amount or a number of something

quarter n.

one of four equal parts of something

queen n.

the female ruler of an independent state that has a royal family

question n., v.

a sentence, phrase or word that asks for information

quick adj.

done with speed; taking or lasting a short time

quickly adv.

fast

quiet adj.

making very little noise

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quietly adv.

in a way that makes very little noise

quit v.

to leave your job, school, etc.

quite adv.

(not used with a negative) to some degree

quote v.

to repeat the exact words that another person has said or written

race n., v.

a competition between people, animals, vehicles, etc. to see which one is the faster or
fastest

racing n.

the sport of racing horses

radio n.

the activity of broadcasting programmes for people to listen to; the programmes that are
broadcast

rail n.

a wooden or metal bar placed around something as a barrier or to provide support

railway (BrE) (NAmE railroad) n.

(British English also railway line) a track with rails on which trains run

rain n., v.

water that falls from the sky in separate drops

raise v.
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to lift or move something to a higher level

range n.

a variety of things of a particular type

rank n., v.

the position, especially a high position, that somebody has in a particular organization,
society, etc.

rapid adj.

happening in a short period of time

rapidly adv.

very quickly; at a great rate

rare adj.

not done, seen, happening, etc. very often

rarely adv.

not very often

rate n., v.

a measurement of the speed at which something happens

rather adv.

used to mean ‘fairly’ or ‘to some degree’, often when you are expressing slight criticism,
disappointment or surprise

raw adj.

not cooked

re- prefix

(in verbs and related nouns, adjectives and adverbs) again

reach v.
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to arrive at the place that you have been travelling to

react v.

to change or behave in a particular way as a result of or in response to something

reaction n.

what you do, say or think as a result of something that has happened

read v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to look at and understand the meaning of written or
printed words or symbols

reading n.

the activity of somebody who reads

reader n.

a person who reads, especially one who reads a lot or in a particular way

ready adj.

fully prepared for what you are going to do

real adj.

actually existing or happening and not imagined or pretended

really adv.

used to say what is actually the fact or the truth about something

realistic adj.

accepting in a sensible way what it is actually possible to do or achieve in a particular

situation

reality n.

the true situation and the problems that actually exist in life, in contrast to how you
would like life to be

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realize (BrE also -ise) v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to understand or become aware of a particular fact
or situation

rear n., adj.

the back part of something

reason n.

a cause or an explanation for something that has happened or that somebody has done

reasonable adj.

fair, practical and sensible

reasonably adv.

to a degree that is fairly good but not very good

recall v.

to remember something

receipt n.

(North American English also sales slip) [countable] receipt (for something) a piece of
paper that shows that goods or services have been paid for

receive v.

to get or accept something that is sent or given to you

recent adj.

that happened or began only a short time ago

recently adv.

not long ago

reception n.

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the area inside the entrance of a hotel, an office building, etc. where guests or visitors go
first when they arrive

reckon v.

to think something or have an opinion about something

reckon on

to expect something to happen or to rely on something happening

recognition n.

the act of remembering who somebody is when you see them, or of identifying what
something is

recognize (BrE also -ise) v.

to know who somebody is or what something is when you see or hear them or it,
because you have seen or heard them or it before

recommend v.

to tell somebody that something is good or useful, or that somebody would be suitable
for a particular job, etc.

record n., v.

a written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at and used in the
future, to keep a permanent account of facts or events by writing them down, filming
them, storing them in a computer, etc.

recording n.

sound or pictures that have been recorded on CD, DVD, video, etc.

recover v.

to get well again after being ill/sick, hurt, etc.

red adj., n.

having the colour of blood or fire

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reduce v.

to make something less or smaller in size, quantity, price, etc.

reduction n.

an act of making something less or smaller; the state of being made less or smaller

refer to v.

to mention or speak about somebody/something

reference n.

a thing you say or write that mentions somebody/something else; the act of mentioning
somebody/something

reflect v.

to show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a

mirror, water or glass

reform v., n.

to improve a system, an organization, a law, etc. by making changes to it

refrigerator n.

= fridge

refusal n.

an act of saying or showing that you will not do, give or accept something

refuse v.

to say that you will not do something that somebody has asked you to do

regard v., n.

to think about somebody/something in a particular way

regarding prep.
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concerning somebody/something; about somebody/something

region n.

a large area of land, usually without exact limits or borders

regional adj.

of or relating to a region

register v., n.

to record your/somebody’s/something’s name on an official list

regret v., n.

to feel sorry about something you have done or about something that you have not been
able to do

regular adj.

following a pattern, especially with the same time or space in between each thing and
the next

regularly adv.

at regular intervals or times

regulation n.

an official rule made by a government or some other authority

reject v.

to refuse to accept or consider something

relate v.

show or make a connection between two or more things

related (to) adj.

connected with something/somebody in some way, to be connected with

something/somebody; to refer to something/somebody

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relation n.

the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal
with each other

relationship n.

the way in which two people, groups or countries behave towards each other or deal
with each other

relative adj., n.

considered and judged by being compared with something else

relatively adv.

to a fairly large degree, especially in comparison to something else

relax v.

to rest while you are doing something enjoyable, especially after work or effort

relaxed adj.

(of a person) calm and not anxious or worried

relaxing adj.

helping you to rest and become less anxious

release v., n.

to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped

relevant adj.

closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinking
about

relief n.

the feeling of happiness that you have when something unpleasant stops or does not
happen

religion n.
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the belief in the existence of a god or gods, and the activities that are connected with the
worship of them, or in the teachings of a spiritual leader

religious adj.

connected with religion or with a particular religion

rely on v.

to need or depend on somebody/something

remain v.

linking verb to continue to be something; to be still in the same state or condition

remaining adj.

still needing to be done or dealt with

remains n.

the parts of something that are left after the other parts have been used, eaten,
removed, etc.

remark n., v.

something that you say or write which expresses an opinion, a thought, etc. about
somebody/something

remarkable adj.

unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice

remarkably adv.

in a way that is unusual or surprising and causes people to take notice

remember v.

to have or keep an image in your memory of an event, a person, a place, etc. from the
past

remind v.
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to help somebody remember something, especially something important that they must
do

remote adj.

far away from places where other people live

removal n.

the act of taking somebody/something away from a particular place

remove v.

to take something/somebody away from a place

rent n., v.

an amount of money that you regularly pay so that you can use a house, etc.

rented adj.

that you pay rent for

repair v., n.

to restore something that is broken, damaged or torn to good condition

repeat v.

to say or write something again or more than once

repeated adj.

happening, said or done many times

repeatedly adv.

many times

replace v.

to be used instead of something/somebody else; to do something instead of

somebody/something else

reply n., v.
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to say or write something as an answer to somebody/something

report v., n.

to give people information about something that you have heard, seen, done, etc.

represent v.

to be a member of a group of people and act or speak on their behalf at an event, a

meeting, etc.

representative n., adj.

a person who has been chosen to speak or vote for somebody else or on behalf of a
group

reproduce v.

to make a copy of a picture, piece of text, etc.

reputation n.

the opinion that people have about what somebody/something is like, based on what
has happened in the past

request n., v.

the action of asking for something formally and politely

require v.

to need something; to depend on somebody/something

requirement n.

something that you need or want

rescue v., n.

to save somebody/something from a dangerous or harmful situation

research n.

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a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information
about it

reservation n.

an arrangement for a seat on a plane or train, a room in a hotel, etc. to be kept for you

reserve v., n.

to ask for a seat, table, room, etc. to be available for you or somebody else at a future
time

resident n., adj.

a person who lives in a particular place or who has their home there

resist v.

to refuse to accept something and try to stop it from happening

resistance n.

dislike of or opposition to a plan, an idea, etc.; refusal to obey

resolve v.

to find an acceptable solution to a problem or difficulty

resort n.

a place where a lot of people go on holiday/vacation

resource n.

a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use,
especially to increase their wealth

respect n., v.

a feeling of admiration for somebody/something because of their good qualities or

achievements

respond v.

to give a spoken or written answer to somebody/something

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response n.

a spoken or written answer

responsibility n.

a duty to deal with or take care of somebody/something, so that you may be blamed if
something goes wrong

responsible adj.

having the job or duty of doing something or taking care of somebody/something, so that
you may be blamed if something goes wrong

rest n., v.

the remaining part of something

restaurant n.

a place where you can buy and eat a meal

restore v.

to bring back a situation or feeling that existed before

restrict v.

to limit the size, amount or range of something

restricted adj.

limited or small in size or amount

restriction n.

a rule or law that limits what you can do or what can happen

result n., v.

a thing that is caused or produced because of something else

retain v.
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to keep something; to continue to have something

retire v.

to stop doing your job, especially because you have reached a particular age or
because you are ill/sick; to tell somebody they must stop doing their job

retired adj.

having retired from work

retirement n.

the fact of stopping work because you have reached a particular age; the time when
you do this

return v., n.

the fact of stopping work because you have reached a particular age; the time when
you do this

reveal v.

to make something known to somebody

reverse v., n.

to change something completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before

review n., v.

an examination of something, with the intention of changing it if necessary

revise v.

to change your opinions or plans, for example because of something you have learned

revision n.

a change or set of changes to something

revolution n.

an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country,

especially by violent action
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reward n., v.

a thing that you are given because you have done something good, worked hard, etc.

rhythm n.

a strong regular repeated pattern of sounds or movements

rice n.

short, narrow white or brown grain grown on wet land in hot countries as food; the plant
that produces this grain

rich adj.

having a lot of money or property

rid v.: get rid of

(formal) to be free of somebody/something that has been annoying you or that you do
not want

ride v., n.

] to sit on a horse, etc. and control it as it moves

riding n.

the sport or activity of riding horses

rider n.

a person who rides a horse, bicycle or motorcycle

ridiculous adj.

very silly or unreasonable

right adj., adv., n.

morally good or acceptable; correct according to law or a person’s duty

rightly adv.

for a good reason

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ring n., v.

] a piece of jewellery that you wear on your finger, consisting of a round band of gold,
silver, etc., sometimes decorated with precious stones

to telephone somebody/something

rise n., v.

an increase in an amount, a number or a level

risk n., v.

the possibility of something bad happening at some time in the future; a situation that
could be dangerous or have a bad result

rival n., adj.

(of a person, company, thing, etc.) competing with another person, company, thing, etc

river n.

(abbreviation R.) a natural flow of water that continues in a long line across land to the
sea/ocean

road n.

a hard surface built for vehicles to travel on

rob v.

to steal money or property from a person or place

rock n.

the hard solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth and some other
planets

role n.

the function or position that somebody has or is expected to have in an organization, in

society or in a relationship

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roll n., v.

a long piece of paper, cloth, film, etc. that has been wrapped around itself or a tube
several times so that it forms the shape of a tube

romantic adj.

connected or concerned with love or a sexual relationship

roof n.

the structure that covers or forms the top of a building or vehicle

room n.

a part of a building that has its own walls, floor and ceiling and is usually used for a
particular purpose

root n.

the part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that it
sends to the rest of the plant

rope n.

very strong thick string made by twisting thinner strings, wires, etc. together

rough adj.

having a surface that is not even or regular

roughly adv.

approximately but not exactly

round adj., adv., prep., n.

shaped like a circle or a ball

rounded adj.

having a round shape

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route n.

a way that you follow to get from one place to another

routine n., adj.

the normal order and way in which you regularly do things

row / NAmE / n.

a number of people standing or sitting next to each other in a line; a number of objects
arranged in a line

royal adj.

connected with or belonging to the king or queen of a country

rub v.

to move your hand, or something such as a cloth, backwards and forwards over a
surface while pressing firmly

rubber n.

a strong substance that can be stretched and does not allow liquids to pass through it,
used for making tyres, boots, etc. It is made from the liquid (= sap) inside a tropical plant
or is produced using chemicals.

rubbish n. (especially BrE)

things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them

rude adj.

having or showing a lack of respect for other people and their feelings

rudely adv.

in a way that shows a lack of respect for other people and their feelings

ruin v., n.

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 to damage something so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.; to spoil
something

ruined adj.

(of a building, town, etc.) destroyed or severely damaged so that only parts remain

rule n., v.

a statement of what may, must or must not be done in a particular situation or when
playing a game

ruler n.

a person who rules or governs

a straight strip of wood, plastic or metal, marked in centimetres or inches, used for
measuring or for drawing straight lines

rumour n.

a piece of information, or a story, that people talk about, but that may not be true

run v., n.

to move using your legs, going faster than when you walk

run away

to leave somebody/a place suddenly; to escape from somebody/a place

run out

if a supply of something runs out, it is used up or finished

run over

if a container or its contents run over, the contents come over the edge of the container

run through

to kill somebody by sticking a knife, sword, etc. through them

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running n.

the action or sport of running

runner n.

a person or an animal that runs, especially one taking part in a race

rural adj.

connected with or like the countryside

rush v., n.

to move or to do something with great speed, often too fast

sack n., v.

a large bag with no handles, made of strong rough material or strong paper or plastic,
used for storing and carrying, for example flour, coal, etc.

sad adj.

unhappy or showing unhappiness

sadly adv.

unfortunately

sadness n.

the feeling of being sad

safe adj.

protected from any danger or harm

safely adv.

without being harmed, damaged or lost

safety n.

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the state of being safe and protected from danger or harm

sail v., n.

(of a boat or ship or the people on it) to travel on water using sails or an engine

sailing n.

the sport or activity of travelling in a boat with sails

sailor n.

a person who works on a ship as a member of the crew

salad n.

a mixture of raw vegetables such as lettuce, tomato and cucumber, usually served with
other food as part of a meal

salary n.

money that employees receive for doing their job, especially professional employees or
people working in an office, usually paid every month

sale n.

an act or the process of selling something

salt n.

a white substance that is added to food to give it a better flavour or to preserve it.Salt is
obtained from mines and is also found in sea water. It is sometimes called common
salt to distinguish it from other chemical salts.

salty adj.

containing or tasting of salt

same adj.,

exactly the one or ones referred to or mentioned; not different

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sample n.

a number of people or things taken from a larger group and used in tests to provide
information about the group

sand n.

a substance that consists of very small fine grains of rock. Sand is found on beaches, in
deserts, etc.

satisfaction n.

the good feeling that you have when you have achieved something or when something
that you wanted to happen does happen; something that gives you this feeling

satisfy v.

to make somebody pleased by doing or giving them what they want

satisfied adj.

pleased because you have achieved something or because something that you wanted
to happen has happened

satisfying adj.

giving pleasure because it provides something you need or want

Saturday n. (abbr. Sat.)

the day of the week after Friday and before Sunday

sauce n.

a thick liquid that is eaten with food to add flavour to it

save v.

to keep somebody/something safe from death, harm, loss, etc.

saving n.

an amount of something such as time or money that you do not need to use or spend

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say v.

to speak or tell somebody something, using words

scale n.

the size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else

scare v., n.

to frighten somebody

scared adj.

frightened of something or afraid that something bad might happen

scene n.

the place where something happens, especially something unpleasant

schedule n., v.

a plan that lists all the work that you have to do and when you must do each thing

scheme n.

a plan or system for doing or organizing something

school n.

a place where children go to be educated

science n.

knowledge about the structure and behaviour of the natural and physical world, based
on facts that you can prove, for example by experiments

scientific adj.

involving science; connected with science

scientist n.

a person who studies one or more of the natural sciences (= for example, physics,
chemistry and biology)
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scissors n.

a tool for cutting paper or cloth, that has two sharp blades with handles, joined together
in the middle

score n., v.

the number of points, goals, etc. scored by each player or team in a game or competition

scratch v., n.

to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching

scream v., n.

to give a loud, high cry, because you are hurt, frightened, excited, etc.

screen n.

the flat surface at the front of a television, computer, or other electronic device, on which
you see pictures or information

screw n., v.

a thin pointed piece of metal like a nail with a raised spiral line (called a thread ) along it
and a line or cross cut into its head. Screws are turned and pressed into wood, metal,
etc. with a screwdriver in order to fasten two things together.

sea n.

(also the sea) [uncountable] (literary seas [plural]) (especially British English) the salt
water that covers most of the earth’s surface and surrounds its continents and islands

seal n., v.

to close an envelope, etc. by sticking the edges of the opening together

search n., v.

an attempt to find somebody/something, especially by looking carefully for them/it

season n.

any of the four main periods of the year: spring, summer, autumn/fall and winter

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seat n.

a place where you can sit, for example a chair

second det., ordinal number, adv., n.

happening or coming next after the first in a series of similar things or people; 2nd

secondary adj.

less important than something else

secret adj., n.

known about by only a few people; kept hidden from others

secretly adv.

in a way that is kept hidden from people

secretary n.

a person who works in an office, working for another person, dealing with letters and
telephone calls, typing, keeping records, arranging meetings with people, etc.

section n.

any of the parts into which something is divided

sector n.

a part of an area of activity, especially of a country’s economy

secure adj., v.

feeling happy and confident about yourself or a particular situation

security n.

the activities involved in protecting a country, building or person against attack, danger,
etc.

see v.
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 (not used in the progressive tenses) to become aware of somebody/something by using
your eyes

seed n.

the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new plant can grow

seek v.

to look for something/somebody

seem linking v.

(not used in the progressive tenses) to give the impression of being or doing something

select v.

to choose somebody/something from a group of people or things, usually according to a

system

selection n.

the process of choosing somebody/something from a group of people or things, usually

according to a system

self n.

the type of person you are, especially the way you normally behave, look or feel

self- combining form

(in nouns and adjectives) of, to or by yourself or itself

sell v.

to give something to somebody in exchange for money

senate n.

one of the two groups of elected politicians who make laws in some countries, for
example in the US, Australia, Canada and France. The Senate is smaller than the other
group but higher in rank. Many state parliaments in the US also have a Senate.

senator n.

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a member of a senate

send v.

to make something go or be taken to a place, especially by post/mail, email, radio, etc.

senior adj., n.

high in rank or status; higher in rank or status than others

sense n.

one of the five powers (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) that your body uses to get
information about the world around you

sensible adj

(of people and their behaviour) able to make good judgements based on reason and
experience rather than emotion; practical.

sensitive adj.

aware of and able to understand other people and their feelings

sentence n.

(grammar) a set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually

containing a subject and a verb. In written English sentences begin with a capital letter
and end with a full stop/period (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation
mark/exclamation point (!).

separate adj., v.

forming a unit by itself; not joined to something else, to divide into different parts or
groups; to divide things into different parts or groups

separated adj.

no longer living with your husband, wife or partner

separately adv.

as a separate person or thing; not together

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separation n.

the act of separating people or things; the state of being separate

September n. (abbr. Sept.)

the 9th month of the year, between August and October

series n.

several events or things of a similar kind that happen one after the other

serious adj.

bad or dangerous

seriously adv.

in a serious way

servant n.

a person who works in another person’s house, and cooks, cleans, etc. for them

serve v.

to give somebody food or drink, for example at a restaurant or during a meal

service n.

a system that provides something that the public needs, organized by the government
or a private company

session n.

a period of time that is spent doing a particular activity

set n., v.

to put something/somebody in a particular place or position

settle v.

to put an end to an argument or a disagreement

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several det., pron.

more than two but not very many

severe adj.

more than two but not very many

severely adv.

very badly or seriously

sew v.

to use a needle and thread to make stitches in cloth

sewing n.

the activity of making, repairing or decorating things made of cloth using a needle and
thread

sex n.

the state of being male or female

sexual adj.

connected with the physical activity of sex

sexually adv.

in a way that is connected with the physical activity of sex

shade n.

an area that is dark and cool under or behind something, for example a tree or building,
because the sun’s light does not get to it

shadow n.

the dark shape that somebody/something’s form makes on a surface, for example on the
ground, when they are between the light and the surface

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shake v., n.

to move or make somebody/something move with short quick movements from side to
side or up and down

shall modal v.

to move or make somebody/something move with short quick movements from side to
side or up and down

shallow adj.

not having much distance between the top or surface and the bottom

shame n.

the feelings of sadness, embarrassment and guilt that you have when you know that
something you have done is wrong or stupid

shape n., v.

the form of the outer edges or surfaces of something; an example of something that has
a particular form

shaped adj.

having the type of shape mentioned

share v., n.

to have or use something at the same time as somebody else

sharp adj.

having a fine edge or point, especially of something that can cut or make a hole in
something

sharply adv.

in a critical, rough or severe way

shave v.

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to cut hair from the skin, especially the face, using arazor

she pron.

(used as the subject of a verb) a female person or animal that has already been
mentioned or is easily identified

sheep n.

an animal with a thick coat, kept on farms for its meat (called mutton or lamb ) or its
wool

sheet n.

a large piece of thin cloth used on a bed to lie on or lie under

shelf n.

a flat board, made of wood, metal, glass, etc., fixed to the wall or forming part of a
cupboard/closet, bookcase, etc., for things to be placed on

shell n.

the hard outer part of eggs, nuts, some seeds and some animals

shelter n., v.

the fact of having a place to live or stay, considered as a basic human need

shift v., n.

to move, or move something, from one position or place to another

shine v.

to produce or reflect light; to be bright

shiny adj.

smooth and bright; reflecting the light

ship n.

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a large boat that carries people or goods by sea

shirt n.

a piece of clothing (usually for men), worn on the upper part of the body, made of light
cloth, with sleeves and usually with a collar and buttons down the front

shock n., v.

a strong feeling of surprise as a result of something happening, especially something

unpleasant; the event that causes this feeling

shocking adj.

that offends or upsets people; that is morally wrong

shocked adj.

surprised and upset; showing that somebody feels surprised and upset

shoe n.

one of a pair of outer coverings for your feet, usually made of leather or plastic

shoot v.

to fire a gun or other weapon; to fire something from a weapon

shooting n.

a situation in which a person is shot with a gun

shop n., v.

a building or part of a building where you can buy goods or services

shopping n.

the activity of going to shops/stores and buying things

short adj.
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measuring or covering a small length or distance, or a smaller length or distance than
usual

shortly adv.

a short time; not long

shot n.

the act of firing a gun; the sound this makes

should modal v.

used to show what is right, appropriate, etc., especially when criticizing somebody’s
actions

shoulder n.

either of the two parts of the body between the top of each arm and the neck

shout v., n.

to say something in a loud voice; to speak loudly/angrily to somebody

show v., n.

to make something clear; to prove something

show off

to try to impress others by talking about your abilities, possessions, etc.

show round

to be a guide for somebody when they visit a place for the first time to show them what is
interesting

show up

to arrive where you have arranged to meet somebody or do something

shower n.

a piece of equipment producing a spray of water that you stand under to wash yourself;
the small room or part of a room that contains a shower
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shut v., adj.

to make something close; to become closed

shut down

to stop opening for business; to stop working

shut in

to put somebody in a room and keep them there; to go to a room and stay there

shut out

to prevent somebody/something from entering a place

shut up

to stop talking (often used as an order as a rude way of telling somebody to stop talking)

shy adj.

(of people) nervous or embarrassed about meeting and speaking to other people

sick adj.

physically or mentally ill

side n.

either of the two halves of a surface, an object or an area that is divided by an imaginary
central line

sideways adj., adv.

to, towards or from the side

sight n.

the ability to see

sign n., v.

an event, an action, a fact, etc. that shows that something exists, is happening or may
happen in the future
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signal n., v.

a movement or sound that you make to give somebody information, instructions, a

warning, etc.

signature n.

your name as you usually write it, for example at the end of a letter

significant adj.

large or important enough to have an effect or to be noticed

significantly adv.

in a way that is large or important enough to have an effect on something or to be

noticed

silence n.

a complete lack of noise or sound

silent adj.

(of a person) not speaking

silk n.

fine soft thread produced by silkworms

silly adj.

showing a lack of thought, understanding or judgement

silver n., adj.

(symbol Ag) a chemical element. Silver is a greyish-white precious metal used for making
coins, jewellery, decorative objects, etc.

similar adj.

like somebody/something but not exactly the same

similarly adv.

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in almost the same way

simple adj.

not complicated; easy to understand or do

simply adv.

used to emphasize how easy or basic something is

since prep., conj., adv.

(used with the present perfect or past perfect tense) from a time in the past until a later
past time, or until now

sincere adj.

(of feelings, beliefs or behaviour) showing what you really think or feel

sincerely adv.

n a way that shows what you really feel or think about somebody/something

sing v.

to make musical sounds with your voice in the form of a song or tune

singing n.

the activity of making musical sounds with your voice

singer n.

a person who sings, or whose job is singing, especially in public

single adj.

only one

sink v.

to go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid or soft substance

sir n.

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used as a polite way of addressing a man whose name you do not know, for example in
a shop/store or restaurant, or to show respect

sister n.

a girl or woman who has the same mother and father as another person

sit v.

to rest your weight on your bottom with your back vertical, for example on/in a chair

sit down

to move from a standing position to a sitting position

site n.

a place where a building, town, etc. was, is or will be located

situation n.

all the circumstances and things that are happening at a particular time and in a
particular place

size n.

how large or small a person or thing is

skilful (BrE) (NAmE skillful) adj.

(of a person) good at doing something, especially something that needs a particular
ability or special training

skilfully (BrE) (NAmE skillfully) adv.

in a way that shows skill

skill n.

the ability to do something well

skilled adj.

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having enough ability, experience and knowledge to be able to do something well

skin n.

the layer of tissue that covers the body

skirt n.

a piece of clothing for a woman or girl that hangs from the waist

sky n.

(pl. skies) the space above the earth that you can see when you look up, where clouds
and the sun, moon and stars appear

sleep v., n.

to rest with your eyes closed and your mind and body not active

sleeve n.

a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or part of your arm

slice n., v.

a thin flat piece of food that has been cut off a larger piece

slide v.

to move easily over a smooth or wet surface; to make something move in this way

slight adj.

very small in degree

slightly adv.

a little

slip v.

to slide a short distance by accident so that you fall or nearly fall

slope n., v.

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a surface or piece of land that slopes (= is higher at one end than the other)

slow adj.

not moving, acting or done quickly; taking a long time; not fast

slowly adv.

at a slow speed; not quickly

small adj.

not large in size, number, degree, amount, etc.

smart adj.

(of people) looking clean and neat; well dressed in fashionable and/or formal clothes

smash v., n.

to break something, or to be broken, violently and noisily into many pieces

smell v., n.

to have a particular smell

smile v., n.

to make a smile appear on your face,

smoke n., v.

the grey, white or black gas that is produced by something burning

smoking n.

the activity or habit of smoking cigarettes, etc.

smooth adj.

completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas

smoothly adv.
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in an even way, without suddenly stopping and starting again

snake n.

a reptile with a very long thin body and no legs. There are many types of snake, some of
which are poisonous.

snow n., v.

small soft white pieces (called flakes ) of frozen water that fall from the sky in cold
weather; this substance when it is lying on the ground

so adv., conj.

to such a great degree

soap n.

a substance that you use with water for washing your body

social adj.

connected with society and the way it is organized

socially adv.

in a way that is connected with society and the way it is organized

society n.

people in general, living together in communities

sock n.

a piece of clothing that is worn over the foot, ankle and lower part of the leg, especially
inside a shoe

soft adj.

changing shape easily when pressed; not stiff or firm, changing shape easily when
pressed; not stiff or firm

softly adv.

in a soft way
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software n.

the programs, etc. used to operate a computer

soil n.

the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow

soldier n.

a member of an army, especially one who is not an officer

solid adj., n.

hard or firm; not in the form of a liquid or gas

solution n.

a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation

solve v.

to find a way of dealing with a problem or difficult situation

some det., pron.

used with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns to mean ‘an amount of’ or ‘a
number of’, when the amount or number is not given

somebody (also someone) pron.

= someone, a person who is not known or mentioned by name

somehow adv.

in a way that is not known or certain

something pron

a thing that is not known or mentioned by name.

sometimes adv.

occasionally rather than all of the time

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somewhat adv.

to some degree

somewhere adv.

in, at or to a place that you do not know or do not mention by name

son n.

a person’s male child

song n.

a short piece of music with words that you sing

soon adv.

in a short time from now; a short time after something else has happened

sore adj.

if a part of your body is sore, it is painful, and often red, especially because of infection
or because a muscle has been used too much

sorry adj.

feeling sad and sympathetic

sort n., v.

to organize the contents of something; to tidy something

a group or type of people or things that are similar in a particular way

soul n.

the spiritual part of a person, believed to exist after death

sound n., v.

something that you can hear

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soup n.

a liquid food made by boiling meat, vegetables, etc. in water, often eaten as the first
course of a meal

sour adj.

having a taste like that of a lemon or of fruit that is not ready to eat

source n.

a place, person or thing that you get something from

south n., adj., adv.

the direction that is on your right when you watch the sun rise; one of the four main
points of the compass

southern adj.

located in the south or facing south; connected with or typical of the south part of the
world or a region

space n.

an amount of an area or of a place that is empty or that is available for use

spare adj., n.

that is not being used or is not needed at the present time

speak v.

] to talk to somebody about something; to have a conversation with somebody

spoken adj.

a person who gives a talk or makes a speech

speaker n.

a person who gives a talk or makes a speech

special adj.

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not ordinary or usual; different from what is normal

specially adv.

for a particular purpose, person, etc.

specialist n.

a person who is an expert in a particular area of work or study

specific adj.

detailed and exact

specifically adv.

in a detailed and exact way

speech n.

a formal talk that a person gives to an audience

speed n.

the rate at which somebody/something moves or travels

spell v., n.

to say or write the letters of a word in the correct order

spelling n.

the act of forming words correctly from individual letters; the ability to do this

spend v.

to give money to pay for goods, services, etc.

spice n.

one of the various types of powder or seed that come from plants and are used in
cooking. Spices have a strong taste and smell

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spicy adj.

(of food) having a strong taste because spices have been used to flavour it

spider n.

a small creature with eight thin legs. Many spiders spin webs (= nets of thin threads) to
catch insects for food.

spin v.

to turn round and round quickly; to make something do this

spirit n.

the part of a person that includes their mind, feelings and character rather than their
body

spiritual adj.

connected with the human spirit, rather than the body or physical things

spite n.

a feeling of wanting to hurt or upset somebody

: in spite of

if you say that somebody did something in spite of a fact, you mean it is surprising that
that fact did not prevent them from doing it

split v., n.

to divide, or to make a group of people divide, into smaller groups that have very
different opinions

split up

to stop having a relationship with somebody

spoil v.

to change something good into something bad, unpleasant, useless, etc.

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spoken speak

involving speaking rather than writing; expressed in speech rather than in writing

spoon n.

a tool that has a handle with a shallow bowl at the end, used for stirring, serving and
eating food

sport n.

activity that you do for pleasure and that needs physical effort or skill, usually done in a
special area and according to fixed rules

spot n.

a small round area that has a different colour or feels different from the surface it is on

spray n., v.

a small round area that has a different colour or feels different from the surface it is on

spread v.

to open something that has been folded so that it covers a larger area than before

spring n.

the season between winter and summer when plants begin to grow, a twisted piece of
metal that can be pushed, pressed or pulled but which always returns to its original
shape or position afterwards

square adj., n.

having four straight equal sides and four angles of 90°

squeeze v., n.

to press something firmly,

stable adj., n.

firmly fixed; not likely to move, change or fail

staff n.
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all the workers employed in an organization considered as a group

stage n.

a period or state that something/somebody passes through while developing or making

progress

stair n.

a set of steps built between two floors inside a building

stamp n., v.

a small piece of paper with a design on it that you buy and stick on an envelope or a
package before you post it

stand v., n.

to be on your feet; to be in a vertical position

stand up

to move back from a place

stand by

to be present while something bad is happening but not do anything to stop it

stand out

to be much better or more important than somebody/something

stand for

to be an abbreviation or symbol of something

standard n., adj.

a level of quality, especially one that people think is acceptable

star n., v.

a large ball of burning gas in space that we see as a point of light in the sky at night
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stare v., n.

to look at somebody/something for a long time

start v., n.

to begin doing or using something

start off

to begin to move

start out

to begin to do something, especially in business or work

start up

to begin working, happening, etc.; to make something do this

state n., adj., v.

the mental, emotional or physical condition that a person or thing is in

statement n.

something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion

station n.

a place where trains stop so that passengers can get on and off; the buildings
connected with this

statue n.

a figure of a person or an animal in stone, metal, etc., usually the same size as in real
life or larger

status n.

the legal position of a person, group or country

stay v., n.
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to continue to be in a particular place for a period of time without moving away

stay away

to not go near a particular person or place

stay out of

to not become involved in something that does not concern you

steady adj.

developing, growing, etc. gradually and in an even and regular way

steadily adv.

gradually and in an even and regular way

steal v.

to take something from a person, shop/store, etc. without permission and without
intending to return it or pay for it

steam n.

the hot gas that water changes into when it boils

steel n.

a strong hard metal that is made of a mixture of iron andcarbon

steep adj.

(of a slope, hill, etc.) rising or falling quickly, not gradually

steeply adv.

an angle or surface that slopes steeply rises or falls quickly, not graduallya steeply
sloping roof

steer v.

to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc. moves

step n., v.
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the act of lifting your foot and putting it down in order to walk or move somewhere; the
sound this makes

stick v., n.

to push something, usually a sharp object, into something; to be pushed into something

stick out

to be noticeable or easily seen

stick to

to continue doing something despite difficulties

stick up

to point upwards or be above a surface

sticky adj.

made of or covered in a substance that sticks to things that touch it

stiff adj.

firm and difficult to bend or move

stiffly adv.

firm and difficult to bend or move

still adv., adj.

continuing until a particular point in time and not finishing

sting v., n.

(of an insect or plant) to touch your skin or make a very small hole in it so that you feel a
sharp pain

stir v.

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to move a liquid or substance around, using a spoon or something similar, in order to
mix it thoroughly

stock n.

a supply of goods that is available for sale in a shop/store

stomach n.

the organ inside the body where food goes when you swallow it; the front part of the
body below the chest

stone n.

(often used before nouns or in compounds) a hard solid mineral substance that is found
in the ground, often used for building

stop v., n.

to no longer move; to make somebody/something no longer move

store n., v.

a large shop that sells many different types of goods

storm n.

very bad weather with strong winds and rain, and often thunder and lightning

story n.

a description of events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in order to
entertain people

stove n.

a piece of equipment that can burn various fuels and is used for heating rooms

straight adv., adj.

not in a curve or at an angle; in a straight line

strain n.

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pressure on somebody/something because they have too much to do or manage, or
something very difficult to deal with; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces

strange adj.

unusual or surprising, especially in a way that is difficult to understand

strangely adv.

in an unusual or surprising way

stranger n.

a person that you do not know

strategy n.

a plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose

stream n.

a small narrow river

street n.

a public road in a city or town that has houses and buildings on one side or both sides

strength n.

the quality of being physically strong

stress n., v.

pressure or worry caused by the problems in somebody’s life

stressed adj.

too anxious and tired to be able to relax

stretch v.

to make something longer, wider or looser, for example by pulling it; to become longer,
etc. in this way

strict adj.
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that must be obeyed exactly

strictly adv.

with a lot of control and rules that must be obeyed

strike v., n.

(formal) to hit somebody/something hard or with force

striking adj.

interesting and unusual enough to attract attention

string n.

material made of several threads twisted together, used for tying things together; a
piece of string used to fasten or pull something or keep something in place

strip v., n.

to take off all or most of your clothes or another person’s clothes

stripe n.

a long narrow line of colour, that is a different colour from the areas next to it

striped adj.

marked with a pattern of stripes

stroke n., v.

an act of hitting a ball, for example with a bat or racket

strong adj.

(of people, animals, etc.) having a lot of physical power so that you can lift heavy
weights, do hard physical work, etc.

strongly adv.

in a way that shows firm and serious opinions or beliefs

structure n.
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the way in which the parts of something are connected together, arranged or organized;
a particular arrangement of parts

struggle v., n.

to try very hard to do something when it is difficult or when there are a lot of problems

student n.

a person who is studying at a university or college

studio n.

a room where radio or television programmes are recorded and broadcast from, or
where music is recorded

study n., v.

the activity of learning or gaining knowledge, either from books or by examining things in
the world

stuff n.

(informal, sometimes disapproving) used to refer to a substance, material, group of

objects, etc. when you do not know the name, when the name is not important or when it
is obvious what you are talking about

stupid adj.

showing a lack of thought or good judgement

style n.

the particular way in which something is done

subject n.

a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with

substance n.

a type of solid, liquid or gas that has particular qualities

substantial adj.

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large in amount, value or importance

substantially adv.

very much; a lot

substitute n., v.

a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have

succeed v.

to achieve something that you have been trying to do or get; to have the result or effect
that was intended

success n.

the fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to do or
get; the fact of becoming rich or famous or of getting a high social position

successful adj.

achieving your aims or what was intended

successfully adv.

in a way that achieves your aims or what was intended

such det., pron.

of the type already mentioned

such as

of the type that you are just going to mention

suck v.

to take liquid, air, etc. into your mouth by using the muscles of your lips

sudden adj.

happening or done quickly and unexpectedly

suddenly adv.
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quickly and unexpectedly

suffer v.

to be badly affected by a disease, pain, sadness, a lack of something, etc.

suffering n.

physical or mental pain

sufficient adj.

enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need

sufficiently adv.

enough for a particular purpose; as much as you need

sugar n.

a sweet substance, often in the form of white or brown crystals, made from the juices of
various plants, used in cooking or to make tea, coffee, etc. sweeter

suggest v.

to put forward an idea or a plan for other people to think about

suggestion n.

an idea or a plan that you mention for somebody else to think about

suit n., v.

a set of clothes made of the same cloth, including a jacket and trousers/pants or a skirt

suited adj.

right or appropriate for somebody/something

suitable adj.

right or appropriate for a particular purpose or occasion

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suitcase n.

a case with flat sides and a handle, used for carrying clothes, etc. when you are
travelling

sum n.

an amount of money

sum up

to state the main points of something in a short and clear form

summary n.

a short statement that gives only the main points of something, not the details

summer n.

the warmest season of the year, coming between spring and autumn/fall

sun n.

the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light

Sunday n. (abbr. Sun.)

] the day of the week after Saturday and before Monday, thought of as either the first or
the last day of the week

superior adj.

better in quality than somebody/something else; greater than somebody/something else

supermarket n.

a large shop/store that sells food, drinks and goods used in the home. People choose
what they want from the shelves and pay for it as they leave.

supply n., v.

an amount of something that is provided or available to be used

support n., v.

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to help or encourage somebody/something by saying or showing that you agree with
them/it

supporter n.

a person who supports a political party, an idea, etc.

suppose v.

to think or believe that something is true or possible (based on the knowledge that you
have)

sure adj., adv.

confident that you know something or that you are right

surely adv.

used to show that you are almost certain of what you are saying and want other people
to agree with you

surface n.

the outside or top layer of something

surname n. (especially BrE)

a name shared by all the members of a family (written last in English names)

surprise n., v.

an event, a piece of news, etc. that is unexpected or that happens suddenly

surprising adj.

causing surprise

surprisingly adv.

in a way that causes surprise

surprised adj.

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feeling or showing surprise

surround v.

to be all around something/somebody

surrounding adj.

that is near or around something

surroundings n.

everything that is around or near somebody/something

survey n., v.

an investigation of the opinions, behaviour, etc. of a particular group of people, which is

usually done by asking them questions ,to look carefully at the whole of something,
especially in order to get a general impression of it

survive v.

to continue to live or exist

suspect v., n.

to have an idea that something is probably true or likely to happen, especially something
bad, but without having definite proof

suspicion n.

a feeling that somebody has done something wrong, illegal or dishonest, even though
you have no proof

suspicious adj.

feeling that somebody has done something wrong, illegal or dishonest, without having
any proof

swallow v.

to make food, drink, etc. go down your throat into your stomach

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swear v.

to use rude or offensive language, usually because you are angry

swearing n.

rude or offensive language

sweat n., v.

drops of liquid that appear on the surface of your skin when you are hot, ill/sick or afraid

sweater n.

a knitted piece of clothing made of wool or cotton for the upper part of the body, with
long sleeves. In British English the word is used to describe a piece of clothing with no
buttons. In American English a sweater can have buttons and be like a jacket.

sweep v.

to clean a room, surface, etc. using a broom (= a type of brush on a long handle)

sweet adj., n.

containing, or tasting as if it contains, a lot of sugar

swell v.

to become bigger or rounder

swelling n.

the condition of being larger or rounder than normal (= of being swollen)

swollen adj.

(of a part of the body) larger than normal, especially as a result of a disease or an injury

swim v.

(of a person) to move through water in a horizontal position using the arms and legs

swimming n.

the sport or activity of swimming

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swimming pool n.

an area of water that has been created for people to swim in

swing n., v.

to move backwards or forwards or from side to side while hanging from a fixed point; to
make something do this

switch n., v.

a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of
electrical equipment on and off

switch sth off

to stop thinking about something or paying attention to something

symbol n.

a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or situation

sympathetic adj.

kind to somebody who is hurt or sad; showing that you understand and care about their
problems

sympathy n.

the feeling of being sorry for somebody; showing that you understand and care about
somebody’s problems

system n.

an organized set of ideas or theories or a particular way of doing something

table n.

a piece of furniture that consists of a flat top supported by legs

tablet n.

a small round solid piece of medicine that you swallow

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tackle v., n.

to make a determined effort to deal with a difficult problem or situation

tail n.

the part that sticks out and can be moved at the back of the body of a bird, an animal or
a fish

take v.

to carry or move something from one place to another

take away

to make a feeling, pain, etc. disappear

take back

to allow somebody, such as your husband, wife or partner, to come home after they
have left because of a problem

take sth off

of an aircraft, etc.) to leave the ground and begin to fly

take (sth) over

to become bigger or more important than something else; to replace something

talk v., n.

to say things; to speak in order to give information or to express feelings, ideas, etc.

tall adj.

(of a person, building, tree, etc.) having a greater than average height

tank n.

a large container for holding liquid or gas

tap v., n..

to hit somebody/something quickly and lightly

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tape n.

a long narrow strip of magnetic material that is used for recording sounds, pictures or
information

target n.

a result that you try to achieve

task n.

a piece of work that somebody has to do, especially a hard or unpleasant one

taste n., v.

the particular quality that different foods and drinks have that allows you to recognize
them when you put them in your mouth

tax n., v.

money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services.
People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their
profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services.

taxi n.

(also cab, taxicab) a car with a driver that you pay to take you somewhere.Taxis usually
have meters which show how much money you have to pay.

tea n.

the dried leaves (called tea leaves) of the tea bush

teach v.

to give lessons to students in a school, college, university, etc.; to help somebody learn
something by giving information about it

teaching n.

the work of a teacher

teacher n.

a person whose job is teaching, especially in a school

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team n.

a group of people who play a particular game or sport against another group of people

tear /te?(r), NAmE ter/ v., n.

to damage something by pulling it apart or into pieces or by cutting it on something

sharp; to become damaged in this way

tear /t??(r), NAmE t?r/ n.

a drop of liquid that comes out of your eye when you cry

tear up

to make somebody feel very unhappy or worried

technical adj.

connected with the practical use of machinery, methods, etc. in science and industry

technique n.

a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special
skills

technology n.

scientific knowledge used in practical ways in industry, for example in designing new
machines

telephone ( also phone) n., v.

a system for talking to somebody else over long distances, using wires or radio; a
machine used for this

television (also TV) n.

a piece of electrical equipment with a screen on which you can watch programmes with
moving pictures and sounds

tell v.

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to give information to somebody by speaking or writing

temperature n.

the measurement in degrees of how hot or cold a thing or place is

temporary adj.

lasting or intended to last or be used only for a short time; not permanent

temporarily adv.

in a way that lasts or is intended to last or be used only for a short time; in a way that is
not permanent

tend v.

to be likely to do something or to happen in a particular way because this is what often

or usually happens

tendency n.

if somebody/something has a particular tendency, they are likely to behave or act in a

particular way

tension n.

a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards each
other, and which may cause them to attack each other

tent n.

a shelter made of a large sheet of canvas, nylon, etc. that is supported by poles and
ropes fixed to the ground, and is used especially for camping

term n.

a word or phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a
particular type of language

terrible adj.

very unpleasant; making you feel very unhappy, upset or frightened

terribly adv.
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very much; very badly

test n., v.

an examination of somebody’s knowledge or ability, consisting of questions for them to

answer or activities for them to perform

text n.

the main printed part of a book or magazine, not the notes, pictures, etc.

than prep., conj.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

thank v.

to tell somebody that you are grateful for something

thanks exclamation, n.

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

thank you exclamation, n.

used to show that you are grateful to somebody for something they have done

that det., pron., conj.

used for referring to a person or thing that is not near the speaker or as near to the
speaker as another, used after some verbs, adjectives and nouns to introduce a new
part of the sentence

the definite article

used to refer to somebody/something that has already been mentioned or is easily

understood

theatre (BrE) (NAmE theater) n.

a building or an outdoor area where plays and similar types of entertainment are
performed

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their det.

of or belonging to them

theirs pron.

of or belonging to them

them pron.

used when referring to people, animals or things as the object of a verb or preposition,
or after the verb be

theme n.

the subject or main idea in a talk, piece of writing or work of art

themselves pron.

(the reflexive form of they) used when people or animals performing an action are also
affected by it

then adv.

used to refer to a particular time in the past or future

theory n.

a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists

there adv.

used to show that something exists or happens

therefore adv.

used to introduce the logical result of something that has just been mentioned

they pron.

people, animals or things that have already been mentioned or are easily identified

thick adj.

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having a larger distance between opposite sides or surfaces than other similar objects or
than normal

thickly adv.

in a way that produces a wide piece or deep layer of something

thickness n.

the size of something between opposite surfaces or sides

thief n.

a person who steals something from another person or place

thin adj.

having a smaller distance between opposite sides or surfaces than other similar objects
or than normal

thing n.

an object whose name you do not use because you do not need to or want to, or
because you do not know it

think v.

to have a particular idea or opinion about something/somebody; to believe something

think about

to consider somebody/something when you are doing or planning something

think of

to have an image or idea of something/somebody in your mind

think over

to consider something carefully, especially before reaching a decision

thinking n.

the process of thinking about something

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thirsty adj.

needing or wanting to drink

this det., pron.

used to refer to a particular person, thing or event that is close to you, especially
compared with another

thorough adj.

done completely; with great attention to detail

thoroughly adv.

very much; completely

though conj., adv.

despite the fact that

thought n.

something that you think of or remember

thread n.

a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth

threat n.

a statement in which you tell somebody that you will punish or harm them, especially if
they do not do what you want

threaten v.

to say that you will cause trouble, hurt somebody, etc. if you do not get what you want

threatening adj.

expressing a threat of harm or violence

throat n.

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 a passage in the neck through which food and air pass on their way into the body; the
front part of the neck

through prep., adv.

from one end or side of something/somebody to the other

throughout prep., adv.

in or into every part of something

throw v.

to send something from your hand through the air by moving your hand or arm quickly

throw sth away

to get rid of something that you no longer want

throw out

to force somebody to leave a place

thumb n.

the short thick finger at the side of the hand, slightly apart from the other four

Thursday n. (abbr. Thur., Thurs.)

the day of the week after Wednesday and before Friday

thus adv.

in this way; like this

ticket n.

a printed piece of paper that gives you the right to travel on a particular bus, train, etc.
or to go into a theatre, etc.

tidy adj., v.

arranged neatly and with everything in order

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tie v., n.

to attach or hold two or more things together using string

tie sth up

to attach a boat to a fixed object with a rope

tight adj., adv.

held or fixed in position firmly; difficult to move or undo

tightly adv.

closely and firmly; in a tight manner

till until

time n.

what is measured in minutes, hours, days, etc.

timetable n. (especially BrE)

(usually North American English schedule) a list showing the times at which particular
events will happen

tin n.

a chemical element. Tin is a soft silver-white metal that is often mixed with other metals
or used to cover them to prevent them from rusting.

tiny adj.

very small in size or amount

tip n., v.

the thin pointed end of something

tip over

to fall or turn over; to make something do this

tire v. (BrE, NAmE), n. (NAmE) (BrE tyre)

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to become tired and feel as if you want to sleep or rest; to make somebody feel this way

tire out

to make somebody/yourself feel very tired

tiring adj.

making you feel the need to sleep or rest

tired adj.

feeling that you would like to sleep or rest; needing rest

title n.

making you feel the need to sleep or rest

to prep., infinitive marker

in the direction of something; towards something

today adv., n.

on this day

toe n.

on this day

together adv.

with or near to somebody/something else; with each other

toilet n.

a large bowl attached to a pipe that you sit on or stand over when you get rid of waste
matter from your body

tomato n.

a large bowl attached to a pipe that you sit on or stand over when you get rid of waste
matter from your body
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tomorrow adv., n.

on or during the day after today

ton n.

a unit for measuring weight, in Britain 2 240 pounds (long ton) and in the US 2 000
pounds (short ton) (informal)

tone n.

the quality of somebody’s voice, especially expressing a particular emotion

tongue n.

the soft part in the mouth that moves around, used for tasting, swallowing, speaking, etc.

tonight adv., n.

on or during the evening or night of today

tonne n.
a unit for measuring weight, equal to 1 000 kilograms

too adv.

used before adjectives and adverbs to say that something is more than is good,
necessary, possible, etc.

tool n.

an instrument such as a hammer, screwdriver, saw, etc. that you hold in your hand and
use for making things, repairing things, etc.

tooth n.

any of the hard white structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing food

top n., adj.

the highest part or point of something

topic n.

a subject that you talk, write or learn about

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total adj., n.

being the amount or number after everyone or everything is counted or added together

totally adv.

completely

touch v., n.

to put your hand or another part of your body onto somebody/something

tough adj.

having or causing problems or difficulties

tour n., v.

a journey made for pleasure during which several different towns, countries, etc. are
visited,

tourist n.

a person who is travelling or visiting a place for pleasure

towards (also toward especially in NAmE) prep.

in the direction of somebody/something

towel n.

a piece of cloth or paper used for drying things, especially your body

tower n.

a tall narrow building or part of a building, especially of a church or castle

town n.

a place with many houses, shops/stores, etc. where people live and work. It is larger
than a village but smaller than a city

toy n., adj.

an object for children to play with

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trace v., n.

to find or discover somebody/something by looking carefully for them/it

track n.

a rough path or road, usually one that has not been built but that has been made by
people walking there

trade n., v.

the activity of buying and selling or of exchanging goods or services between people or
countries

trading n.

the activity of buying and selling things

tradition n.

a belief, custom or way of doing something that has existed for a long time among a
particular group of people; a set of these beliefs or customs

traditional adj.

being part of the beliefs, customs or way of life of a particular group of people, that have
not changed for a long time

traditionally adv.

according to the beliefs, customs or way of life of a particular group of people, that have
not changed for a long time

traffic n.

the vehicles that are on a road at a particular time

train n., v.

a railway/railroad engine pulling a number of coaches/cars or trucks, taking people and

goods from one place to another

training n.

the process of learning the skills that you need to do a job

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transfer v., n.

to move from one place to another; to move something/somebody from one place to
another, the act of moving somebody/something from one place, group or job to
another; an occasion when this happens

transform v.

to change the form of something

translate v.

to express the meaning of speech or writing in a different language

translation n.

he process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language

transparent adj.

(of glass, plastic, etc.) allowing you to see through it

transport n. (BrE) (NAmE transportation)

a system for carrying people or goods from one place to another using vehicles, roads,
etc.

transport v. (BrE, NAmE)

to take something/somebody from one place to another in a vehicle

trap n., v.

a piece of equipment for catching animals

travel v., n.

to go from one place to another, especially over a long distance

traveller (BrE) (NAmE traveler) n.

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a person who is travelling or who often travels

treat v.

to behave in a particular way towards somebody/something

treatment n.

something that is done to cure an illness or injury, or to make somebody look and feel
good

tree n.

a tall plant that can live a long time. Trees have a thick central wooden trunk from which
branches grow, usually with leaves on them

trend n.

a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing

trial n.

a formal examination of evidence in court by a judge and often a jury, to decide if

somebody accused of a crime is guilty or not

triangle n.

a flat shape with three straight sides and three angles; a thing in the shape of
atriangle (British English)

trick n., v.

something that you do to make somebody believe something which is not true, or to
annoy somebody as a joke

trip n., v.

a journey to a place and back again, especially a short one for pleasure or a particular
purpose

tropical adj.

coming from, found in or typical of the tropics

trouble n.
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a problem, worry, difficulty, etc. or a situation causing this

trousers n. (especially BrE)

a piece of clothing that covers the body from the waist down and is divided into two parts
to cover each leg separately

truck n. (especially NAmE)

(especially North American English) (British English also lorry) a large vehicle for
carrying heavy loads by road

true adj.

connected with facts rather than things that have been invented or guessed

truly adv.

used to emphasize that a particular statement, feeling, etc. is sincere or genuine

trust n., v.

the belief that somebody/something is good, sincere, honest, etc. and will not try to harm
or trick you

truth n.

the true facts about something, rather than the things that have been invented or
guessed

try v.

to make an attempt or effort to do or get something

try on

to put on a piece of clothing to see if it fits and how it looks

try out

to test or use somebody/something in order to see how good or effective they are

tube n.

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a long hollow pipe made of metal, plastic, rubber, etc., through which liquids or gases
move from one place to another

Tuesday n. (abbr. Tue., Tues.)

the day of the week after Monday and before Wednesday

tune n., v.

a series of musical notes that are sung or played in a particular order to form a piece of
music

tunnel n.

a passage built underground, for example to allow a road or railway/railroad to go

through a hill, under a river, etc.

turn back v., n.

to move or make something move around a central point

turn down

to return the way you have come; to make somebody/something do this

turn into

to become something

turn on

to attack somebody suddenly and unexpectedly

turn out

to be present at an event

turn over

to change position so that the other side is facing towards the outside or the top

turn round

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to change position or direction so as to face the other way; to make
somebody/something do this

turn to

to go to somebody/something for help, advice, etc.

turn up

to be found, especially by chance, after being lost

TV television

television

twice adv.

two times; on two occasions

twin n., adj.

one of two children born at the same time to the same mother

twist v., n.

to bend or turn something into a particular shape

twisted adj.

bent or turned so that the original shape is lost

type n., v.

a class or group of people or things that share particular qualities or features and are
part of a larger group; a kind or sort

typical adj.

having the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person, thing or group

typically adv.

used to say that something usually happens in the way that you are stating

tyre n. (BrE) (NAmE tire)

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a thick rubber ring that fits around the edge of a wheel of a car, bicycle, etc.

ugly adj.

unpleasant to look at

ultimate adj.

happening at the end of a long process

ultimately adv.

in the end; finally

umbrella n.

an object with a round folding frame of long straight pieces of metal covered with
material, that you use to protect yourself from the rain or from hot sun

unable able

not having the skill, strength, time, knowledge, etc. to do something

unacceptable acceptable

that you cannot accept, allow or approve of

uncertain certain

feeling doubt about something; not sure

uncle n.

the brother of your mother or father; the husband of your aunt

uncomfortable comfortable

(of clothes, furniture, etc.) not letting you feel physically comfortable; unpleasant to wear,
sit on, etc.

unconscious conscious

in a state like sleep because of an injury or illness, and not able to use your senses
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uncontrolled control

(of emotions, behaviour, etc.) that somebody cannot control or stop

under prep., adv.

in, to or through a position that is below something

underground adj., adv.

under the surface of the ground

underneath prep., adv.

under or below something else, especially when it is hidden or covered by the thing on
top

understand v.

to know or realize the meaning of words, a language, what somebody says, etc.

understanding n.

the knowledge that somebody has about a particular subject or situation

underwater adj., adv.

below the surface of water

underwear n.

clothes that you wear under other clothes and next to the skin

undo do

to open something that is fastened, tied or wrapped

unemployed employ

without a job although able to work

unemployment employment

the fact of a number of people not having a job; the number of people without a job

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unexpected, unexpectedly expect

if something is unexpected, it surprises you because you were not expecting it

unfair, unfairly fair

not right or fair according to a set of rules or principles; not treating people equally

unfortunate adj.

having bad luck; caused by bad luck

unfortunately adv.

used to say that a particular situation or fact makes you sad or disappointed, or gets you
into a difficult position

unfriendly friendly

not kind or pleasant to somebody

unhappiness happiness

unhappy happy

not happy; sad

uniform n., adj.

the special set of clothes worn by all members of an organization or a group at work, or
by children at school

unimportant important

not important

union n.

(also trade union) (British English also trades union) (North American English also labor
union)[countable] an organization of workers, usually in a particular industry, that exists
to protect their interests, improve conditions of work, etc.

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unique adj.

being the only one of its kind

unit n.

a single thing, person or group that is complete by itself but can also form part of
something larger

unite v.

to join together with other people in order to do something as a group

united adj.

(of countries) joined together as a political unit or by shared aims

universe n.

the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the planets and the stars

university n.

an institution at the highest level of education where you can study for a degree or do
research

unkind kind

unpleasant or unfriendly; slightly cruel

unknown know

not known or identified

unless conj.

used to say that something can only happen or be true in a particular situation

unlike like

different from a particular person or thing

unlikely likely

not likely to happen; not probable

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unload load

to remove things from a vehicle or ship after it has taken them somewhere

unlucky lucky

having bad luck or happening because of bad luck; not lucky

unnecessary necessary

not needed; more than is needed

unpleasant pleasant

not pleasant or comfortable

unreasonable reasonable

not fair; expecting too much

unsteady steady

not completely in control of your movements so that you might fall

unsuccessful successful

not successful; not achieving what you wanted to

untidy tidy

not neat or well arranged; in a state of confusion

until (also till) conj., prep.

up to the point in time or the event mentioned

unusual, unusually usual

different from what is usual or normal,

used before adjectives to emphasize that a particular quality is greater than normal

unwilling, unwillingly willing

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not wanting to do something and refusing to do it, without wanting to do or be
something, but forced to by other people

up adv., prep.

towards or in a higher position

upon prep.

(formal, especially British English)= on

upper adj.

located above something else, especially something of the same type or the other of a
pair

upset v., adj.

to make somebody/yourself feel unhappy, anxious or annoyed, unhappy or

disappointed because of something unpleasant that has happened

upsetting adj.

making you feel unhappy, anxious or annoyed

upside down adv.

in a position in which the top of something is where the bottom is normally found and the
bottom is where the top is normally found

upstairs adv., adj., n.

up the stairs; on or to a floor of a house or other building higher than the one that you
are on

upwards (also upward especially in NAmE) adv.

pointing towards or facing a higher place

upward adj.

towards a higher place or position

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urban adj.

connected with a town or city

urge v., n.

to advise or try hard to persuade somebody to do something

urgent adj.

that needs to be dealt with or happen immediately

us pron.

used when the speaker or writer and another or others are the object of a verb or
preposition, or after the verb be

use v., n.

to do something with a machine, a method, an object, etc. for a particular purpose, the
act of using something; the state of being used

used adj.

familiar with something because you do it or experience it often, that has belonged to or
been used by somebody else before

used to modal v.

used to say that something happened continuously or frequently during a period in the
past

useful adj.

that can help you to do or achieve what you want

useless adj.

not useful; not doing or achieving what is needed or wanted

user n.

a person or thing that uses something

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usual adj.

that happens or is done most of the time or in most cases

usually adv.

n the way that is usual or normal; most often

vacation n.

one of the periods of time when universities or courts of law are closed; (in the US) one
of the periods of time when schools, colleges, universities or courts of law are closed

valid adj.

that is legally or officially acceptable

valley n.

an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it; the
land that a river flows through

valuable adj.

very useful or important

value n., v.

how much something is worth in money or other goods for which it can be exchanged

van n.

a covered vehicle with no side windows in its back half, usually smaller than a lorry/truck,
used for carrying goods or people

variation n.

a change, especially in the amount or level of something

variety n.

of many different types

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various adj.

several different

vary v.

(of a group of similar things) to be different from each other in size, shape, etc.

varied adj.

several different sorts of the same thing

vast adj.

extremely large in area, size, amount, etc.

vegetable n.

a plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food. Potatoes, beans and onions are
all vegetables.

vehicle n.

(rather formal) a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to
another, such as a car or lorry/truck

venture n., v.

a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks

version n.

a form of something that is slightly different from an earlier form or from other forms of
the same thing

vertical adj.

(of a line, pole, etc.) going straight up or down from a level surface or from top to bottom
in a picture, etc.

very adv.

used before adjectives, adverbs and determiners to mean ‘in a high degree’ or
‘extremely’

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via prep.

through a place

victim n.

a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an
accident, etc.

victory n.

success in a game, an election, a war, etc.

video n.

a system of recording moving pictures and sound, either using videotape or a digital
method of storing data

view n., v.

a personal opinion about something; an attitude towards something

village n.

a very small town located in a country area

violence n.

violent behaviour that is intended to hurt or kill somebody

violent adj.

involving or caused by physical force that is intended to hurt or kill somebody

violently adv.

with great energy or strong movement, especially caused by a strong emotion such as
fear or hatred

virtually adv.

almost or very nearly, so that any slight difference is not important

virus n.

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a living thing, too small to be seen without a microscope, that causes infectious disease
in people, animals and plants

visible adj.

that can be seen

vision n.

the ability to see; the area that you can see from a particular position

visit v., n.

to go to see a person or a place for a period of time

visitor n.

a person who visits a person or place

vital adj.

necessary or essential in order for something to succeed or exist

vocabulary n.

all the words that a person knows or uses

voice n.

the sound or sounds produced through the mouth by a person speaking or singing

volume n.

the amount of space that an object or a substance fills; the amount of space that a
container has

vote n., v.

a formal choice that you make in an election or at a meeting in order to choose

somebody or decide something

wage n.

a regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week, for work or services

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waist n.

the area around the middle of the body between the ribs and the hips, often narrower
than the areas above and below

wait v.

to stay where you are or delay doing something until

waiter, waitress n.

a person whose job is to serve customers at their tables in a restaurant, etc.

wake (up) v.

to stop sleeping; to make somebody stop sleeping

walk v., n.

to move or go somewhere by putting one foot in front of the other on the ground, but
without running

walking n.

the activity of going for walks in the countryside for exercise or pleasure

walk out

informal) (of workers) to stop working in order to go on strike

walk up

to walk towards somebody/something, especially in a confident way

wall n.

a long vertical solid structure, made of stone, brick or concrete, that surrounds, divides
or protects an area of land

wallet n.

(North American English also billfold) a small flat folding case made of leather or plastic
used for keeping paper money and credit cards in
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wander v., n.

to walk slowly around or to a place, often without any particular sense of purpose or
direction

want v.

to have a desire or a wish for something

war n.

a situation in which two or more countries or groups of people fight against each other
over a period of time

warm adj., v.

at a fairly high temperature in a way that is pleasant, rather than being hot or cold

warm up

to prepare for physical exercise or a performance by doing gentle exercises or practice

warmth n.

the state or quality of being warm, rather than hot or cold

warn v.

to tell somebody about something, especially something dangerous or unpleasant that is

likely to happen, so that they can avoid it

warning n.

a statement, an event, etc. telling somebody that something bad or unpleasant may
happen in the future so that they can try to avoid it

wash v.

to make something/somebody clean using water and usually soap

wash away

to remove or carry somebody/something away to another place

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wash off

to be removed from the surface of something or from clothes by washing

wash out

of a dirty mark) to be removed from clothes by washing

wash up

(also do the dishes North American English, British English)to wash plates, glasses, etc.
after a meal

washing n.

the act of cleaning something using water and usually soap

waste v., n., adj.

to use more of something than is necessary or useful

watch v., n.

to look at somebody/something for a time, paying attention to what happens

watch out

(informal) used to warn somebody about something dangerous

Watch out for

to make an effort to be aware of what is happening, so that you will notice if anything
bad or unusual happens

water n.

a liquid without colour, smell or taste that falls as rain, is in lakes, rivers and seas, and is
used for drinking, washing, etc.

wave n., v.

a raised line of water that moves across the surface of the sea, ocean, etc.

way n.

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a method, style or manner of doing something

we pron.

I and another person or other people; I and you

weak adj.

not physically strong

weakness n.

lack of strength, power or determination

wealth n.

a large amount of money, property, etc. that a person or country owns

weapon n.

an object such as a knife, gun, bomb, etc. that is used for fighting or attacking somebody

wear v.

to have something on your body as a piece of clothing, a decoration, etc.

wear off

to gradually disappear or stop

wear out

to become, or make something become, thin or no longer able to be used, usually

because it has been used too much

wear away

to become, or make something become, gradually thinner or smoother by continuously

using or rubbing it

weather n.

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the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, such as the temperature,
and if there is wind, rain, sun, etc.

web n.

= spider’s web

website n.

a place connected to the Internet, where a company or an organization, or an individual

person, puts information

wedding n.

a marriage ceremony, and the meal or party that usually follows it

Wednesday n. (abbr. Wed., Weds.)

the day of the week after Tuesday and before Thursday

week n.

a period of seven days, either from Monday to Sunday or from Sunday to Saturday

weekend n.

Saturday and Sunday

weekly adj.

happening, done or published once a week or every week

weigh v.

inking verb (+ noun) to have a particular weight

weight n.

how heavy somebody/something is, which can be measured in, for example, kilograms
or pounds

welcome v., adj., n., exclamation

to say hello to somebody in a friendly way when they arrive somewhere

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well adv., adj., exclamation

in a good, right or acceptable way

well known know

known about by a lot of people

west n., adj., adv.

also the west) the direction that you look towards to see the sun go down; one of the four
main points of the compass

western adj.

(abbreviation W) (also Western) located in the west or facing west

wet adj.

covered with or containing liquid, especially water

what pron., det.

used in questions to ask for particular information about somebody/something

whatever det., pron.

any or every; anything or everything

wheel n.

one of the round objects under a car, bicycle, bus, etc. that turns when it moves

when adv., pron., conj.

(used in questions) at what time; on what occasion

whenever conj.

at any time that; on any occasion that

where adv., conj.

in or to what place or situation

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whereas conj.

used to compare or contrast two facts

wherever conj.

in any place

whether conj.

used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities

which pron., det.

used in questions to ask somebody to be exact about one or more people or things from
a limited number

while conj., n.

during the time that something is happening

whisper v., n.

to speak very quietly to somebody so that other people cannot hear what you are saying

whistle n., v.

a small metal or plastic tube that you blow to make a loud high sound, used to attract
attention or as a signal

white adj., n.

having the colour of fresh snow or of milk

who pron.

used in questions to ask about the name, identity or function of one or more people

whoever pron.

the person or people who; any person who

whole adj., n.

full; complete
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whom pron.

used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition

whose det., pron.

used in questions to ask who something belongs to

why adv.

used in questions to ask the reason for or purpose of something

wide adj.

measuring a lot from one side to the other

widely adv.

by a lot of people; in or to many places

width n.

the measurement from one side of something to the other; how wide something is

wife n.

the woman that somebody is married to; a married woman

wild adj.

living or growing in natural conditions; not kept in a house or on a farm

wildly adv.

in a way that is not controlled

will modal v., n.

used for talking about or predicting the future

willing adj.

not objecting to doing something; having no reason for not doing something
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willingly adv.

in a way that shows you are happy or pleased to do something or that you do not object
to doing something

willingness n.

the quality of being happy and ready to do something

win v.

to be the most successful in a competition, race, battle, etc.

winning adj.

that wins or has won something, for example a race or competition

wind /wa?nd/ v.

air that moves quickly as a result of natural forces

wind /w?nd/ n.

(of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists

window n.

an opening in the wall or roof of a building, car, etc., usually covered with glass, that
allows light and air to come in and people to see out; the glass in a window

wine n.

an alcoholic drink made from the juice of grapes that has been left toferment. There are
many different kinds of wine.

wing n.

one of the parts of the body of a bird, insect or bat that it uses for flying

winner n.

a person, a team, an animal, etc. that wins something

winter n.

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the coldest season of the year, between autumn/fall and spring

wire n.

metal in the form of thin thread; a piece of this

wise adj.

(of people) able to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the
experience and knowledge that you have

wish v., n.

(not usually used in the present progressive tense) to want something to happen or to be
true even though it is unlikely or impossible

with prep.

in the company or presence of somebody/something

withdraw v.

to move back or away from a place or situation; to make somebody/something do this

within prep.

before a particular period of time has passed; during a particular period of time

without prep.

not having, experiencing or showing something

witness n., v.

a person who sees something happen and is able to describe it to other people

woman n.

an adult female human

wonder v.

to think about something and try to decide what is true, what will happen, what you
should do, etc.

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wonderful adj.

very good, pleasant or enjoyable

wood n.

the hard material that the trunk and branches of a tree are made of; this material when it
is used to build or make things with, or as a fuel

wooden adj.

made of wood

wool n.

the soft fine hair that covers the body of sheep, goats and some other animals

word n.

a single unit of language which means something and can be spoken or written

work v., n.

to do something that involves physical or mental effort, especially as part of a job

working adj.

having a job for which you are paid

worker n.

a person who works, especially one who does a particular kind of work

work out

to train the body by physical exercise

world n.

the earth, with all its countries, peoples and natural features

worry v., n.

to keep thinking about unpleasant things that might happen or about problems that you
have
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worrying adj.

that makes you worry

worried adj.

thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen and therefore
feeling unhappy and afraid

worse bad

of poorer quality or lower standard; less good or more unpleasant,

worst

of the poorest quality or lowest standard; worse than any other person or thing of a
similar kind

worship n., v.

the practice of showing respect for God or a god, by saying prayers, singing with others,
etc.; a ceremony for this

worth adj.

having a value in money, etc.

would modal v.

used as the past form of will when reporting what somebody has said or thought

wound n., v.

an injury to part of the body, especially one in which a hole is made in the skin using a
weapon,

wounded adj.

injured by a weapon, for example in a war

wrap v.

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to cover something completely in paper or other material, for example when you are
giving it as a present

wrapping n.

paper, plastic, etc. used for covering something in order to protect it

wrist n.

the joint between the hand and the arm

write v.

to make letters or numbers on a surface, especially using a pen or a pencil

write back

to write somebody a letter replying to their letter

write down

to write something on paper, especially in order to remember or record it

writing n.

the activity of writing, in contrast to reading, speaking, etc.

written adj.

expressed in writing rather than in speech

writer n.

a person whose job is writing books, stories, articles, etc.

wrong adj., adv.

not right or correct

wrongly adv.

in a way that is unfair, immoral or not correct

yard n.

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an area outside a building, usually with a hard surface and a surrounding wall

yawn v., n.

to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply through it, usually because you are tired
or bored

yeah exclamation

yes

year n.

the period from 1 January to 31 December, that is 365 or 366 days, divided into 12
months

yellow adj., n.

having the colour of lemons or butter

yes exclamation, n.

used to answer a question and say that something is correct or true

yesterday adv., n.

on the day before today

yet adv., conj.

used in negative sentences and questions to talk about something that has not
happened but that you expect to happen (British English)

you pron

used as the subject or object of a verb or after a preposition to refer to the person or
people being spoken or written to.

young adj.

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having lived or existed for only a short time; not fully developed

your det.

of or belonging to the person or people being spoken or written to

yours pron.

of or belonging to you

yourself pron.

(the reflexive form of you) used when the person or people being spoken to both cause
and are affected by an action

youth n.

the time of life when a person is young, especially the time before a child becomes an
adult

zero number

(pl. zeros) (British English also nought) 0

zone n.

an area or a region with a particular feature or use

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