Head Loss Calculation
Head Loss Calculation
Head Loss Calculation
Full reservoir level, (EL), (m) = 484
Min. Draw Down level, (EL), (m) =
Centre Line of Distributors, (EL), (m) =
HRP
Design discharge,(Q), (cumecs) = 11.8
Diameter of HRP (m) = 2.7
Manning's constant,n for HRP steel pipe = 0.011
Manning's constant, n for DC = 0.013
Intake :
Design discharge +20% silt flushing, (cumecs) = 14.16
Discharge for intake, (cumecs) = 14.16
Pressure shafts:
Discharge for pressure shafts, (cumecs) = 11.80
Diameter of pressure shafts (m) = 2.60
Discharge for Penstocks = 5.90
Diameter of penstocks = 1.80
Manning's constant, n for pressure shafts = 0.011
Reference:
IS 4880(Part‐3)‐Code of practice for design of tunnels conveying water ‐Hydraulic design
IS 2951(Part‐2) ‐Recommendation for estimation of flow of liquides in closed conduits ‐
head loss in values and fittings
B CALCULATION:
1 HEAD LOSS AT INTAKE‐1
Height (m) = 1.70
Width (m) = 9.00
1.a Entry loss
Area, A (sq.m) = 15.30
Velocity, vi (m/s) = 0.93
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
ke (loss of coefficient for entrance) = 0.16
Entrance loss he=(ke*vi^2)/2*g (m) = 0.007
1.b Trash rack loss
Vertical height 1.7
Height (m) = 1.759969507
Width (m) = 8.4
Without Clogging
Velocity, Vo (m/s) = 1.451
Net Area, an (sq.m) = 9.76
Gross Area, at (sq.m) = 14.78
R = 0.660
K (trash rack loss coefficient) = 0.717
ht= (K*v^2)/2*g (m) = 0.077
With 50% clogging
Net area after considering 50 % clogging (sq.m) = 4.879
Velocity, Vo (m/s) (with 50 % clogging) = 2.902
ht= (K*v^2)/2*g (m) = 0.308
With 25% clogging
Net area after considering 25% clogging (sq.m) = 7.318
Velocity, Vo (m/s) (with 25% clogging) = 1.935
ht= (K*v^2)/2*g (m) = 0.137
Actual head loss due to Trash Rack, hTrash Rack (m) = 0.308
1.c Loss due to Gate in d/s
Co‐efficient for gate, kg = 0.100
2
hg =( kg*V /2*g) (m) = 0.004
Total Loss (1) = 0.319
2 Cut and cover conduit
Width = 2.5
Height = 2.3
Length (m) = 11.8
2.a Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 5.75
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 7.10
Equivalent diameter, d = (m) = 2.71
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.46
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.81
Loss due to friction ,hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) =
0.01
2.b Bend‐1
Deflection angle, α = = 61.2
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 9.75
2
where, k (= 2α/π *(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.199
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.039
2.c Loss due to Gate
Co‐efficient for gate, kg = 0.100
2
hg =( kg*V /2*g) (m) = 0.031
Total loss at intake (2) = 0.081
3 HEAD LOSS IN DESANDER
Height (m) = 4.65
Width (m) = 6
Length (m) = 21
3.a Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 27.90
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 15.30
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 0.508
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 1.824
hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.0004
3.b Loss due to gradual expansion at U/S transition of DC
Height (m) = 2.3
Width (m) = 2.5
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.463
Ke = Gradual transition = 0.1
2 2
hexpansion = ke* (V1 ‐V2 )/2g (m) = 0.030
3.c Loss due to gradual contraction
Height (m) = 2.5
Width (m) = 2.5
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.266
Ke = Gradual transition = 0.1
hcontraction = ke* (V22‐V12)/2g (m) = 0.005
3.d Trash rack loss
Vertical height 4.65
Height (m) = 4.81
Width (m) = 6
Without Clogging
Velocity, Vo (m/s) = 0.743
Net Area, an (sq.m) = 19.06
Gross Area, at (sq.m) = 28.88
R = 0.660
K (trash rack loss coefficient) = 0.717
ht= (K*v^2)/2*g (m) = 0.020
With 50% clogging
Net area after considering 50 % clogging (sq.m) = 9.532
Velocity, Vo (m/s) (with 50% clogging) = 1.486
ht= (K*v^2)/2*g (m) = 0.081
3.e Loss due to Gate in d/s
Co‐efficient for gate, kg = 0.100
2
hg =( kg*V /2*g) (m) = 0.026
Total Head loss in Desander (m) = 0.142
3.f Cut and cover conduit
Width = 2.5
Height = 2.5
Length (m) = 116
Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 6.25
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 7.50
Equivalent diameter, d = (m) = 2.82
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.27
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.83
Loss due to friction ,hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.09
Bend‐1
Deflection angle, α = = 63.2
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.199
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.052
Total Loss (3) = 0.288
4 HEAD LOSS IN DESILTING CHAMBER
Height (m) = 7.5
Width (m) = 10
Length (m) = 90.6
4.a Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 75.00
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 25.00
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 0.094
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 3.000
hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.000032
4.b Loss due to gradual expansion at U/S transition of DC
Height (m) = 2.5
Width (m) = 2.5
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.266
Ke = Gradual transition = 0.1
2 2
hexpansion = ke* (V1 ‐V2 )/2g (m) = 0.026
4.c Loss due to gradual contraction
Height (m) = 2.24
Width (m) = 6
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 0.878
Ke = Gradual transition = 0.1
hcontraction = ke* (V22‐V12)/2g (m) = 0.022
4.d Loss due to Gate in d/s
Height (m) = 2.240
Width (m) = 2.700
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 1.951
Co‐efficient for gate, kg = 0.100
2
hg =( kg*V /2*g) (m) = 0.019
Total loss (4) = 0.068
5 HEAD LOSS IN HRP
Length (m) = 3374
5.a Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 6.05
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 8.82
Equivalent diameter, d = (m) = 2.77
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 1.95
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.69
Loss due to friction ,hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) =
2.66
5.b Loss due to bends
Bend‐1
No. of bends = 30
Deflection angle, α = = 30
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.195
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.038
tentative bend loss in 30 bends = 1.133
Other Bends
No. of bends = 33
Deflection angle, α = = 10
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 12.5
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.176
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.034
Losses due to bends in 33 bends = 1.130
tentative bend loss in 62 bends = 2.263
Total losses in HRP (5) = 4.92
6 HEAD LOSS IN PRESSURE SHAFT
Length (m) = 714.00
6.a Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s 2) = 9.81
2
Area, A = (m ) = 5.31
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 8.16
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.224
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.65
hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.76
6.b Loss due to butterfly valve chamber
Loss Co‐efficient for butterfly valve, K bv = 0.35
Diameter of butterfly valve (m) = 2.60
Area of BVC, (m2) = 5.307
Velocity in BVC, (m/s) = 2.22
hbv =( kbv*V2/2*g) (m) = 0.09
6.c Loss due to Surge shaft gate
Loss co‐efficient due to gate, k g = 0.1
Width of gate, m = 2.70
Height of gate, m = 3.4
Velocity through gate, m/s = 1.29
Head loss due to gate, m = 0.01
6.d Losses due to bends:
Bend‐1 (in plan)
Deflection angle, α = = 22
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.191
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.048
Bend‐2 (in plan)
Deflection angle, α = = 17
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.188
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.047
Bend‐3 (in plan)
Deflection angle, α = = 47
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 20
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.194
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.049
Bend‐4 (in plan)
Deflection angle, α = = 24
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
where, k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.192
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.048
Bend‐5 (in plan)
Deflection angle, α = = 7
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 10
2
where, k (= 2α/π *(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.170
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.043
Losse due to bends = 0.19
6.e Bifurcation loss: =
Coefficient, K = 0.54
hf = (k*V2/2*g) (m) = 0.14
Total losses in Pressure shaft (6) = 1.18
7 HEAD LOSS IN PENSTOCKS
7.a PENSTOCK No.1
Length (m) = 20.00
7.a.1 Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 2.54
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 5.65
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.32
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.45
hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.04
Loss due to friction (m) = 0.04
7.a.2 Loss due to bend
Deflection angle, α = = 53
Radius of Curvature of bend, Rb = (m) = 7.5
k (= 2α/π2*(In Rb/D + α)) = 0.198
2
hbend (= k*V /2*g) (m) = 0.05
7.a.3 Loss due to transition before MIV
Dia. after transition ,m = 1.5
Velocity after transition , m /s = 1.02
Ke = (gradual loss, 4.4.1.1. IS 4880 Part III 1976) = 0.1
2 2
hcontaction = ke* (V1 ‐V2 )/2g (m) = 0.022
7.a.4 Loss due to Main Inlet Valve
Loss co‐efficient due to spherical valve, k s = 0.2
Head loss due to MIV, m = 0.01
Losses in Penstock No‐1( from RHS) (m) = 0.12
7.b PENSTOCK No.2
Length (m) = 15.00
7.b.1 Loss due to friction
Acceleration due to gravity, g (m/s2) = 9.81
Area, A = (m2) = 2.54
Wetted Perimeter, P = (m) = 5.65
Velocity, V = (m/s) = 2.32
Hydraulic mean radius, R = A/P (m) = 0.45
hf = ((v^2)*(n^2)*L)/(R^(4/3)) (m) = 0.03
Loss due to friction (m) = 0.03
7.b.2 Loss due to transition before MIV
Dia. after transition, m = 1.5
Velocity after transition , m /s = 1.02
Ke = (gradual loss, 4.4.1.1. IS 4880 Part III 1976) = 0.1
2 2
hcontaction = ke* (V1 ‐V2 )/2g (m) = 0.022
7.b.3 Loss due to Main Inlet Valve
Loss co‐efficient due to spherical valve, k s = 0.2
Head loss due to MIV, m = 0.01
Losses in Penstock No‐2 (m) = 0.06
Losses in penstock (7) = 0.12
Total Losses (1+2+3+4+5+6+7) = 6.98