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    The Book of Optics

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    Rajesh Gupta
    In the 6th century, Isidore of Miletus compiled works by Archimedes that were later copied in the Archimedes Palimpsest. Around the same time, John Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teachings on physics by introducing the theory of impetus and relying on observation over verbal arguments. His criticism of Aristotle inspired Galileo Galilei during the Scientific Revolution. In the 1300s, Jean Buridan further developed the concept of impetus, moving toward modern ideas of inertia and momentum. During the Islamic Golden Age, Islamic scholars built upon Aristotelian physics through emphasis on observation and reasoning, developing early scientific methods seen in the works of optics pioneers like Ibn al-Haytham.

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    The Book of Optics

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Gupta
    25 views1 page
    In the 6th century, Isidore of Miletus compiled works by Archimedes that were later copied in the Archimedes Palimpsest. Around the same time, John Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teachings on physics by introducing the theory of impetus and relying on observation over verbal arguments. His criticism of Aristotle inspired Galileo Galilei during the Scientific Revolution. In the 1300s, Jean Buridan further developed the concept of impetus, moving toward modern ideas of inertia and momentum. During the Islamic Golden Age, Islamic scholars built upon Aristotelian physics through emphasis on observation and reasoning, developing early scientific methods seen in the works of optics pioneers like Ibn al-Haytham.

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    In the 6th century, Isidore of Miletus compiled works by Archimedes that were later copied in the Archimedes Palimpsest. Around the same time, John Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teachings on physics by introducing the theory of impetus and relying on observation over verbal arguments. His criticism of Aristotle inspired Galileo Galilei during the Scientific Revolution. In the 1300s, Jean Buridan further developed the concept of impetus, moving toward modern ideas of inertia and momentum. During the Islamic Golden Age, Islamic scholars built upon Aristotelian physics through emphasis on observation and reasoning, developing early scientific methods seen in the works of optics pioneers like Ibn al-Haytham.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    25 views1 page

    The Book of Optics

    Uploaded by

    Rajesh Gupta
    In the 6th century, Isidore of Miletus compiled works by Archimedes that were later copied in the Archimedes Palimpsest. Around the same time, John Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teachings on physics by introducing the theory of impetus and relying on observation over verbal arguments. His criticism of Aristotle inspired Galileo Galilei during the Scientific Revolution. In the 1300s, Jean Buridan further developed the concept of impetus, moving toward modern ideas of inertia and momentum. During the Islamic Golden Age, Islamic scholars built upon Aristotelian physics through emphasis on observation and reasoning, developing early scientific methods seen in the works of optics pioneers like Ibn al-Haytham.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 1

    In the sixth century Isidore of Miletus created an important compilation of Archimedes' works that are

    copied in the Archimedes Palimpsest.


    In sixth century Europe John Philoponus, a Byzantine scholar, questioned Aristotle's teaching of
    physics and noting its flaws. He introduced the theory of impetus. Aristotle's physics was not
    scrutinized until John Philoponus appeared, and unlike Aristotle who based his physics on verbal
    argument, Philoponus relied on observation. On Aristotle's physics John Philoponus wrote:
    “But this is completely erroneous, and our view may be corroborated by actual observation more
    effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights of
    which one is many times as heavy as the other, you will see that the ratio of the times required for
    the motion does not depend on the ratio of the weights, but that the difference in time is a very small
    one. And so, if the difference in the weights is not considerable, that is, of one is, let us say, double
    the other, there will be no difference, or else an imperceptible difference, in time, though the
    difference in weight is by no means negligible, with one body weighing twice as much as the other”[18]
    John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian principles of physics served as an inspiration for Galileo
    Galilei ten centuries later, during the Scientific Revolution. Galileo cited Philoponus substantially in
    his works when arguing that Aristotelian physics was flawed.[19][20] In the 1300s Jean Buridan, a
    teacher in the faculty of arts at the University of Paris, developed the concept of impetus. It was a
    step toward the modern ideas of inertia and momentum.[21]
    Islamic scholarship inherited Aristotelian physics from the Greeks and during the Islamic Golden
    Age developed it further, especially placing emphasis on observation and a priori reasoning,
    developing early forms of the scientific method.
    The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of
    many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable
    work was The Book of Optics (also known as Kitāb al-Manāẓir), written by Ibn al-Haytham, in which
    he conclusively disproved the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory.
    In the book, he presented a study of the phenomenon of the camera obscura (his thousand-year-old
    version of the pinhole camera) and delved further into the way the eye itself works. Using dissections
    and the knowledge of previous scholars, he was able to begin to explain how light enters the eye. He
    asserted that the light ray is focused, but the actual explanation of how light projected to the back of
    the eye had to wait until 1604. His Treatise on Light explained the camera obscura, hundreds of
    years before the modern development of photography.[22]

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