2019 GE Protection Fundamentals
2019 GE Protection Fundamentals
2019 GE Protection Fundamentals
Protective Relaying
10/2017
Pat Kerrigan
Ravindranauth (Mike) Ramlachan
2
5
Protection is an Art, not just a science
6
Protection is an Art, not just a science
• Repair Damage
• Cost of lost production
• Adverse effects of the rest of the system
• Collateral damage of other equipment
• Time that damaged equipment will be our of service
7
8
9
1-Line Symbols [1]
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GE Consumer & Industrial
1-Line Symbols [2]
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GE Consumer & Industrial
1-Line Symbols [3]
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GE Consumer & Industrial
1-Line Symbols [4]
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GE Consumer & Industrial
14
GE Consumer & Industrial
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GE Consumer & Industrial
3-Line
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GE Consumer & Industrial
17
Fundamentals:
Fault Current Sources
Contribution to Faults
Short Circuit Parameters
20
Fundamentals:
Power System Analysis:
Per Unit Basics
Why Per Unit System
21
Per Unit System
22
Short Circuit Calculations
Per Unit System – Base Conversion
23
Per Unit Calculation Example
24
Per Unit Calculation Example
Base 20 MVA
Voltage
1.043 PU 0.02 PU
0.242 PU
I = 1.043 / (0.242 +0.1 + 0.020)
10% = 2.76 PU (on 20 MVA base)
13.8: 115 kV
20 MVA
25
26
Fundamentals:
Power System Analysis:
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical vs Non-Symmetrical
Normal vs Abnormal
27
Non-Systematical or Unbalanced Analysis
28
Symmetrical Components
29
Symmetrical Components
30
Symmetrical Components
31
Summary – Symmetrical Components
32
Symmetrical Components – Example
A-G Fault
33
Symmetrical Components – Example
A-G Fault
Z2 IA2
3 * ZF IA = IA0 + IA1 + IA2 = 3 * IA0
IB = IA0 + a2 * IA1 + a * IA2 = 0
IC = IA0 + a * IA1 + a2 * IA2 =0
Z0 IA0
34
35
Fundamentals:
Zones of Protection
Zones of Protection
36
Zones of Protection
37
Zones of Protection
38
39
Fundamentals:
A Word on Trip Contacts
Tripping Contacts & How to Use Them
+DC
September
The Art & Science of Protective Relaying (Updated12,
& 2018
Abridged) 40
Tripping Contacts & How to Use Them
41
Tripping Contacts & How to Use Them
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Tripping Contacts & How to Use Them
If you Must Make and Break the Trip Coil directly use the correct contacts
43
Tripping Contacts & How to Use Them
If you Must Make and Break the Trip Coil directly use the correct contacts
44
45
Fundamentals:
Requirements
Characteristics of a “Reliable” Protection System
The “5 S’s”
Speed
• When it needs to operate, you want it to operate fast.
Selectivity
• Ideally, you only de-energize the faulted equipment and nothing more.
Sensitivity
• The best protection system can detect any fault, large or small.
Security
• A good protection system trips when you need it to and never trips otherwise.
Simplicity
• Ideally, no engineering effort is required, and it’s very inexpensive.
Presentation Title September 12, 2018 46
Relay Characteristics - Sensitivity
47
Relay Characteristics - Selectivity
To Trip the minimum number of circuit breakers to clear a fault, do not over-trip
48
Relay Characteristics - Selectivity
To Trip the minimum number of circuit breakers to clear a fault, do not over-trip
49
Relay Characteristics - Speed
50
Relay Characteristics - Speed
51
The Art of Protective Relaying
Sensitivity vs Speed
• To get a lower pickup (Sensitivity) I must sacrifice some Trip Time (Spee)
Speed vs Selectivity
• To trip faster, I must live with the fact that my system might trip for out of Zone
faults (Over-Trip)
Simplicity vs ………..
• An expensive and complicated system might be needed to get the right balance of
Speed vs Selectivity vs Security.
END GAME
53
A Reliable Protection System
54
Fundamental Operating Principles
actuating
is
contacts N coil N polarizing
coil
S pivot S
55
Fundamental Operating Principles
actuating
is
contacts N coil N polarizing
coil
S pivot S
56
Fundamental:
Current Instrument Transformers
57
Instrument Transformer - Definition
58
Instrument Transformer - Definition
59
Instrument Transformer – Locations
60
Instrument Transformer – Insulation Ratings
61
Instrument Transformer – Types
Bar
62
Instrument Transformer – Types
Bushing
63
Instrument Transformer – Types
Toroidal (Donut)
64
Current Transformer Basics
Transformer Ratio (TR)
68
Polarity
Direction of
Secondary Current
Direction of
Primary Current
X1 IEEE Secondary
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary IEEE H1
Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1
Remember:
Primary current into “polarity” = Secondary current out of “polarity”
Polarity
Direction of
Secondary Current
Direction of
Primary Current
X1 IEEE Secondary
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary IEEE H1
Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1
Remember:
Primary current into “non-polarity” = Secondary current out of “non-polarity”
Polarity
Polarity
Polarity
73
CT Equivalent Circuit
CT Accuracy
0.30 Region
0.3% Accuracy
Region
0.30
No accuracy
guaranteed at
current levels
0.60
less than 10%
C or T100
C or T200
What do these mean?
C or T400
C or T800
IEEE CT Relay Accuracy
86
CT Rating Factor (RF) - IEEE
90
CT Saturation Concepts
−t
I ⋅e Ts IS
Flux
AC & DC Current Components
of Fault Current
Generator Response (DC Offset)
R X
Asymmetrical Starting Current
DC Offset
CT Performance
C200 1200:5 Burden =1.0 Ohms
52
79
Industrial Circuit Breaker
• Phase instantaneous and time-delayed overcurrent is used.
• Ground instantaneous overcurrent is used.
• Optionally, ground time-delayed overcurrent is used
Phase CTs
50G 51G
Zero Sequence CT
Ground Fault Protection
Zero Sequence Current
Transformer
Best A
B
52
50/51 G
This diagram shows the Asymmetrical Starting Currents. When a motor first starts using a
residual ground fault connection, the three phases do not sum to zero because of the DC
offset in each of the three phase CTs. This difference appears as a ground fault current and
will cause a ground fault trip if the trip level and time delay are programmed correctly. If
the residual ground fault connection is to be used, the Ground Fault trip delay must be set
to a delay other than instantaneous to avoid a nuisance ground fault trip, in addition to
allowing enough time for the asymmetrical starting current offsets to even out.
Ground Fault
This slide shows the noise generated during a start and a run when
residual ground scheme is used.
None of this noise would be seen by the motor relay using a zero
sequence CT scheme.
Residual Connection
Will a IOC pickup for
high fault currents
on a low ratio CT?
High Fault Currents on Low ratio CT
High Fault Currents on Low ratio CT
High Fault Currents on Low ratio CT
High Fault Currents on Low ratio CT
- 750 Relay
• For TOC and IOC means smaller values, probably will operate but will
operate slower
X1 Secondary current
X2
Primary Burden of
Current Devices (α)
Total
Burden Z T
CT Burden of
Leads (α)
CT Burden Calculation
CT Burden Calculation
Z T = RCT + RL + ZB
Z T = Total burden in ohms
RCT = CT secondary resistance in ohms @75 deg C
RL = Resistance of leads in ohms (Total loop distance)
ZB = Device impedance in ohms
IEEE PSRC CT Saturation Tool
Fundamental:
Current Instrument Transformers:
Final Word
126
Never Open Circuit
Take Away
129
Voltage Transformer Class - IEEE
Voltage Transformer Class - IEEE
Voltage Transformer Connections
Voltage Transformers Ferroresonance
- Ferroresonance
R
Typically 60 Ohms
134
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Overcurrent
The Protection Problem
138 kV
52
U
Fault is seen by
• Fuse F-1
R
• Feeder relay
• Main Feeder relay
52
M
12.5 kV
F-1
Types of Protection
Overcurrent
Industrial Feeder Protection
TIME
OPERATE
OPERATING
TIME
Multiples of pick-up
Time Overcurrent Protection
• ANSI function 51
• The trip time varies inversely with current magnitude to allow coordination.
• Characteristic curves most commonly used are called inverse, very inverse, and
extremely inverse. The user must select the curve type. They are said to be a family
of curves and selected by the time dial.
• Curve type and time dial are separate settings. Curve type is selected so the
characteristic of the relay best matches characteristics of downstream and
upstream overcurrent devices. Time dial adjusts time delay of characteristic to
achieve coordination between downstream and upstream overcurrent devices.
• Minimum pickup setting. Pickup setting chosen so protective device will operate on
most inverse part of its time curve over the range of current for which must operate.
• 51P – phase time overcurrent
• 51N – neutral time overcurrent
(The mathematical phasor summation of phase currents Ia, Ib, Ic equals In)
• 51G – ground time overcurrent - low pickup setting
(Measured current value from a CT)
Ground Fault Protection
Residual Ground Fault Connection
• Less sensitive - Drawbacks due to un-matched CTs
• For large cables that cannot be fit through the zero sequence
CT’s window, the residual ground fault configuration can be
used.
• This configuration is inherently less sensitive than that of the
zero sequence configuration owing to the fact that the CTs
FEEDER RELAY are not perfectly matched.
52
Fault magnitude
U
• F3 > F2 > F1
F3
R Why?
52
M • Impedance
12.5 kV
R R R • I = V/Z
F2
52 52 52
1 2 3
F-1
F1
Fault Currents
TIME
F1 F2 F3 CURRENT
146
Time Coordination Interval (TCI)
TIME
Feeder 3
Relay
Main Feeder
Relay
TIME
COORDINATION
INTERVAL
Very
Inverse
Inverse
Time
Operate area:
at and above the curve
1 10 100
Pickup Multiples of Pickup
Time Overcurrent Protection
• During the selection of the
curve, the protection
engineer will use what is
termed as a “ time
multiplier” or “time dial” to
effectively shift the curve up
or down on the time axis
• Operate region lies above
selected curve, while no-
operate region lies below it
• Pickup used to move curve
left and right
FlexCurve
Useful for
coordination of
relays with
downstream static
trip devices, fuses,
molded case
breakers,
transformer
damage curves,
etc.
Coordination of
Low Voltage and
Medium Voltage
Overcurrent Protection
Current Scale X 10
Fusing and Coordination
Fuse time verses current characteristic
• The time verses current characteristics of a fuse
has two curves.
• The first curve is called the pre-arcing curve
• The pre-arcing (or melting) curve is the
time between the initiation of a current
large enough to cause the fusible
element(s) to melt and the instant when
arcing occurs. Total clearing
Time Minimum time curve
• The second curve is called the total clearing melt
time.
• The total clearing time is the total time
elapsing from the beginning of an
overcurrent to the final circuit interruption. Current
Time
• Properly coordinated protective devices
help to: F5 Fuse curve
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
2I
1I 1I
Time
Load
Load
Current
Coordination – Between Fuses & Relays
• The time overcurrent relay should back up the fuse over full current range. The time
overcurrent relay characteristic curve best suited for coordination with fuses is Extremely
Inverse, which is similar to the I2t fuse curves. For Extremely Inverse relay curves, primary
pickup current setting should be 3-times fuse rating. For other relay curves, up to 4-times
fuse rating should be considered. Ensure no cross over of fuse or time overcurrent relay
curves.
• To account for CT saturation and errors, electro-mechanical relay overshoot, timing errors
and fuse errors a minimum TCI of 0.4s should be used.
Fuse curve
Time
Current
Coordination – Between Fuses & Relays
• The following is recommended TCI to ensure proper coordination
2.5
0.5
0.3 s between relays/recloser
0.4 s between relay and fuse
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Fault current at 11 kV
Device Coordination
TIME
Feeder 3
Relay
F-1 Main Feeder
Relay
TCI
0.4s typical
mis-coordination
F1 F2 F3 CURRENT
Device Coordination
TIME
Feeder 3
Relay
F-1
Proper-coordination
Main Feeder
Relay
TCI
TCI
0.3s typical
0.4s typical
F1 F2 F3 CURRENT
Device Coordination
Typical Discrimination Times based on Technology
(Standard Normal Inverse Curves):
Relay Technology
Solid Digital /
Electro-
Error Source State Numeric Micro
Mechanical
Electronic Processor
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Auto Reclosing
Automatic Reclosing
• ANSI function number 79
• Automatically reclose a circuit breaker or recloser which has been tripped by protective
relaying or recloser control
• Mainly used by electric utilities
• Multi-shot reclosing for distribution circuits
• Instantaneous shot (~0.25s)
• Delayed reclosures (typically two delayed , for example 3s & 15s, or 15s & 30s)
52
Two methods:
• Fuse Blowing
- Fuse blows for any fault, including temporary fault
• Fuse Saving
- Use automatic reclosing to try and save fuses for temporary
faults
Automatic Reclosing
Coordinate with Branch Fuses
• After initial reclose block instantaneous overcurrent functions to allow fuse to blow
- Instantaneous and inverse-time overcurrent relays are arranged so that, when a fault occurs,
instantaneous relays operate to trip breaker before a branch fuse can blow, and breaker is then
immediately reclosed
- However, after first trip, the instantaneous relays are automatically cut out of service so that if
fault should persist ,inverse-time relays would have to operate to trip breaker
- This gives time for branch-circuit fuse of faulty circuit to blow, if we assume that the fault is
beyond this fuse
- In this way, cost of replacing blown branch-circuit fuses is minimized, and at the same time the
branch-circuit outage is also minimized. If breaker is not tripped within a certain time after
reclosure, instantaneous relays are automatically returned to service
• Some users just decide to delay phase and ground instantaneous overcurrent elements for small
time period (for example 0.2s) to allow downstream fuse to blow first and avoid main breaker
operation
Fuse Blowing
Feeder
TIME
Relay
Fuse
TCI
> 0.4s typical
FAULT CURRENT
Fuse Saving for Temporary Faults
Feeder
TIME
Relay
Fuse
Time
• It allows the recloser control or digital protective Slow-R2
relay to step through selected operations in the
operating sequence without tripping. Slow-R1
Fast-B
• The user can select the required number of Fast-R2
Sequence Coordination advances (1-3) to provide Fast-R1
trip coordination with downstream recloser(s) X
Current
B R2 R1 X
Breaker/Recloser Trip Curve Selections
• Reclosers will often have two fast & slow tripping
characteristics
Time
Slow-B
• If sequence coordination is used on protective Slow-R2
device within circuit breaker, then protective device Slow-R1
of circuit breaker can also use fast and slow Fast-B
tripping characteristics. Optimal trip coordination is Fast-R2
Fast-R1
achieved.
Current
• If sequence coordination is not used on substation
circuit breaker, then a slow tripping curve is only
Without Seq
used. This assumes that sequence coordination is
Coordination on Bkr
used on each recloser downstream. (Longer Bkr Clearing Time
for Faulty Recloser 2)
Time
Slow-B
Slow-R2
B R2 X R1
Fast-R2
X
Current
170
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Directional Overcurrent
Directional Protection
Example:
Industrial with on-
site Generator
(used on main
breaker)
Phase Directional Protection
• Polarizing voltage
(Vpol) is established
for each current
• If current is in same
direction as Vpol,
then element
operates
Ground Directional Overcurrent
VC VC
V -V0
0 VA
VA
I0 I0
VB
VB
1. Can be set more sensitively than phase as load current is not an issue
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Breaker Failure
Breaker Failure Protection
• ANSI function 50BF
• Initiated by fault condition
• Separate low-set instantaneous overcurrent element with time
delay that operates if fault current is still present If any of these breakers
do not operate, then
• Operate upstream breaker(s) operate upstream breaker
Breaker Failure Operate Example
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Beyond Overcurrent Protection
Arc Flash Mitigation: Staggered Coordination can lead to very slow trip
times, increasing arc flash energy.
Over-Current Protection
& Coordination Bus1 Bus2 Bus 3
Load = 5 MVA 500 kVA
60 MVA
11kV/.44 kV
11 kV FS1
52-1 52-2
3 CT1 F-1 F-2 CT2 75 A
Gen
F-4
F-2 F-3
2.5 Load Load
Load Load
F60-1 F60-2
2
1.5
Digital Communications
50/62
Ethernet
Switch
50 50 50 50 50
Feeder Relay
(Overcurrent Protection-50)
“Out-of-Zone Fault”
Multilin 850
GOOSE Messaging
50/62 Ethernet
Switch
GOOSE Messaging
50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50
X
Block GOOSE Message Sent to Main Relay
IEC 61860 GOOSE Messaging Application
Bus Zone Interlocking Protection Scheme
Main Trip Delay:
“In-Zone Fault”
20ms Main 50 Operate
20ms Feeder 51 Pickup GOOSE Messaging
2-4ms Network Delay 50/62
8-16ms Margin
GOOSE Messaging
Coordination
50 50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50
Benefits
• Arc Flash Hazard Reduction
• Eliminates Need for Discrete Bus Differential Relay
• Easily Implemented in Retrofit Applications vs.
Traditional Low or High Impedance Methods
• Transmitting and Receiving IEC61850 GOOSE Messages
between Protective Relays at High-Speed via Ethernet
• Ease of Relay Coordination
• No Hard Wiring between Devices
• Easy Setup and Configuration
• Scheme Alarms when Protective IEDs are “Off-line” or
not Communicating
Goose - Main-Tie-Main Transfer
UR Relay UR Relay
UR Relay
Summary
• Overcurrent is typically used for medium voltage
applications on industrial/distribution systems.
• Instantaneous (50) and Time Overcurrent (51) elements
used in overcurrent applications.
• Time Coordination between overcurrent devices used
for selectivity and backup.
• Goose messaging can be used to simplify and reduce
wiring of Bus Zone interlocking and Main-Tie-Main
Transfer applications
187
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Transformer Differential
ANSI / IEEEC37.91
“Guide for Protective Relay Applications
for Power Transformers”
87
T
50
51
51
G
Transformer Bushing Nomenclature
H1, H2, H3 X1, X2, X3
• Primary Bushings • Secondary Bushings
H1 X1
H2 Transformer X2
H3 X3
ANSI Standard
Angular Displacement
Ioperate
Protected
Element Ioperate = Iop = | I1 + I2 |
I1 I2
K2
Iop = | I1 + I2 |
K1
Irestraint
Angular Displacement - Development
IC Ic C c A
H3 X3
HV LV a
B
Zero Sequence Removal
2081 A
251 A
4.18 A
9.01 A
Internal vs. External CT Compensation
Digital Relay
T60
* *
Externally *
WYE connection
*
DELTA
by CT connection
connections
T60
Benefits of Wye CTs
IA C -a c A
X1 Ia
H1 c
-b
IB H2 X2 Ib a
a
b
IC Ic
H3 X3
b
HV LV -c
Relay calculates:
DIFF = Winding LV –
Winding HV * (kV HV Winding / kV LV Winding) *
(CT ratio HV Winding / CT ratio LV Winding)
= 5.2– 4.18 * (34.5 / 4.16) * (300 / 2000)
= 5.2 – 4.18 * 1.244 = 0
Inrush on Energization
Exciting current
A Voltage
to provide flux
Initial flux wave
Energized
Inrush current
B
Voltage
Trip on Inrush
Harmonic Restraint
Energizing Large Motor through Transformer
Energizing Large Motor through Transformer
208
Fundamental:
Types of Protection:
Bus Differential
Bus Protection
Interlocking Schemes
High Impedance Differential
Low Impedance Differential
High-impedance differential
VR
Hi-Z
A
RL RL
IF I1 + I2
=
N N
Junction Point 52 52 52
I1 I2
CT 1 CT 2 RS CT 3
N N
Maximum lead
length, and maximum Fault
RL from junction point
to CT lead
High-Impedance
87B: MIB
High-Z
High Impedance Module - HID
High Impedance Module - HID
Low-Z 87B
Individual Inputs
Y
M
R
87
T
B
R R R R
F1 F2 F3 F4
Restraint Characteristic
Ioperate
Protected
Element Ioperate = Iop = | I1 + I2 |
I1 I2
K2
Iop = | I1 + I2 |
K1
Irestraint
CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t2 – fault conditions
differential
External
fault: ideal
CTs
t2
t0 restraining
CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t2 – fault conditions
differential
External fault:
CT ratio
t2 mismatch
t0 restraining
CT Saturation Problem
t0 – fault inception
t1 – CT saturation time
t2 – CT saturated
t2
differential
External
fault: CT
saturation
t1
t0 restraining
Case : Actual CT Performance
differential
t1
t0 restraining
Directional Principle
External faults:
• one current approximately out of phase
Primary current of
the faulted circuit
Secondary current of
the faulted circuit
(deep CT saturation)
B30 & B90
EXTERNAL FAULT
Protection logic
DIF1
AND
DIR
CB 1 CB 2 CB 3 CB 4 CB n
NO
OR
OR
TRIP
SAT
AND
I1 I2 I3 In
DIF2
I4
i1 i4 in
Directional flag
DIR = 0 I1
I2 I3
In Saturation flag SAT = 1
200
100 ~1 ms
50
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12
Despite heavy CT
saturation the
external fault current
is seen in the
opposite direction
The element
The
does not
directional flag
maloperate
is not set
B30/ B90
CT-3
• PICKUP setting must
accommodate any error
signals
I2 = 0
CT-4
• Circuits must share the same
connection status
I3 = 0
IDIFF = Error
• CTs must feed loads
Maloperation if
IREST = Error Error > PICKUP • Use multiple setting groups to
optimize the application
High Impedance
Low Impedance
Questions?