RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of basic biology experiment with the title “Microscopic

Observation” arranged by :
Name : Tazia Dharma Wata
ID : 1716441001
Class : ICP of Science Education
Group : II(Two)
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator. So, this report was
accepted.
Makassar, November 2017

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Suharyanti Amir Abdul Rozzaq Nurhidayat Latif

ID.1114040192 ID. 1516441011

Known by,
Lecturer Laboratory

Dr.Nurhayani Haji Muhiddin,M.Si

NIP.19671231 199313 2 004
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.Background
Something that very complited constituent is a living creature. In both human
living beings, animals and plants consists of organ that constituate it. And the
organs itself composed of tissue that constituate it. Organ in living beings choose
a role that is vital for the living being it self because if one of the links on living
things don’t work according to its function, it may be said that living being are not
perfect.
Both genetic and environmental factors influence the shape of plants and
animals, but environmental effects are greater in plants. as a result in a plant
species there is usually more variety than animals. basic plant organ namely
Roots, stems and leaves. the basic morphology of most vascular plants reflects its
evolutionary history as a land-based organization that inhabits and exploits the
resources of two very different environments. Roots, are multicellular organs that
tether vascular plants into the soil, Stems are organs composed of alternating
systems, Leaves vary but usually consist of a flat helix with one petiole.
Tissue on plant divided into parts, namely meristems tissue and adult tissue.
Meristim is a tissue that still young and always actively dividing or embryonic
while adult tissue that is no longer able to divide or differentiate. Miristem tissue
be differentiated into primary meristem tissue and secunder meristim tissue.
The existing tissue in animals is the epithelial tissue comprising the cell
structure of adjacent cells and joined by intercular substance. Epithelium on one
side has a free surface and on the other side is bordered with epithelial lin form
tissue ie flat epithelium, cubic epithelium, cylindrical epithelium. epithelial plated
and multiple.
In animal tissue is also known layer of institution eksoderm, endoderm and
mesoderm. which is the outer layer, gastrointestinal tract or tissue in the animal
muscle. So, the network is a collection of body cells with inter-cell material that it
produces. the cells of the body do not have to be the same, while the intercellular
material they produce is the base material (matrix) and fibers.

B. Purpose
After do the experiment, the collect students are expected to explain the
structure and the various networks that make up the organs of plants and animals.
C. Benefit
The benefits of this lab work are:
1. with microscopic observation experiment can determine the structure and
the various tissue that make up the organs of animals.
2. Can see clearly those parts of the animal tissues through intermediaries a
microscope.
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

In plants there are different tissues of different shapes and functions, in

general, plant tissue can be grouped into 6 namely, meristem tissue, parenchymal
tissue, protective tissue, strengthening tissue, transport tissue, and idioblast.
Meristem tissue, arranged by embrional, thin selyn membrane, cell space filled
with protoplasm, and vacuole is small, its cells always divide. has a function that
is to divide and exist in apical cells. Parenchymal tissue is the most numerous and
easy to find, the cell wall is thin, is a cell that is still active. has a function to store
food reserves, as a place of photosynthesis, and as a support tissue, this tissue is
present in the cortex, the pith of the stem and on the fruit. Protective tissue serves
to protect the plant consists of, epidermal tissue, and cork tissue. (Yudiarti, dkk,
2004:31-32)
The tissue is a collection of cells with the same structure and function,
different types of tissues have different structures corresponding to their function,
a tissue is joined by a sticky extracellular matrix that lines the cells. grouping of
tissues namely: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue and muscle tissue.
Epithelial tissue is present in the form of layers of cells that serve to protect the
outside of the body and lining the organs and cavities in the body. in addition to
protecting the organs in which some epithelial coatings can absorb or secrete the
chemical solution lining the cell's digestive tract secretes aqueous solution called
mucus, which lubricates the surface of the duct and keeps it moist, the ciliated
epithelium of the respiratory tract serves to keep the lungs to keep it clear of dust.
(Campbell, 2004:2-3)
One way to identify the anatomical appearance of the transporter element
of this xylem is by observing the preparations with the aid of a microscope.
Preparation of this preparation using the method of maceration. Maseration
method is done by softening tissue tissue (whole) or partly by way of soaking in
water or certain solution. This maseration is one of the methods in mikroteknik.
Mikroteknik itself is a science or art that prepares the organs, tissues or parts of
the tissue to be observed with the help of a microscope. Mixed maceration
preparations can be used to determine the anatomy of plant vessel tissue. The
observations of these maceration preparations are documented so that they can be
used as biological learning resources. preparations used are preparations that can
observe the tissue vessels both xylem and phloem. (Kurniawati, dkk, 2015)
The basic tissue is the underlying tissue of functional organ formation.
Histology is the study of the structure of animal body tissue, the understanding of
tissue in this case includes the cells and the intercellular material it produces. then
knowledge of the structure of animal tissue is the basis of histology.
(Hernawati,2008:1)
Connective tissue serves to bind and support other tissues, this tissues has a
rare collection of cells scattered in an extracellular matrix. fiber tissue made of
protein consists of three types of collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers.
Cobalogenous fibers are beams that are composed of many fibrils, not elastic and
like ropes. the most common tissue in the vertebrate body is a loose tissue that
serves as a packing material that keeps the organs in place. Adipose tissue is a
special form of loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells scattered
throughout its matrix. (Campbell, 2004:4-6)
The amplifier tissue has thick-walled cells and contains lignin. lignin
provides a hard property on its cell wall, serves to give strength to the plant,
providing a balance on the growth of plants. the tissue is divided into colenchyma
(acting on active cells) and sclerenchyme (acting on inactive cells). Reinforcing
tissue serves to pick up mineral substances from the soil for photosynthesis and
circulate photosynthesis throughout the plant body. on this tissue is divided into
two namely, Xilem which serves to take mineral substances from the soil for the
purposes of photosynthesis and Floem function to circulate. (Yudiarti, dkk,
2004:33-34)
Fibrous connective tissue fibrous tissue that is densely packed because of
its many chromosome types of tendons that attach muscles to bones, ligaments
connecting bones with other bones. Neural tissues feel stimulation or stimulation
and deliver signals from one part of the animal body to another. Nerve functional
units are neurons to deliver signals called nerve impulses. Dendrites deliver
impulses from their ends to other neurons. Muscle tissue is divided into striated
muscles, heart muscle and smooth muscle. (Campbell, 2004:9)
The histology of the flesh is the muscle of animals composed of very small
muscle fibers, in the form of longitudinal cells joined together by connective
tissue, forming a bonding bundle which, in most flesh, is clearly visible between
the fat of the blood vessels and nerves. The flesh consists of connective tissue
composed of muscle fibers that are cylindrical and have diverse diameters. In
addition meat contains water, protein, fat tissue and connective tissue. (Suwiti,
dkk, 2015)
The Meksint Korefsi learning model developed in this study is rooted in
the needs of students related to their success in achieving the learning objectives
of the Animal Body Stucture Course, the characteristics of students as adults
whose learning process should be guided by andragogy learning theory and the
variety of learning resources offered in the environment student learning. Animal
Body Structure Course studies the macro structure of organs and organ systems
owned by animals, primarily Vertebrate animals. The organ system of animals
studied consists of integument, skeleton, muscularis, digestion, circulation,
excretion, respiration, reproduction, nervous, and endocrine with the aim of
equipping students with knowledge of organ organ system organ composers
possessed by animals with macro approach, object observation tool. The way of
thinking applied in the process of learning Animal Body Structure is thinking
deductively, departing from things that are um (macro/morfology) in order to
understand the things that are micro (anatomical) organs of the animals being
studied. In addition to these objectives, the subject matter understanding of the
Animal Body Structure is useful for students to take courses in the following
semester: Animal Network Structure, Animal Physiology, Animal Ecology,
Animal Embryology. (Amaliah, dkk,2014)
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Monday/ November 6 th 2017
Time : 12.30 p.m until 14.10 p.m
Place : Laboratory of Basic Biology third floor East, Mathematics
And Science Faculty State University of Makassar
B. Tool and Material
1. Tool
a. Microscope ( 1 piece)
b. Coarse towel and soft towel ( 1 piece)
c. Preparation ( 10 pieces)
d. Dropper pippete ( 1 pieces)
e. Razor blade ( 5 pieces)
2. Material
a. Monocotyl Plant
1. Preparation preserved of root’s maize ( Zea mays R.)
2. Leaf’s maize (Zea mays L.)
3. Preparation preserved of stem’s maize (Zea mays S.)
b. Dicotyl Plant
1. Gum Leaf (Ficus elastica L.)
2. The root of Chili ( Capsium annum R.)
3. Pumkin stems ( Cucurbita Moschata S.)
c. Animal
1. Preparation preserved Neutral tissue of goat
2. Preparation preserved heart muscle tissue of goat
3. Preparation preserved fiber muscle tissue of rabit
4. Preparation presrved smooth muscle tissue of cat
d. Water
C. work Procedure
1. Plant Tissue
a. Prepared a microscope based on the rules of use
b. Took the root of stems and leaf on each plant dicotyl and monocotyl
then slash with as thin as possible. in this case the observed in plant
in this case the observed in plant monokotil, root’s zea maize
( Zea mays R.) , stem’s maize ( Zea mays S.) and leaves maize (Zea
mays L), while in the dikotil, the roots of Chili ( Capsium annum R.),
pumpkin stems( Cucurbita Moschata S.), leaf gum (Ficus elastica L,)
c. Observed features, structure and location of each tissue that measured
roots, stems and leaves in monocots and dikotyl plants. check out xilem,
floem, epidrmis, cortex, and a distinction that belongs to the plant
dikotil with herbs monokotil
d. Used the enlarged 4x magnification enlargement to saw the overall
preparation and 10x magnification to observed a more pronounced
tissue.
2. Muscule tissue
a. Observed preparations preserved smooth muscle tissue of cat, striated
muscle of rabit and haert muscule of goat with strong
magnification
c. Compared the observations with the existed images
b. Paid attention and drew the observation
3. Neural tissue
a. Observed cells in preparation preserved neutral tissue of goat used
microscope
b. Drew and compared parts that visible
c. Asked for assitant to see the cells in question, wich consist of a layer of
neutral tissue.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation
1. Plant Tissue

a. Monocotyl Root (zea mays R.)

Obsevation picture Description
1. Xilem
2. Floem
3.Cortex
4. Epiderm

Magnification 10x10
Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 2 3 4

Source: Self Documentation Source:

https://dosenbiologi.com/tumbuha
n/ batang-dikotil-dan-monokotil
b. Monocotyl Leaf (zea mays L.)
Obsevation picture Description
1. Epiderm
2. Spons Tissue
3. Clorofil

Magnification 10x10
Preparation Picture Comparison picture

123

Source:
Source: Self Documentation
https://abisjatuhbangunlagi.wordp
ress.com/tag/jaringan-parenkim/
c. Monocotyl Stem (Zea mays S.)
Obsevation picture Description
1. Mestom
2. Fan Cell
3. Floem

Magnification 10x10
 Preparation Picture Comparison picture
123 1 2 3

Source: Self Documentation Source:

www.farmasiexperience.com/anatomi
-batang/
d. Dicotyl Root (Capsium annum R.)
Obsevation picture Description
1. Cortex
2.Phloem

Magnification 10x10
Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 2 1 2

Source: deskripsi-anatomi-pada-
Source: Self Documentation
tumbuhan-cabe.html
e. Dicotyl Leaf ( Ficus elastica L.)
Obsevation picture Description
1. Epiderm
2. Clorofil

Magnification 10x10
Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 2 1 2

Source: Self Documentation Source:

https://ajarfikri.wordpress.com
f. Dicotyl Stem ( Cucurbita moschata S..)
Obsevation picture Description
1. Epiderm

Magnification 10x10
 Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 1

Source:
Source: Self Documentation
https://ajarfikri.wordpress.com/20
12/10/05/batang-tumbuhan/

2. Animal Tissue
a. Heart muscle tissue of goat
Obsevation picture Description
1. Cell Nucleus
2. Fiber muscle

Magnification 10x10

Preparation Picture Comparison picture

12 1 2

Source: http://www.histology-
Source: Self Documentation world.com/photoalbum/displayim
b.Fiber muscle tissue of goat
Obsevation picture Description
1. Collagen matrix
2. Chondrocytes

Magnification 10x10

Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 2 1 2

Source: Self Documentation Source:

https://www.hindawi.com/journal
s/ipid/2010/632513/fig5/
c. Smooth muscle tissue of cat
Obsevation picture Description
1. Cell Nucleus
2. Fiber muscle

Magnification 10x10
Preparation Picture Comparison picture
12 1 2

Source: Self Documentation Source:

https://www.hindawi.com/journal
s/ipid/2010/632513/fig5/
 d. Smooth muscle tissue of rabbit
Obsevation picture Description
1. Cell nucleus
2. Fiber muscle

Magnification 10x10

Preparation Picture Comparison picture

1 2 1 2

Source: http://www.histology-
Source: Self Documentation
world.com/photoalbum/displayim
age.php?album=27&pid=1200

B. Pembahasan
1.Struktur Pada Tubuh Tumbuhan
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, pada daun monokotil dan dikotil didapatkan
perbedaan antara daun monokotil dan dikotil yaitu:

a. Pada Daun Monokotil

Pada daun monokotil terdapat
 1) Epidermis daun, pada epidermis daun mononkotil terdiri atas selapis
sel dengan dinding tebal berlapiskan kutikula dan tidak berklorofil,
terdapat di permukaan atas dan bawah daun, serta berfungsi sebagai
proteksi.
2) Palisade terdiri atas sel-sel penunjang tersusun rapat dan banyak
mengandung klorofil sehingga di dalamnya berlangsung prose
fotosintesis.
3) Stomata biasanya tersusun biasanya sebagai deretan lumut dan daun.
Deretan stomata terletak di antara urat daun dan berfungsi sebagai
jalan udara masuk dan keluar daun.
4) Spons terdiri atas sel-sel yang tidak begitu kaya dengan klorofil,
bentuk dan susunannya tidak teratur, banyak memiliki ruang antar sel
yang di dalamnya terdapat berkas pengangkut yang berupa tulang-
tulang daun.
5) Xilem berfungsi untuk mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari tanah
melalui akar kemudian menuju daun.
6) Floem berfungsi untuk mengangkut hasil fotosintesis dari daun ke
seluruh tubuh tumbuhan.
b. Pada Daun Dikotil
Pada daun dikotil terdapat:
1) Epidermis pada daun dikotil terbagi atas dua, yaitu epidermis atas dan
epidermis bawah. Terdiri atas satu lapis sel yang bentuknya persegi
empat (batu bata) yang tersusun rapat, tidak mengandung klorofil dan
transparan. Fungsinya untuk melindungi lapisan sel yang letaknya
lebih dalam dari kekeringan serta menjaga bentuk daun agar tetap
dalam keadaan semula.
2) Korteks terdiri dari banyak sel dan tersusun berlapis-lapis, dinding
selnya tipis dan mempunyai ruang antar sel.
3) Xilem berfungsi untuk menyalurkan air dan garam mineral dari akar
ke bagian atas daun.
 4) Floem berfungsi menyalurkan hasil fotosintesis dari daun ke seluruh
tubuh tumbuhan.
2. Jaringan hewan
a. Otot jantung
Jaringan ini hanya terdapat pada lapisan tengah dinding jantung.
Strukturnya menyerupai otot lurik, memiliki percabangan, berinti satu
ditengah tiap sel. Sel otot jantung membentuk berkas erat sehingga
membentuk gelombang kontraksi.

b. Otot polos
Jaringan otot polos berbentuk seperti selendang yang panjangnya antara
30-300 milimikron. Inti sel berjumlah satu dan terletak dibagian tengah,
kontraksinya tidak dibawah kesadaran dan lambat. Otot polos banyak
ditemukan pada organ tubuh bagian dalam seperti sistem pencernaan,
hati, ginjal, lambung, dan lain-lain.

c. Otot lurik
Otot lurik terdiri atas berkas-berkas sel yang sangat panjang, yang
memperlihatkan garis-garis melintang.Serabut ototnya mempunyai
banyak nukleus yang terletak di tepi.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. conclusion

1. The epithelial tissue lies in the outer cavity, which serves as an outer organ
lining and outer body cavity. The connective tissue lies within the epithelial tissue
that serves to attach the construction between tissues, wrap the organs, produce
energy, produce the immune system, and fill the cavities between the organs.
Blood tissue serves as a binding tissue against three types of blood cells, namely
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes
(blood clots). Then nerve cells play a role in receiving and continuing stimulation
from one part of the body to another body part.

2. The nerve cell is unique in shape, with a long, elongated cytoplasm. As well
as muscle tissue consisting of smooth (smooth) muscle that lines the hollow organ
wall of the body, such as the intestines and blood vessels. The contraction shrinks
the size of the organ cavity, the striated muscle (skeleton) consisting of long fibers
whose concentration leads to motion of movement as well as other gestures,
cardiac muscle (heart), which forms the heart.

B. Suggestion

1. In this practice this time is better apprentice more accurate and be patient in
observing preparation of simple preset to get result of expected image
2 . For the assistant it may provide clear guidelines and limits on each
Observation activity to minimize errors made by apprentice during the
Observation
3. For laboratories in order to facilitate again with good facilities in the
apprentice activities of both tools and materials so that a practican be good
Reserch.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kurniawati, Feby; Zaenab,Siti; wahyuni, Sri. 2015. Analisis Perabndingan Bentuk

Jaringan pembuluh Pada preparat Meserasi Berbagai Genus Piper Sebagai
Sumber Belajar Biologi. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia. Malang.
Volume 1 No 2
Suwiti, Ni Ketut; Suastika, I Putu; Swacita, Ida Bagus Ngurah; Besung, I Nengah
Kerta. 2015. Studi Histologi dan Histomofemetri Daging Sapi Bali dan
Wagyu. Jurnal verteliner. Universitas Udayana Bali. Volume 16 No 3
Campbell. 2004. Biology. Jakarta: Erlangga
Dra. Yudiarti TURRINI, Msc, Dra. Widiastuti, Msi, Drs. Praktikno herry.
2004. Buku ajar Biology. Semarang
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