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 220 KV BUS-1
220 KV BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS

A
B
C

EXCITATION

BKR
GEN

L
GT

LA
 220 KV BUS-1

220 KV BUS-2

TRANSFER BUS

A
B
C

EXCITATION

BKR
GEN

L
GT

LA
 PURPOSE OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

• REGULATE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF THE MACHINE.

• MEET EXCITATION POWER REQMTS UNDER ALL NORMAL

OPERATING CONDITIONS.

• ENABLE MAXIMUM UTILISATION OF MACHINE CAPABILITY.

• GUARD THE MACHINE AGAINST INADVERTANT TRIPPING

DURING TRANSIENTS.

• IMPROVE DYNAMIC & TRNSIENT STABILITY THEREBY

INCREASING AVAILABILITY.
 EXCITATION SYSTEM
• EXCITATION TRANSFORMER 16,500/575
VOLT
• FOUR THYRISTER BRIDGE
• FIELD FLASHING UP TO 70% OF RATED
VOLTAGE
• AVR
• LIMITERS
• SLIP RINGS
• FIELD BREAKER
• INVERSION
• 6 THYRISTER CONVERTOR
 CT

PT EXCITATION
TRANS

AVR
AUTO CH

THYRISTER
GEN
SLIP RING MANUAL CH

ROTOR
F.BKR
 GRID STN. AUX. SUPPLY (FOR TESTING)

*
AVR CUBICLE MICRO TERMINAL

LCD

USYN1

.
.
USYN1 FROM PMG/PE O/P

USYN2
PT GEN. O/P

AVR I STN. AUX. SUP.

f
CT WITH LIMITERS GATE PULSE
CONTROL AMPLIFIER
REF

AUTO. CHL

THYRISTOR
V
BRIDGES

FIELD CURRENT GATE PULSE

REF REGULATOR CONTROL AMPLIFIER

MAN. CHL

USYN2

POWER
POWER POWER POWER SUPPLY
ALARM SUPPLY SUPPLY SUPPLY INTERFACE FCB
LOGIC A M C/O
CONTROL
TRIP

G AUTO MANUAL CONTROLS

FDR
MICROPROCESSOR BASED H/W

STN. BAT. SUPPLY

E

P AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

 PROTECTIVE CHANGEOVER FROM
AUTO TO MANUAL
• AVR PT SPLY FAIL
• AUTO PULSE FAILURE
• HIGH AUTO REF
• EX TRAF O/C ST-1
• SUPPLY A FAILURE
• SPLY A1 FAILURE
 CATHODE

THYRISTER
GATE

ANODE
CONDUCTION ANGLE

PULSE
 PROTECTIONS FOR GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER

• NEGATIVE PHASE • GT BUCHHOLZ

SEQUENCE
• BACK UP IMPEDENCE • GT WINDING TEMP
• OVERCURRENT HI
• UNDER EXCITATION • GT OIL TEMP HI
• OVERVOLTAGE • GT PRV
• STATOR E/F • GT OVERFLUX
• STATOR INTERTURN
• GT DIFFERENTIAL
FAULT
• POLE SLIPPING • OVERHEAD LINE
• ROTOR EARTH FAULT DIFFERENTIAL
• GEN DIFFERENTIAL • GT REF
 R

Y
B
NEGATIVE PH SQ
POSITIVE PHASE SQ
 CONSEQUENCES OF NEGATIVE PH
SEQUENCE
• ROTOR LOSSES INCREASES
• NO CONSTRUCTIVE OUT- PUT
• TRY TO ROTATE IN OPPOSITE
DIRECTION
 TRIPPING OF FIELD BREAKER
• EXCITATION TRANSFORMER TEMP HIGH
• (N-3) BRIDGE FAIL
• MANUAL PULSE FAIL IN MANUAL SELECTION
• MAIN-1(186G) OPERATE
• MAIN-2(286 G) OPERATE
• EXCITATION TRANSFORMER O/C STAGE-2
• ROTOR OVER VOLTAGE +Ve HI
• ROTOR OVER VOLTAGE -Ve HI
• REGULATOR SUPPLY FAIL
• VOLTAGE BUILT UP NOT EXCEED 70% WITHIN 20 SECS
• FF DISTURBED
• S-12 CHANGED TO TEST POSITION
• BOTH 48 VOLT SUPPLY FAIL (48 V1 & 48V2)
 CAUSES OF THYRISTER BRIDGE FAIL

• LOSS OF COOLING
• FAN SUPPLY FAILURE
• PULSE FINAL STAGE POWER SUPPLY
FAILURE
• THYRISTER FUSE FAILURE
• ISOLATOR OFF
 ADVANTAGES OF STATIC EXCITATION
EQUIPMENT
 REDUNDANCIES INCREASE RELIABILITY AND AVAILABILITY.

 MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS REDUCES DOWN TIME.

 ABSENCE OF ROTATING PARTS ENABLE MAINTENANCE WITH

EASE EVEN WHEN THE EQPNT IS IN SERVICE.

 UPRATING OF THE M/C BY USING UP THE MARGINS

OR BY ADDING ADDITIONAL CIRCUITS.

 EASE OF EQUIPMENT LAYOUT.

 BETTER OPTIONS FOR PLANT R&M.

OUTSTANDING FEATURES OF DIGITAL
REGULATOR(CONTD.)

• FACILITY
TO CONNECT PRINTER: TO THE MICRO-
TERMINAL.

• SELF MONITORING & DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES:

INTERNAL
CONDITION MONITORING OF THE DEVICES WITH
LED FAULT INDICATION, HENCE SHORT MEAN TIME
TO REPAIR(MTTR).

• SPARES MANAGEMENT: LESS VARIETY IN

ELECTRONIC MODULES
GENERATORN+_TRANSFORMER AND UAT
A+B PROTECTION RELAY

SNO GA REF DESCRIPTION TYPE MAKE

1 160 RYB GEN VT FUSE FAILURE RELAY VAPM-31 EE

2 64 G1 GEN STATOR MAIN E/F RELAY RAGEA ABB
PROTECTION
3 51 UAT UAT-1/B O/C PROTECTION CTU-32 EE
O/C PROT
4 87L 220 KV O/H LINE DIFF PROTECTION CAG-34 EE
5 51N GT GT STANDBY E/F PROTECTION CDG-11 EE
RELAY
6 30A FLAG RELAY FOR GT BUCHHOLZ VAA-13 EE
TRIP
7 30B GT WDG TEMP HI TRIP VAA-13 EE
8 30C GT OIL TEMP HI TRIP VAA-13 EE
9 30D GT PRV TRIP VAA-13 EE
10 64 NGT GT REF PROTECTION CAG-14 EE
11 30U UAT-A BUCH TRIP VAA-13 EE
SNO GA REF DESCRIPTION TYPE MAKE

12 30B UAT-B BUCH TRIP VAA-13 EE

13 87G GEN DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION CAG-34 EE
14 59G GEN OVERVOLTAGE ALARM RELAY VTU-21 EE
15 37 GENERATOR LO FORWARD POWER WCD-13 EE
GA/37GAX RELAY
16 21 GRY GENERATOR BACK UP PROTECTION YCG-15AA EE
RELAY RY-FAULT
17 21 GYB GENERATOR BACK UP PROTECTION YCG-15AA EE
RELAY YB-FAULT
18 21 G BR GENERATOR BACK UP PROTECTION YCG-15AA EE
RELAY BR-FAULT
19 98 GY GENERATOR POLE SLIP YTGM-15 EE
PROTECTION OFFSET MHO RELAY
20 98G GEN POLE SLIP PROTECTION RELAY ZTO-11 EE
21 186G GEN GROUP-1 PROTECTION RELAY VAJHM-53 EE
22 2/21/G GEN BACK UP PROTECTION TIMER VTT-11 EE
23 81G GEN UNDERFREQ RELAY MFVUM12 EE
24 37GB/37GBX GEN LO FORWARD POWER RELYA-B WCD-13 EE
SNO GA REF DESCRIPTION TYPE MAKE

25 95GX GEN STATOR INTERTURN FAULT RELAY VDG-14 EE

26 40 GEN FIELD FAILURE PROTECTION YCGF-11 EE
RELAY
27 46G GEN NEGATIVE PH SEQUENCE CTNM-31 EE
PROTECTION RELAY
28 286G GEN GROUP –2 PROTECTION TRIP VAJHM-53 EE
RELAY
29 40/27G UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY FOR FIELD VTGM-12 EE
FAILURE PROTECTION
30 64F ROTOR E/F RELAY ABB
31 64G2X GEN STANDBY E/F PROTECTION RELAY VDG-14 EE
32 51 NUT-A UAT-A LV E/F RELAY CTU-12 EE
33 51 NUT-B UAT-B LV E/F RELAY CTU-12 EE
34 99GT GT OVERFLUXING RELAY GTM-22 EE
35 87 UAT-A UAT-A DIFF PROTECTION RELAY DTH-31 EE
36 87 UAT-B UAT-B DIFF PROTECTION RELAY DTH-31 EE
37 96X BUSBAR PROTECTION TRIP RELAY VAA-13 EE
38 64 NUT-A UAT-A REF PROTECTION CAG-14 EE
39 64 NUT-B UAT-B REF PROTECTION CAG-14 EE
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT
• The field circuit of generator is not earthed and
therefore single earth fault is not considered to
be a dangerous condition. However presence of
such a fault increases the risk of a second
earth fault developing due to increased stresses
between rotor winding and earth. The resulting
double earth fault will cause part of the rotor
winding to become short circuited, with
consequence unbalance of the magnetic field
produced by the rotor and possibly serious
damage to the machine
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT
• The field circuit of generator is not earthed and
therefore single earth fault is not considered to
be a dangerous condition. However presence of
such a fault increases the risk of a second
earth fault developing due to increased stresses
between rotor winding and earth. The resulting
double earth fault will cause part of the rotor
winding to become short circuited, with
consequence unbalance of the magnetic field
produced by the rotor and possibly serious
damage to the machine
 STATOR EARTH FAULT
• It is generally agreed that there is
no need to provide 100% stator
earth fault protection on industrial
generators , since the likelihood of
an earth fault close to the star
connection of the machine is
considered to be extremely remote
and that 95% coverage of the stator
winding is perfectly acceptable
 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
• In generators, the occurrence of
phase to phase and three phase
faults are rare and less common
than phase to earth faults.when
they do occur they are much more
severe in intensity and require
high speed clearance, if
considerable damage to the stator
and rotor is to be avoided.
 GENERATOR BACKUP PROTECTION
• The purpose of the generator backup protection
is to disconnect the generator from the bus-
bars, if a system fault has not been cleared by
the main protection after a predetermined time
delay has elapsed. There are two types of
backup relays available to perform this function.
A voltage dependent overcurrent relay and a
impedence relay.
 REVERSE POWER PROTECTION
• Failure of the prime mover of a
generator set ,will keep the set running
as a synchronous compensator, taking
the necessary active power from the
net work and could be detrimental to to
the safety of the set, if maintained for
any length of time. The amount of
power taken will depend on the type of
prime mover involved. It ranges from
5% to 25%.
 Negative phase sequence protection
• While balanced load conditions produce balanced
currents which are equal in magnitude and displaced
by 120 degrees and the field which they create
rotates at synchronous speed with the motor and no
eddy currents are induced.however when the load is
unbalanced, negative phase sequence currents are
produced which are also in magnitude and
displaced by 120 degree but rotates in the opposite
direction at twice the synchronous speed. These
double frequency eddy currents induced in the rotor
of the machine may cause excessive heating, mainly
in the surface of the cylindrical rotor.
 Field failure protection
• Loss of generator field excitation under normal running
conditions may arise due to any of the following
condition.
1. Failure of brush gear.
2.unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker.
3. Failure of AVR.
When generator on load loses it’s excitation , it starts to
operate as an induction generator, running above
synchronous speed.cylindrical rotor generators are not
suited to such operation , because they donot have
damper windings able to carry the induced currents,
consequently this type of rotor will overheat rathyer
quickly.
 I
vg-generator volt
G S vt-terminal voltage
VG VS- equival system volt
VG Vt X

I vt
R

VG X
VS

R
Vt OVER EXCITED

I X
VS
I VG

VT R

UNDER
EXCITED VS
 MVAR FROM M/C TO SYSTEM

Field limited
a ngle
d PF
Rate

Rated Mva

Stator limited

Mw into system
B

M Stator end Iron limited

VA

MACHINE CAPABILITY CURVE

MVAR IN TO GENERATOR
 FAULT

A
0
13

directional unit
ZONE-2
STABLE SWING
<2.5S

ZONE-1 F
 EXCITATION SYSTEM
AC SUPPLY
F.B
Path of
F.B
RELAY
The
Leakage
R R
Current
Thru fld
capacity Slip ring and brushes Field winding
OIL FILM
IN BRG
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

=
ROTOR

Micarta Insulating Block

= = = = = = = = = =
path of the currents in a machine when using an ac field ground relay
 Over-voltage protection
• The field excitation system of generators is usually
arranged so that over voltage conditions at normal
speeds possibly can not occur.the conditions where
over-voltage , other than transient over-voltage, do
occur is when the prime mover speed increases
due to sudden loss of load.the control governors of
industrial prime movers are inherently very
sensitive to speed changes and the resulting
increase from any sudden loss of load is normally
checked before any dangerous over-voltage
conditions can arise. An instantaneous high set
over-voltage relay can be provided to trip the
generator quickly in in case of excessive over--
voltage following a sudden loss of load.
sn
o machine power voltage pf stator current

1 210000 16.5 0.85 8645.07

2 220500 16.5 0.85 9077.32

3 220000 16.5 1 7698.22

4 220000 15.0 1 8468.05

 Rotor current limiter

PID

+ UA
Ie

+ -
0
Ref pot

US
 +
Ucab

- =

-
Uref

$actn -

+
$ref

VOLTAGE REGULATOR AND LOAD ANGLE LIMITER

 STATOR MW
CURRENT
LIMIT POWER LIMIT
0.9
THEORITICAL 0.9
STABILITY
LIMIT 0.8 0.8

PRACTICAL
LIMIT 0.7
0.7.

FIELD
LIMIT
POWER
FACTOR
LEAD POWER
FACTOR LAG

Xq Xd
MVAR
EXCITATION
MARGIN
POWER CHART OF GENERATOR