Derailleur gears

Derailleur gears are a variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on

bicycles, consisting of a chain, multiple sprockets of different sizes, and a
mechanism to move the chain from one sprocket to another.[1] Although referred to
as gears in the bike world, these bicycle gears are technically sprockets since they
.[2]
drive or are driven by a chain, and are not driven by one another

Modern front and rear derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain-guide that is
operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the down
tube, handlebar stem, or handlebar. When a rider operates the lever while pedalling, Shimano 600 front derailleur (1980)
the change in cable tension moves the chain-guide from side to side, "derailing" the
chain onto different sprockets.

For more information about the choice of particular gear ratios and sprocket sizes, see
Bicycle gearing.

Contents
Etymology
History
Modern derailleur types
Rear derailleurs
Construction
Relaxed position
Cage length
Cage positioning
Actuation ratio
Front derailleurs
Construction
Cable pull types
Cage types
Swing types
Mount types
Add-ons

Use of derailleurs
Electronic gear-shifting system
See also
References
External links

Etymology
Derailleur is a French word, spelleddérailleur in French,[1] derived from the derailment of a train from its tracks.[3] Its first recorded
use was 1930.[1][4] At least one notable bicycle industry author has attempted to promote the anglicized spelling of derailer.[3][5] As
of 2013, however, neither Merriam-Webster[4] nor the Oxford English Dictionary[1] has an entry for derailer.
History
Various derailleur systems were designed and built in the late 19th century. One
example is the Protean two-speed derailleur available on the Whippet safety
bicycle.[6] The French bicycle tourist, writer and cycling promoter Paul de Vivie
(1853–1930), who wrote under the name Vélocio, invented a two speed rear
derailleur in 1905 which he used on forays into the Alps.[7] Some early designs used
rods to move the chain onto various gears. 1928 saw the introduction of the "Super
Champion Gear" (or "Osgear")[8] from the company founded by champion cyclist
Oscar Egg, as well as the Vittoria Margherita; both employed chainstay mounted
'paddles' and single lever chain tensioners mounted near or on the downtube.
However, these systems, along with the rod-operated Campagnolo Cambio Corsa[9] A modern road bicycle drivetrain with
were eventually superseded byparallelogram derailleurs. front and rear derailleurs

In 1937, the derailleur system was introduced to the Tour de France, allowing riders
to change gears without having to remove wheels. Previously, riders would have to dismount in order to change their wheel from
downhill to uphill mode.[10] Derailleurs did not become common road racing equipment until 1938 when Simplex introduced a
cable-shifted derailleur.

In 1949 Campagnolo introduced the Gran Sport, a more refined version of the then already existing, yet less commercially successful,
cable-operated parallelogram rear derailleurs.[11]

In 1964, Suntour invented the slant-parallelogram rear derailleur, which let the jockey pulley maintain a more constant distance from
the different sized sprockets, resulting in easier shifting. Once the patents expired, other manufacturers adopted this design, at least
for their better models,[12] and the "slant parallelogram" remains the current rear derailleur pattern.

Before the 1990s many manufacturers made derailleurs, including Simplex, Huret, Galli, Mavic, Gipiemme, Zeus, Suntour, and
Shimano. However, the successful introduction and promotion of indexed shifting by Shimano in 1985 required a compatible system
[13]
of shift levers, derailleur, sprockets, chainrings, chain, shift cable, and shift housing.

Today Campagnolo, Shimano, and SRAM are the three main manufacturers of derailleurs, with Italian manufacturer Campagnolo
only making road cycling and cyclocross derailleurs and Shimano making equipment for road, cyclocross and mountain bike use.
American manufacturer SRAM has been an important third, specializing in derailleurs for mountain bikes, and in 2006 they
introduced a drivetrain system for road bicycles.

Modern derailleur types

The major innovations since then have been the switch from friction to indexed shifting and the gradual increase in the number of
gears. With friction shifting, a lever directly controls the continuously variable position of the derailleur. To shift gears, the rider first
moves the lever enough for the chain to jump to the next sprocket, and then adjusts the lever a slight amount to center the chain on
that sprocket. An indexed shifter has a detent or ratchet mechanism which stops the gear lever, and hence the cable and the derailleur,
after moving a specific distance with each press or pull. Indexed shifters require re-calibration when cables stretch and parts get
damaged or swapped. On racing bicycles, 10-gear rear cassettes appeared in 2000, and 11-gear cassettes appeared in 2009. Most
current mountain bicycles have either two or three front chainrings with single-ring front setups becoming increasingly popular. Most
road bicycles have two chainrings, and touring bicycles commonly have three.

Rear derailleurs
The rear derailleur serves double duty: moving the chain between rear sprockets and taking up chain slack caused by moving to a
smaller sprocket at the rear or a smaller chainring by the front derailleur. In order to accomplish this second task, it is positioned in
the path of the bottom, slack portion of chain. Sometimes the rear-derailleurs are re-purposed as chain tensioners for single-speed
bicycles that cannot adjust chain tension by a different method.

Construction
Although variations exist, as noted below, most rear derailleurs have several
components in common. They have a cage that holds two pulleys that guide the
chain in an S-shaped pattern. The pulleys are known as the jockey pulley or guide
pulley (top) and the tension pulley (bottom).[14] The cage rotates in its plane and is
spring-loaded to take up chain slack. The cage is positioned under the desired
sprocket by an arm that can swing back and forth under the sprockets. The arm is
usually implemented with a parallelogram mechanism to keep the cage properly
aligned with the chain as it swings back and forth. The other end of the arm mounts
to a pivot point attached to the bicycle frame. The arm pivots about this point to Campagnolo Super Record rear
maintain the cage at a nearly constant distance from the different sized sprockets. derailleur (1983)
There may be one or more adjustment screws that control the amount of lateral
travel allowed and the spring tension.

The components may be constructed of aluminium alloy, steel, plastic, or carbon

fibre composite. The pivot points may be bushings or ball bearings. These will
require moderate lubrication.

Relaxed position
High normal or top normal rear derailleurs return the chain to the smallest sprocket
on the cassette when no cable tension is applied.[15] This is the regular pattern used
on most Shimano mountain, all Shimano road, and all SRAM and Campagnolo
derailleurs. In this condition, spring pressure takes care of the easier change to
smaller sprockets. In road racing the swiftest gear changes are required on the sprints
to the finish line, hence high-normal types, which allow a quick change to a higher
gear, remain the preference.
Shimano XT rear derailleur on a
mountain bike
Low normal or rapid rise rear derailleurs return the chain to the largest sprocket on
the cassette when no cable tension is applied. While this was once a common design
for rear derailleurs, it is relatively uncommon today.[16] In mountain biking and off-
road cycling, the most critical gear changes occur on uphill sections, where riders
must cope with obstacles and difficult turns while pedalling under heavy load. This
derailleur type provides an advantage over high normal derailleurs because gear
changes to lower gears occur in the direction of the loaded spring, making these
shifts easier during high load pedalling.

Cage length Pulley wheels for a rear derailleur

The distance between the upper and lower pulleys of a rear derailleur is known as
the cage length. Cage length, when combined with the pulley size, determines the
capacity of a derailleur to take up chain slack. Cage length determines the total capacity of the derailleur, that is the size difference
between the largest and smallest chainrings, and the size difference between the largest and smallest sprockets on the cogset added
together. A larger sum requires a longer cage length. Typical cross country mountain bikes with three front chainrings will use a long
cage rear derailleur. A road bike with only two front chainrings and close ratio sprockets can operate with either a short or long cage
derailleur, but will work better with a short cage.

Manufacturer stated derailleur capacities are as follows: Shimano long = 45T; medium = 33T SRAM long = 43T; medium = 37T;
short = 30T
Benefits of a shorter cage length:

more positive gear-changing due to less flex in the parallelogram

better gear-changing with good cable leverage
better obstruction clearance
less danger of catching spokes.
slight weight savings.

Cage positioning
There are at least two methods employed by rear derailleurs to maintain the appropriate gap between the upper jockey wheel and the
rear sprockets as the derailleur moves between the lar
ge sprockets and the small sprockets.

One method, used by Shimano, is to use chain tension to pivot the cage. This has the advantage of working
with most sets of sprockets, if the chain has the proper length. A disadvantage is that rapid shifts from small
sprockets to large over multiple sprockets at once can cause the cage to strike the sprockets before the chain
moves onto the larger sprockets and pivots the cage as necessary .
Another method, used by SRAM, is to design the spacing into theparallelogram mechanism of the derailleur
itself. The advantage is that no amount of rapid, multi-sprocket shifting can cause the cage to strike the
sprockets. The disadvantage is that there are limited options for sprocket sizes that can be used with a
particular derailleur.

Actuation ratio
The actuation ratio is the ratio between the amount of shifter cable length and the amount of transverse derailleur travel that it
generates. Shift ratio is the reciprocal of actuation ratio and is more easily expressed for derailleurs than actuation. There are
currently several standards in use, and in each the product of the derailleur's actuation ratio and the length of cable pulled must equal
the pitch of the rear sprockets. The following standards exist.

The Shimano compatible family of derailleurs is stated as having a shift ratio of two-to-one (2:1), and since
SRAM makes two families of components, the term has been widely adopted to distinguish it from SRAM's
own one-to-one (1:1) ratio family of derailleurs. Notice that thesefamily names do not give the exact shift
ratios: the 2:1 shift ratio is in fact about 1.7 (Or 1.9 on the Dura Ace series up to 7400) rather than 2, and the
native SRAM shift ratio is about 1.1. The family names of these standards are reversed by some in actuation
ratio notation as opposed to that of the more common shift ratio. [17][18][19] Thus, in Shimano systems a unit of
cable shifted causes about twice as much movement of the derailleur .
The native SRAM convention is calledone-to-one (1:1). These have actual shift ratios of 1.1. A unit of cable
retracted at the shifter causes about an equal amount of movement in the derailleur .[18] SRAM claims that
standard makes their systems more robust: more resistant to the ef fects of contamination.[20][21] Some SRAM
shifters are made to be 2:1 Shimano-compatible, but these clearly will not work with SRAM's 1:1
derailleurs.[22]
[23]
The Campagnolo convention. The shift ratios are 1.5 for modern units but their old units had 1.4 ratios.
The Suntour's convention.[23]
Shifters employing one convention are generally not compatible with derailleurs employing
another, although exceptions exist,[24] and adaptors are available.[25]

Front derailleurs
The front derailleur only has to move the chain side to side between the front chainrings, but it has to do this with the top, taut portion
of the chain. It also needs to accommodate large differences in chainring size: from as many as 53 teeth to as few as 20 teeth.

Construction
As with the rear derailleur, the front derailleur has a cage through which the chain passes. On a properly adjusted derailleur, the chain
will only touch the cage while shifting. The cage is held in place by a movable arm which is usually implemented with a
parallelogram mechanism to keep the cage properly aligned with the chain as it swings back and forth. There are usually two
adjustment screws controlling the limits of lateral travel allowed.
The components may be constructed of aluminium alloy, steel, plastic, or carbon
fibre composite. The pivot points are usually bushings, and these will require
lubrication.

Cable pull types

bottom pull
Commonly used on road and touring bikes, this type of
derailleur is actuated by a cable pulling downwards. The
cable is often routed across the top or along the bottom
of the bottom bracket shell on a cable guide, which
redirects the cable up the lower edge of the frame's
down tube. Full-suspension mountain bikes often have
bottom pull routing as the rear suspension prevents
Shimano XT front derailleur (top pull,
routing via the top tube.
bottom swing, triple cage)
top pull
This type is more commonly seen on mountain bikes
without rear-suspension. The derailleur is actuated by a
cable pulling upwards, which is usually routed along the
frame's top tube, using cable stops and a short length of
housing to change the cable's direction. This
arrangement keeps the cable away from the underside
of the bottom bracket/down tube which get pelted with
dirt when off-road.

combination of both (dual pull)

There are some derailleurs available that have
provisions for either top pull or bottom pull, and can be
used in either application.
Shimano E-type front derailleur (top
pull, top swing, triple cage)
Cage types

double (Standard)
These are intended to be used with cranksets having
two chainrings. When viewed from the side of the
bicycle, the inner and outer plates of the cage have
roughly the same profile.

triple (Alpine)
Derailleurs designed to be used with cranksets having
three chainrings, or with two chainrings that differ greatly
in size. When viewed from the side of the bicycle, the SRAM Red Black Edition front
inner cage plate extends further towards the bottom derailleur with clamp-band
bracket's center of rotation than the outer cage plate
does. This is to help shift the chain from the smallest
ring onto the middle ring more easily.

Swing types

bottom swing
The derailleur cage is mounted to the bottom of the four-bar linkage that carries it. This is the
most common type of derailleur.

top swing
 The derailleur cage is mounted to the top of the four-bar linkage that carries it. This alternate
arrangement was created as a way to get the frame clamp of the derailleur closer to the
bottom bracket to be able to clear larger suspension components and allow different frame
shapes. The compact construction of a top swing derailleur can cause it to be less robust
than its bottom swing counterpart. Top swing derailleurs are typically only used in
applications where a bottom swing derailleur will not fit. An alternative solution would be to
use an E-type front derailleur, which does not clamp around the seat tube at all.

Mount types

clamp
The vast majority of front derailleurs are mounted to the frame by a clamp around the
frame's seat tube. Derailleurs are available with several different clamp diameters designed
to fit different types of frame tubing. Recently, there has been a trend to make derailleurs
with only one diameter clamp, and several sets of shims are included to space the clamp
down to the appropriate size.

braze-on
An alternative to the clamp is the braze-on derailleur hanger, where the derailleur is mounted
by bolting a tab on the derailleur to a corresponding tab on the frame's seat tube. This avoids
any clamp size issues, but requires either a frame with the appropriate braze-on, or an
adapter clamp that simulates a braze-on derailleur tab.

E-type
This type front derailleurs do not clamp around the frame's seat tube, but instead are
attached to the frame by a plate mounted under the drive side bottom bracket cup and a
screw threaded into a boss on the seat tube. These derailleurs are usually found on
mountain bikes with rear suspension components that do not allow space for a normal
derailleur's clamp to go around the seat tube.

DMD
Direct-Mount-Derailleur — Initiated by Specialized Bicycles, this type of derailleur is bolted
directly to bosses on the chainstay of the bike. They are mostly used on dual suspension
mountain bikes, where suspension movement causes changes to the chain angle as it
enters the front derailleur cage. By utilizing a DMD system, the chain and derailleur move
together, allowing for better shifting when the suspension is active. A DMD derailleur should
not be confused with Shimano's Direct Mount, which uses a different mounting system.
However, SRAM's direct mount front derailleurs are compatible with DMD, and certain
Shimano E-type derailleurs can be used with DMD if the e-type plate is removed.

Add-ons
Because of the possibility of the chain shifting past the smallest inner chainring, especially when the inner chainring is very small,
even on bikes adjusted by professional race mechanics, and the problems such misshifts can cause, a small after-market of add-on
products, called chain deflectors, exists to help prevent them from occurring.[26][27][28] Some clamp around the seat tube, below the
front derailleur, and at least one attaches to the front derailleur mount.

Use of derailleurs
Derailleurs require the chain to be in movement in order to shift from one ring or sprocket to another. This usually requires the rider
to be pedalling, but some systems have been developed with the freewheel in the crankset so that the chain moves even when the
rider is not pedalling. The Shimano FFS (Front Freewheel System) circa 1980 was the most widespread such system.
Chain-drive systems such as the derailleur systems work best if the chain is aligned with the sprocket plane, especially avoiding the
biggest drive sprocket running with the biggest driven sprocket (or the smallest with the smallest). The diagonal chain run produced
by these practices is less efficient and shortens the life of all components, with no advantage from the middle of the range ratio
obtained.

[29]
Derailleur gears generally have anefficiency around 95%; a few percentage points higher than other gear types.

Electronic gear-shifting system

An "electronic gear-shifting system" is a method of changing gears, which enables riders to shift with electronic switches instead of
using conventional control levers. The switches are connected by wire or wirelessly to a battery pack and to a small electric motor
[30]
that drives the derailleur. Although expensive, anelectronic system could save a racing cyclist time when changing gears.

See also
Bicycle drivetrain systems
Bicycle gearing
Gear inches
Hub gear
Shifter

References
1. Oxford English Dictionary(http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/50542)(2nd ed.). 1989. "derailleur, n. A bicycle gear in
which the ratio is changed by switching the line of the chain (while pedalling) so that it jumps to a ferent
dif sprocket
on the rear wheel. Also derailleur gear."
2. "Gears, Sprockets, and Cogs In The Machine"(http://www.lsned.com/gears-sprockets/). July 17, 2017.
3. Sheldon Brown (Nov 29, 2011). "Derailer, Not Derailleur!" (http://sheldonbrown.com/derailer.html). Retrieved
2013-02-02. "The word "derailer" (or "dérailleur") is actually a metaphor , relating the gear change to what happens
when a railroad train goes off the tracks. In English, this is called a "derailment," not a "déraillement."
"
4. "derailer: The word you've entered isn't in the dictionary"(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/derailer).
Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-02-02.
5. John Allen (Feb 2, 2013)."Mixing Brands and Models of Shifters, Rear Derailers and Cassettes"(http://www.sheldon
brown.com/drivetrain-mixing.shtml). Retrieved 2013-02-02.
6. Berto, Frank J. (2005) [2000].The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle(http://www.the
dancingchain.com/) (2nd ? ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. pp. 58–61.
7. Graves, Clifford. "Velocio, Grand Seigneur"(http://cycling.ahands.org/bicycling/velocio.html)
. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
8. Stone, Hilary (2007). "Super Champion Osgear"(http://www.classiclightweights.co.uk/designs/osgear-hs.html).
Classic Lightweights. UK. Retrieved 1 June 2010. "This site is all about rear derailleur gears..."
9. Norris, Eric (2010). "Campagnolo Cambio Corsa shifter"
(http://www.campyonly.com/history.html#Cambio%20Corsa). Campy Only!. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
10. History of the Tour de France: 1920–1939 - Les Forcats de la Route by Mitch Mueller
11. Berto, Frank J. (2005) [2000].The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle(http://www.the
dancingchain.com/) (2nd ? ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. p. 162.
12. Berto, Frank. "Sunset for SunTour" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081205181751/http://www .users.globalnet.co.uk/
~hadland/page35.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~hadland/page35.htm) on 2008-
12-05. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
13. Berto, Frank J. (2005) [2000].The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle(http://www.the
dancingchain.com/) (2nd ? ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. p. 286.
14. "Sheldon Brown's Glossary:Pulley"(http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_p.html#pulley). Retrieved 2009-09-26.
15. "Shimano FAQs: What is a "Top normal" or a "Low normal" Rear Derailleur?"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080602
002354/http://cycle.shimano-eu.com/publish/content/cycle/seh/nl/en/technical_service/faq_s/general_faq_s/what_is_
the_difference2.html). Archived from the original (http://cycle.shimano-eu.com/publish/content/cycle/seh/nl/en/techni
cal_service/faq_s/general_faq_s/what_is_the_dif ference2.html) on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
16. "Low-normal/High-normal"(http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_l.html#lownormal). Retrieved 2010-12-21.
17. Frank J. Berto (2009).The Dancing Chain (Third ed.). Van der Plas Publications. p. 374. "SRAM actively promotes
their 1:1 shifters and derailleurs, which have about twice as much cable movement as those by other
manufacturers."
18. "TESTED: SRAM X-9 Shifters and Derailleur"(http://www.bikemag.com/blog/011906_sram_x9_shifter_derailleur_tes
t_review/). Bike Magazine. January 19, 2006. Retrieved 2011-08-13. "Shimano, by contrast, utilizes a 2:1 ratio where
the rear derailleur moves twice as far as the cable pull for every click on the shifter
."
19. "Review: Shimano Deore XT MTB Component Group"(http://bike198.com/review-shimano-deore-xt-mtb-component-
group/). Bike198. Jan 19, 2010. Retrieved 2011-08-29. "Install and setup is the same as any other Shimano shifting
system with their 2:1 pull ratio."
20. "Exact Actuation" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110823000655/http://www .sram.com/sram/road/technologies/187).
SRAM Corporation. Archived from the original (http://www.sram.com/sram/road/technologies/187) on 2011-08-23.
Retrieved 2011-08-13. "When we launched our road technology from scratch we reapplied our MTB proven SRAM
1:1 actuation ratio (shifter cable travel : derailleur movement) for 10 speed rear shifting.
"
21. Lennard Zinn (Apr 10, 2006)."Tech Talk: Mr. Zinn rides SRAM's new road groups" (http://velonews.competitor.com/2
006/04/bikes-and-tech/tech-talk-mr-zinn-rides-srams-new-road-groups_9723) . VeloNews. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
"Both [road] derailleurs get “SRAM Exact Actuation,” which is not quite the one-to-one actuation ratio of SRAM
mountain derailleurs, so Force and Rival shifters are not compatible with SRAM X.0 rear derailleurs.
"
22. "SRAM MRX" (http://www.sram.com/sram/mountain/products/sram-mrx-pro-twist-shifter). SRAM Corporation.
Retrieved 2011-08-13. "Compatibility 2:1 Shimano®, Shimano® rear derailleurs, SRAM, Shimano® front derailleur
"
23. John Allen. "Mixing Brands and Models of Shifters, Rear Derailers and Cassettes"(http://www.sheldonbrown.com/dri
vetrain-mixing.shtml). Sheldon Brown. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
24. "Cyclists' Touring Club Resources: Bike bits--Rear Shifting" (http://www.ctc.org.uk/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabID=394
6). Retrieved 2007-05-26.
25. Lennard Zinn (Mar 17, 2008)."Can you run Campy shifters with a SRAM drivetrain? Sure, why not?"(http://velonew
s.competitor.com/2008/03/bikes-and-tech/can-you-run-campy-shifters-with-a-sram-drivetrain-sure-why-not_73404) .
VeloNews. Retrieved 2011-08-29. "For a simple solution involving an adaptor that you can by[sic] and install easily,
you can use a Jtek ShiftMate."
26. Brown, Sheldon. "Chain Deflector" (http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ch.html#chaindeflector). Sheldon Brown
(bicycle mechanic). Retrieved 2010-09-06. "In some triple-chainring installations, typically when the "granny" gear is
unusually small, it may be impossible to get good shifting to the "granny" chainring with the normal derailer
adjustments."
27. "Third Eye Chain Watcher" (http://www.bicycling.com/gear/detail/0,7989,s1-17-105-603-0,00.html). Bicycling
Magazine. Oct 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
28. Zack Vestal (Apr 14, 2009). "Born for Beijing, the K-Edge chain catcher goes into production"(http://velonews.compe
titor.com/2009/04/bikes-tech/born-for-beijing-the-k-edge-chain-catcher-goes-into-production_90511) . VeloNews.
Retrieved 2010-07-12.
29. "The mechanical efficiency of bicycle derailleur and hub-gear transmissions"(http://www.ihpva.org/HParchive/PDF/h
p52-2001.pdf) (PDF). 2001. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110725203642/http://www .ihpva.org/HParchiv
e/PDF/hp52-2001.pdf)(PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
30. Best, Paul (2009-04-08)."Shimano's Dura-Ace Di2 electronic shifting to give road racers a time advantage"
(http://w
ww.gizmag.com/shimano-dura-ace-di2-electronic-shift/11407/). Gizmag. Retrieved 2010-02-10.

General

Berto, Frank J.; et al. (2016) [2000].The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle(5th ed.).
San Francisco, CA: Van der Plas Publications/Cycle Publications. ISBN 978-1-892495-77-8. Retrieved May 30,
2017.

External links
 Forester, John. "A Brief History of the Derailleur". probicycle.com. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Hadland, Tony. "Evolution of Early British Derailleurs". UK. Retrieved 1 June 2010. Covers a number of non-British
designs as well.
Sweatman, Michael (2008)."Disraeli Gears — A derailleur collection". UK. Retrieved 1 June 2010. "This site is all
about rear derailleur gears..." RDs by period, manufacturer, etc. Many pics and scanned documents.
Gerritsen, M. S. (2009)."Oude techniek" (in Dutch). Retrieved 1 June 2010. Pictures of several old derailleur
mechanisms.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derailleur_gears&oldid=823516997

"

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