INDEX

Sr.No TOPIC PAGENO.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

2 INTRODUCTION 5

3 HISTORY 6

4 GAMEPLAY 11

5 LAWS 15

6 PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT AND 25

OFFICIALS
7 ALL INDIA FOOTBALL 26
FEDERATION (AIFF)

8 ACHIEVEMENTS OF TWO GREAT 27

PLAYERS OF INDIA
9 AWARDS FOR SPORTS IN INDIA 31

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
gratitude to my teacher Mr.
Yashwant Mokashi as well as our
principal Mr. J. Mohanty who gave
me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful physical education
project, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and I cam
to know about many new things. I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time
frame.

4
INTRODUCTION
-Association football, more commonly known as football or
soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with
a spherical ball.

-It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries,

making it the world's most popular sport .The game is played on a
rectangular field with a goal at each end.

-The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body
besides the arms and hands to get the ball into the opposing goal.

-The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with
their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty
area.

-Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball,
but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead. The team
that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score
is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the
game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on
the format of the competition.

-The Laws of the game were originally codified in England by The

Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed
internationally by the International Federation of Association
Football.

5
HISTORY

-Two of the earliest recorded football type games from Europe

include Episkyros from Ancient Greece and the Roman
version Harpastum, the Roman version Harpastum, which similar to
pre-codified "Mob Football" involved more handling the ball than
kicking.

-Other competitive games revolving around the kicking of a ball have

been played in a few countries throughout history, such as Cuju in
China.

-Non-competitive games included Kemari in Japan and Woggabaliri in

Australia. The modern rules of association football are based on the
mid-19th century efforts to standardize the widely varying forms
of football played in the public schools of England. The history
of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century.

-The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in

1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent
codes, including association football.

6
-During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or
universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to
play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct
codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by
former public school pupils in 1857 which led to formation of
a Sheffield Fain 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham
School also devised an influential set of rules.

JOHN CHARLES THRING

-These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The

Football Association(The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning
of 26 October1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen
Street, London.

-The only school to be represented on this occasion was

Charter house. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for
five more meetings between October and December, which
eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules.

7
-At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the
representative from Black heath, withdrew his club from the
FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous
meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in
hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking
(kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding.
-Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not
join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football
Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of
Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original
thirteen laws of the game.

-These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the

lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to
Victorian rules football being developed at that time in
Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the
1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was
little difference between the games.
-The laws of the game are determined by the International
Football Association Board (IFAB).

-The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of

The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the
Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football
Association.
-The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which
was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English
teams since 1872. The first official international football
match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in
Glasgow, again at the instigation of C.W. Alcock. England is
home to the world's first football league, which was founded
in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William
McGregor.
8
 C.W.ALCOCK
-The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and
Northern England. FIFA, the international football body, was
formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to
Laws of the Game of the Football Association.
-The growing popularity of the international game led to the
admittance of FIFA representatives to the International
Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of four
representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of
the four British associations.

-Today, football is played at a professional level all over the

world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to
follow their favorite teams, while billions more watch the game
on television or on the internet.
-A very large number of people also play football at an amateur
level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in
2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries
regularly play football.

9
 FIFA 1913
-Football has the highest global television audience in sport.
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and
plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local
communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that people
who are polite, modest or even humble in Europe fall easily into
rage with playing or watching soccer games.
-The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce
to the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce
tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing
a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought
both armies together peacefully for the first time. By contrast,
football is widely considered to have been the final proximate
cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and
Honduras.

-The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the

Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb
and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in May 1990.

10
GAMEPLAY

A GOALKEEPER SAVING A CLOSE RANGE SHOT FROM INSIDE THE PENALTY

AREA

-Association football is played in accordance with a set of

rules known as the Laws of the Game.

-The game is played using a spherical ball (of 71 cm (28 inches))

circumference in FIFA play), known as the football (or soccer ball).

-Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the
other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby
scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the
game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals
then the game is a draw.

-Each team is led by captain who has only one official responsibility
as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss
prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.
11
-The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not
deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play,
though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although
players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use
any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead other
than their hands or arms.

-Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any
direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be
received in an offside position.

-In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities

through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing
the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is
guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain
control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the
opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between
opponents is restricted.

-Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only

when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by
the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage,
play recommences with a specified restart.

-At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals.

For example, the 2005 season of the English Premier League
produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.

12
-The Laws of the Game do not specify player positions other than
the goalkeeper, but a number of specialized roles have evolved.

-Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or

forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who
specialize in preventing their opponents from scoring; and
midfielders, who disposes the opposition and keep possession of
the ball in order to pass it to the forwards of the team.

-Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players,

in order to distinguish them from the goalkeeper.

-These positions are further subdivided according to the area of

the field in which they spend most time.

13
-For e.g., there are central defenders, and left and right
midfielders. The outfield players may be arranged in any
combination.

-The number of players in each position determines the style of

the team’s play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a
more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse
create a slower, more defensive style of play.

-While, players typically spend most of the game in a specific

position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and
players can switch positions at any time.

-The layout of the team’s players is known as a formation.

Defining the team’s formation and tactics is usually the
prerogative of the team’ manager.

THE COMMON 4-4-2 FORMATION

14
LAWS
-There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a
collection of stipulation and guidelines.

-The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football,

although certain modifications for groups such as juniors,
seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted.

-The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in
their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the
Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International
Football Association Board (IFAB).

-In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and

other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

Law 1: The Field of Play

-Soccer can be played on either grass or artificial turf, but

the surface must be green in color.

-The field must be rectangular in shape, and distinctly marked

by two short goal lines and two long-touch lines.

-The field is divided into halves, separated by the halfway

line, which runs from the midpoints of each touchline.

- At the midpoint of the halfway line is a marked center point

surrounded by a lined center circle with a radius of 10 yards.

-Opposing players are not allowed to enter this circle during

the possessing team’s kick-off.

-The length of the touch line must be greater than the length of
the goal line.

Regulation lengths are:

 Touch line: Minimum 90 meters (100 yards), maximum 120

meters (130 yards)
 Width (goal line): Minimum 45 m (50 yds.), maximum 90 m
(100 yds.)
 At each end of the field is an eight-yard-wide goal
centered along the goal line.
15
  Six yards from each goal post along the goal line and six
yards out into the field (perpendicular to the goal line)
is the goal box.
 Extending 18 yards from each goal post along the goal line
and 18 yards out into the field (perpendicular to the goal
line) is the penalty box.
 In each of the four corners of the field is a five-foot-
high corner flag.

Law 2: The Ball

-A soccer ball must be spherical in shape and made of leather or

another comparable medium.

-Its circumference must be in the range of 27 to 28 inches. This

rule is only applicable for official sanctioned matches, as
youth leagues often employ the use of a smaller ball that is
better suited to children.

Law 3: The Number of Players

-Matches are generally played by two teams of 11 to a side. The

goalkeeper is included in the 11-player total. If a team cannot
field at least seven players at match time, the game is a
forfeit. Teams of fewer than 11 a side can often be seen in
youth leagues where smaller teams are used as a developmental
tool.

-FIFA-sanctioned matches are generally limited to three

substitutions per match, with the exception of friendly matches.
Most youth leagues allow an unlimited number of substitutions,
which must also be listed on the game card prior to the
beginning of the match, otherwise those players are ineligible.

-Substitutions may only enter at the halfway line, upon the

referee’s approval, and after the player being subbed out has
left the pitch.

-The goalkeeper may be substituted with anyone on the pitch or

any eligible substitute on the bench during a game stoppage.

Law 4: The Players’ Equipment

-All players are required to wear a jersey, shorts, shin guards,

socks and cleats.

16
-The socks must cover the shin guards entirely. If the referee
deems a player’s equipment unsatisfactory, the player can be
sent off until the issue is remedied.

Law 5: The Referee

-The referee is the authority on the field, and his word is law.
If you question a referee’s decision, you can be disciplined
further simply for dissent.

Law 6: The Assistant Referees

-The assistant referees are primarily responsible for assisting

the referee in performing his duties – this includes signaling
with a flag when a ball goes of play, when a player is fouled,
or when a player is in an offside position.

Law 7: The Duration of the Match

-A soccer match is comprised of two 45-minute halves, with extra

time added for each at the referee’s discretion.
17
-The halves are separated by a half-time period not to exceed 15
minutes. The extra time generally corresponds with the referee’s
determination of how much time was taken up due to substitutions
and injuries.

-The amount of extra time is announced and displayed at the half

line at the end of each 45-minute period.

-Although soccer does have an allotted time limit, it is

ultimately up to the referee’s as to when to end a match.

Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play

-Kick-off is generally determined by a coin toss, whereby the

winning team can either choose to start with the ball or choose
which goal they would like to attack.

-The losing team is then afforded whatever choice the winner

does not elect to take. Kick-off occurs at the start of each
half, and after each goal scored, and is taken at the center of
the halfway line.

-If a team scores a goal, the opposing team is given the kick-
off to restart the match.

Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play

-The ball is out of play when it fully crosses either the goal
line or the touch line.

-It is also out of play if the referee stops play for any
reason. If, for any reason, the ball strikes the frame of the
18
goal or the referee and remains within the goal and touch lines,
it is still in play.

Law 10: The Method of Scoring

-A goal is scored when the entire ball has crossed the goal line
within the frame of the goal. At the end of the match, the team
with the most goals is the winner, barring the circumstantial
necessity for extra time.

Law 11: Offside

-When an attacking player receives the ball while on his

opponents half, he must be level or behind the second to last
defender (the last typically being the goalkeeper).

-However, this rule only applies if he is involved with the

play.

Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct

-A direct free kick is awarded when a player:

 Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent

 Trips or attempts to trip an opponent
19
  Jumps at an opponent
 Charges an opponent
 Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent
 Pushes an opponent
 Tackles an opponent
 Holds an opponent
 Spits at an opponent
 Handles the ball deliberately

-If any of these are fouls are committed by a player in their

team’s penalty area, the opposing team is awarded a penalty
kick. Indirect free kicks are awarded if a player:

 Plays in a dangerous manner

 Impedes the progress of an opponent
 Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from
his/her hands
 Commits any other unmentioned offense

-Yellow cards are awarded as a caution or warning to a player

and can be issued for the following offenses:

 Unsporting behavior
 Dissent by word or action
20
  Persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game
 Delaying the restart of play
 Failure to respect the required distance when play is
restarted with a corner kick, free kick, or throw-in
 Entering or re-entering the field of play without the
referee’s permission
 deliberately leaving the field of play without the
referee’s permission

-Red cards are used to send a player off the field, and can be
issued for the following offenses:

 Serious foul play

 Violent conduct
 Spitting at an opponent or any other person
 Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal-scoring
opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (the
goalkeeper being an exception)
 Denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity to an opponent
moving towards the player’s goal by an offense punishable
by a free kick or a penalty kick
 Using offensive or abusive language and/or gestures
 Receiving a second caution (yellow card) in the same match
21
Law 13: Free Kicks

-Free Kick is broken into two categories, direct and indirect. A

direct kick can be shot directly into the opponent’s goal
without touching another player.

-An indirect free kick is indicated by the referee raising his

hand during the kick.

-An indirect kick can only go into the goal if it has

subsequently been touched by another player before it enters the
goal.

-The ball must be stationary for both types of kicks.

Law 14: The Penalty Kick

-A penalty kick is awarded either when a defensive player fouls

an attacking player or commits a handball in his/her team’s
penalty area.

22
-The penalty kick is placed at the penalty spot, and all players
on both teams must remain outside the penalty box during the
shot.

-They may enter the box immediately after the shot is taken. The
goalkeeper may move horizontally along the goal line before the
shot is taken, but he may not come off the line until the ball
is struck.

Law 15: The Throw-In

-A throw-in is awarded when the possessing team plays the ball

out of bounds over the touchline. While taking a throw-in, a
player must release the ball with both hands simultaneously and
keep both feet firmly planted on the ground.

-If these conditions are not met, play is stopped and the throw -
in is given to the opposing team. Players are not allowed to
score directly off a throw-in.

23
Law 16: The Goal Kick

-A goal kick is awarded when the offensive team plays the ball
out of bounds over the defensive team’s goal line.

-After the ball is out of play, the defender or goalkeeper may

place the ball anywhere within the six-yard goal box and kick
the ball back into play.

Law 17: The Corner Kick

-A corner kick is awarded to the offensive team when the

defensive team plays the ball out of bounds over its goal line.

-The ball is placed within the corner area and is kicked back
into play by the offensive team.

-Players can score directly off a corner kick.

24
PLAYERS, EQUIPMENT AND OFFICIALS
-The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a
shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic
supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by
medical experts and professionals.

-Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players

today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury.

-Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to

themselves or another player, such as jewelry or watches.

-The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from

that worn by the other players and the match officials.

-A game is officiated by a referee, who has "full authority to

enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he
has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The
referee is assisted by two assistant referees. In many high-level
games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and
may replace another official should the need arise.
-In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of
creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was
often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules
ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra
time was scored (golden goal).
-Or if one team held a lead at then of the first period of extra time
(silver goal).

25
ALL INDIA FOOTBALL FEDERATION (AIFF)

-The All India Football Federation, also simply known as

the AIFF, is the governing body of association
football in India.

-Formed in 1948, the federation was one of founding members of

the Asian Football Confederation, the overseer of football
in Asia.

-The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football

tournaments and leagues at a national level, namely the Indian
Super League, I-League and Federation Cup.

-The federation also indirectly manages local football

competitions through the state associations. The federation is
also responsible for managing the India national football team,
as well as the women's team and the various youth national
sides.

-The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation,

the organization that runs football in South Asia. The
federation is currently based in Dwarka, Delhi.

26
ACHIEVEMENTS OF TWO GREAT PLAYERS OF
INDIA

Baichung Bhutia

-He is an Indian footballer of Sikkimese-Bhutia descent who plays

as a striker. Bhutia is considered to be the torchbearer of Indian
football in the international arena.

-He is often nicknamed the Sikkimese Sniper because of his shooting

skills in football.

-Three-time Indian Player of the Year I. M. Vijayan described Bhutia

as "God's gift to Indian football".

-Bhutia has had four spells at I-League football team East Bengal
Club, the club where he started his career. When he joined
English club Bury in 1999,he became the first Indian footballer to
sign a contract with a European club and only the second to play
professionally in Europe, after Mohammed Salim.

27
-As well as this he has played for JCT Mills, which won the league
once during his tenure; and Mohun Bagan, which failed to win the
league once during his two spells, in his native India.

-His international footballing honors include winning the Nehru

Cup, LG Cup, SAFF Championship three times and the AFC Challenge
Cup. He is also India's most capped player, and in the 2009 Nehru
Cup he received his 100th international cap.

-Off the field, Bhutia is known for winning the reality

television programme Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, which caused much
controversy with his then-club Mohun Bagan, and for being the first
Indian athlete to boycott the Olympic torch relay in support of
the Tibetan independence movement.

28
-Bhutia, who has a football stadium named after him in honour of his
contribution to Indian football (first player to have such honour
while he is still playing), has also won many awards, such as
the Arjuna Award and the Padma Shri.

----------------------------------------------------------------
Sunil Chhetri

-Born 3 August 1984, he is an Indian professional footballer who

plays as a striker for Bengaluru FC in the I-League.

-Born in Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Chhetri began his professional

career at Mohun Bagan in 2002. He then moved to JCT Mills where he
scored 21 goals in 48 games, the most he has scored for any side in
his career.

-He signed for the Kansas City Wizards of Major League Soccer in
2010, becoming the third player from the subcontinent of note to go
abroad. However, that stint in the United States did not last long and
soon he was back in India's I-League where he played for Chirag
United and Mohun Bagan before going back abroad.
29
-This time he was signed by Sporting Clube de Portugal of
the Primeira Ligawhere he played for the club's reserve side. It was
with the national team that Chhetri gained fame and made a name for
himself.

-He helped India win the 2007 Nehru Cup, 2009 Nehru Cup, the 2012
Nehru Cup as well as the 2011 SAFF Championship.

-He was also one of India's best players during the 2008 AFC
Challenge Cup in which India won the tournament and thus qualified for
their first AFC Asian Cupin27 years. Chhetri has also been named
AIFF Player of the Year thrice in 2007, 2011 and 2013.

30
AWARDS FOR SPORTS IN INDIA

ARJUNA AWARD

-The Arjuna Awards are given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs

and Sports, Government of India to recognize outstanding
achievement in sports.
-Started in 1961, the award carries a cash prize of ₹ 500,000,
a bronze statue of Arjuna and a scroll.
-Over the years the scope of the award has been expanded and a
large number of sports persons who belonged to the pre-Arjuna
Award era were also included in the list.
-Further, the number of disciplines for which the award is given
was increased to include indigenous games and the physically
handicapped category.

31
DRONACHARYA AWARD

-The Dronacharya Award, officially known as Dronacharya Award

for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and Games, is sports
coaching honour of the Republic of India.
-The award is named after Drona, often referred as "Dronacharya"
or "Guru Drona", a character from
the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata of ancient India.
-He was master of advanced military warfare and was appointed as
the royal preceptor to the Kaurava and the Pandava princes for
their training in military arts and astras (Divine weapons).
-It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports. Recipients are selected by a committee constituted by
the Ministry and are honoured to have done "outstanding and
meritorious work on a consistent basis and enabled sportspersons
to excel in international events" over a period of four years.
-Two awards are designated for the lifetime contribution in
coaching where the achievements in producing "outstanding
sportspersons" over a period of 20 years or more are considered.

32
-As of 2017, the award comprises a bronze statuette of
Dronacharya, a certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize
of 5 lakh.

RAJIV GANDHI KHEL RATNA AWARD

-The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, officially known as Rajiv Gandhi

Khel Ratna Award in Sports and Games, is the highest sporting
honour of the Republic of India.
-The award is named after Rajiv Gandhi, former Prime Minister of
India who served the office from 1984 to 1989.
-It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and
Sports. The recipient(s) is/are selected by a committee
constituted by the Ministry and is honoured for their
"spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of
sports over a period of four years" at international level.
-As of 2018, the award comprises a medallion, a certificate, and
a cash prize of 7.5 lakh(US$10,000).

33
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.fifa.com
www.footballhistory.org
www.wikipedia.com
www.britannica.com
www.historyextra.com
www.syossetsoccer.org
www.scribd.com
Physical Education and Health
Practical Manual

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