CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 REMOTE MONITORING

Wireless technology, in the long run has completely transformed

the way people live, but health care of people at remote areas is yet another
critical thing that ought to enter the digital age for the complete technological
development in the wireless field. The main goal of the project is to make room
for quicker and quality health assistance to patients at locations that are
physically too remote to the well-equipped hospitals consisting of doctors.
In every medical domain using modernized communication and for
people with not enough time to look after their health and go for regular
checkup to the health centers. By exposing the human body to biosensors
(Wearable sensors), one can measure any physiological parameters blood
pressure level, body temperature and pulse rate etc.
Incorporating RPM in chronic disease management can significantly
improve an individual's quality of life. It allows patients to maintain
independence, prevent complications, and minimize personal costs.[1] RPM
facilitates these goals by delivering care right to the home. In addition, patients
and their family members feel comfort knowing that they are being monitored
and will be supported if a problem arises. This is particularly important when
patients are managing complex self-care processes such as home hemodialysis.
Key features of RPM, like remote monitoring and trend analysis of
physiological parameters, enable early detection of deterioration; thereby,
reducing number of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and duration
of hospital stays.

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1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Patient monitoring System- The components used in this project

include an 8051 microcontroller, a power supply unit, a temperature sensor,
an RF transmitter, a receiver module and a LCD display. The microcontroller is
used as a central processing unit for monitoring the body temperature of the
patients. In the transmitter section, the temperature sensor is used to read the
body temperature of the patients continuously and the data is sent to the
microcontroller. The transmitted data is encoded in to serial data over the air
through RF module and the body temperature values of the patients are
displayed on the LCD display. With the help of an antenna placed at the
transmitter end, the data is transmitted to the receiver section. In the receiver
section, a receiver is used to receive the data and the received data is decoded
by using a decoder, and the transmitted data is compared with the data stored in
the 8051 microcontroller, and then the data is displayed on the LCD screen. The
receiver module placed at the doctor’s chamber continuously reads the data and
the patient’s body temperature data is displayed on the LCD, wirelessly.
Patient Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things-The
increased use of mobile technologies and smart devices in the area of health has
caused great impact on the world. Health experts are increasingly taking
advantage of the benefits these technologies bring, thus generating a significant
improvement in health care in clinical settings and out of them. Likewise,
countless ordinary users are being served from the advantages of the M-Health
(Mobile Health) applications and E-Health (health care supported by ICT) to
improve, help and assist their health. Applications that have had a major refuge
for these users, so intuitive environment. The Internet of things is increasingly
allowing to integrate devices capable of connecting to the Internet and provide
information on the state of health of patients and provide information in real
time to doctors who assist. It is clear that chronic diseases such as diabetes,

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heart and pressure among others, are remarkable in the world economic and
social level problem. The aim of this article is to develop an architecture based
on an ontology capable of monitoring the health and workout routine
recommendations to patients with chronic diseases.
ADVANCED PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM (TEMPERATURE
& HEART BEAT) ON PC USING AT89S52 MCU-The aim of this project is to
design a system which can continuously monitor the health of the person, in
order to do this two sensors have been interfaced to a Microcontroller Unit. The
physiological parameters like heart rate and body temperature are sensed by the
sensors. The data of sensors are visualized using Liquid Crystal Display (16*2).
The microcontroller is programmed via ORCAD, Flash Magic or Keil Vision 3.
The temperature of the patient is also displayed on it, as well using hypertimal
software the values the patient conditions is verified on the desktop.

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 CHAPTER - 2

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

2.1. COMPONENTS USED:

2.1.1 PULSE RATE SENSOR:

Heart rate data can be really useful whether you’re designing an

exercise routine, studying your activity or anxiety levels or just want your shirt
to blink with your heart beat. The problem is that heart rate can be difficult to
measure. Luckily, the Pulse Sensor Amped can solve that problem!

The Pulse Sensor Amped is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It

can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile
developers who want to easily incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects.
It essentially combines a simple optical heart rate sensor with amplification and
noise cancellation circuitry making it fast and easy to get reliable pulse
readings. Also, it sips power with just 4mA current draw at 5V so it’s great for
mobile applications.

Fig1-Pulse Rate Sensor

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Simply clip the Pulse Sensor to your earlobe or finger tip and plug it into your
3 or 5 Volt Arduino and you’re ready to read heart rate! The 24" cable on the
Pulse Sensor is terminated with standard male headers so there’s no soldering
required. Of course Arduino example code is available as well as a Processing
sketch for visualizing heart rate data.

2.1.1.1 FEATURES:

2.1.1.2 Working of a Heartbeat Sensor

The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a
detector like a light detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses
causes a variation in the flow of blood to different regions of the body. When a
tissue is illuminated with the light source, i.e. light emitted by the led, it either
reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe). Some of the light is
absorbed by the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by
the light detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in
that tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional
to the heart beat rate.

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 This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and the blood
volume and the AC component synchronous with the heart beat and caused by
pulsate changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC signal.
Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of prime
importance.

Fig2- Heart Beat sensor Circuit

To achieve the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first
filtered using a 2 stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses
using a comparator circuit or using simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to
a microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate, given by the formula-
BPM(Beats per minute) = 60*f

Where f is the pulse frequency

2.1.1.3 Practical Heartbeat Sensor

Practical heartbeat Sensor examples are Heart Rate Sensor (SEN-11574). It

consists of an infrared led and an ldr embedded onto a clip like structure. The
clip is attached to the organ (earlobe or the finger) with the detector part on the
flesh.

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Applications:

• To measure heart beat

• To find depression or anxiety of a person

2.1.2. Temperature sensor:

Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. This might
be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological
systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical reactions, biological
processes, and even electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature
ranges.

The most important phenomenon that occurs during a forest fire is the rise
in the temperature. In our prototype we have used the LM35 as the temperature
sensor. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.

The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated
in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its
output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room
temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature range. Low cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM35’s low output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to
readout or control circuitry especially easy.

It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As it draws only 60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than
0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature

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range, while the LM35 is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved
accuracy). Flame sensors are used to detect the existence of fire in the
surroundings. This sensor is sensitive to the flame and radiation. It can detect
ordinary light source in the range of a wavelength 760nm-1100 nm.

This module has two outputs:

1. AO: analogue output, a real-time output voltage signal on the thermal

resistance.

2. DO: when the temperature reaches a certain threshold, the output high and low
signal threshold adjustable via a potentiometer

3.The operating temperature range is from -55 degrees to 150 degrees.

2.1.2.1. Operation of LM35

The LM35 can be connected easily in the same way as other integrated
circuit temperature sensors. It can be stuck or established to a surface and
its temperature will be within around the range of 0.01˚C of the surface
temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is just about the same as
the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than
the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an
intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air
temperature.

The temperature sensors have well known applications in environmental

and process control and also in test, measurement and communications. A
digital temperature is a sensor, which provides 9-bit temperature readings.
Digital temperature sensors offer excellent precise accuracy, these are designed
to read from 0°C to 70°C and it is possible to achieve ±0.5°C accuracy. These
sensors completely aligned with digital temperature readings in degree Celsius.

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2.1.2.2. Specifications

• This sensor is suitable for the flame wavelength of 760nm to 1100nm.

• It has a high-speed and highly sensitive NPN silicon phototransistor.
• There is a rollover threshold level output. Detection angle of 60 degrees
Power supply indicator lamp Comparator output indicator lamp.
• Power supply: 3.3V-5.5V DC
• Used wide range voltage comparator IC LM39
• Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
• Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range
• Suitable for remote applications
• Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
• Operates from 4 to 30 volts
• Low self-heating,
• ±1/4˚C of typical nonlinearity

Figure 3: LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

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 Above temperature sensor has three terminals and required maximum
of 5.5 V supply. This type of sensor consists of a material that performs the
operation according to temperature to vary the resistance. Circuit senses this
change of resistance and it calculates temperature. When the voltage increases then
the temperature also rises. We can see this operation by using a diode.

2.1.3. Arduino Uno

Figure 4: Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company,

project, and user community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits
for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control
objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software which are licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public
License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in
preassembled form.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers.

The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog (I/O) pins that may be
interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards

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 feature serial communications interfaces, including universal (USB) on some
models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers.
The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features from
the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional
compiler tool chains, the Arduino project provides an (IDE) based on
the processing language project.

Arduino can communicate with many actuators and sensors either

AC or DC .In our project, we have used temperature sensor(LM35) and Pulse
rate sensor. We have also used Bluetooth module with Arduino. The data
processed by the input of two sensors are transmitted via Bluetooth to Mobile
Phone.

2.1.3.1. Technical specification of Arduino

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 20 Ma

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma

Flash Memory 32KB(ATmega328P)

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 of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

LED_BUILTIN 13

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm

Weight 25 g

2.1.3.2. Components in Arduino

Figure 5: Description of arduino board

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2.1.4 HC-06 BLUETOOTH MODULE

The HC-06 is a class 2 slave Bluetooth module designed for transparent

wireless serial communication. Once it is paired to a master Bluetooth device
such as PC, smart phones and tablet, its operation becomes transparent to the
user. All data received through the serial input is immediately transmitted over
the air. When the module receives wireless data, it is sent out through the serial
interface exactly at it is received. No user code specific to the Bluetooth module
is needed at all in the user microcontroller program.

Figure 6: Bluetooth module

The HC-06 will work with supply voltage of 3.6VDC to 6 VDC,
however, the logic level of RXD pin is 3.3V and is not 5V tolerant. A Logic
Level Converter is recommended to protect the sensor if connect it to a 5V
device (e.g. Arduino Uno and Mega).

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2.1.4.1 PIN DESCRIPTION:

▪ KEY: according to the data sheet, I need to pull-up this pin while power-
on-reset of the module to enforce AT mode.
▪ VCC is indicated in the range of 3.6V-6V. The module worked for me
with both 3.3 V and 5V.
▪ GND: Ground
▪ TXD: serial output of the module, to be connected to RX of the
microcontroller. Note that this signal is using 3.3V logic level
▪ RXD: serial input of the module, to be connected to the TX of the
microcontroller. Note that this signal is using 3.3V logic levels.
▪ STATE: connected to LED2 (Pin32) of the module
2.1.4.2 Features
• Bluetooth v2.0+EDR
• 2.4GHz ISM band frequency
• Default baud rate: 9600
• Power supply: 3.6V to 6V DC
• Passkey: 1234
2.1.4.3 Function description
• Has an EDR module;
• the change range of modulation depth:
• 2Mbps - 3Mbps.Has a build-in 2.4GHz antenna;
• Has a 2.4GHz digital wireless transceiver.
• Bases at CSR BC04 Bluetooth technology.
• Has the function of adaptive frequency hopping.
• Small (27mm×13mm×2mm)
• Peripherals circuit is simple.
• It’s at the Bluetooth class 2 power level.

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 • Storage temperature range: -40 ℃ - 85℃
• Work temperature range: -25 ℃ - +75℃
• Any wave inter Interference: 2.4MHz，
• The power of emitting: 3 dBm
2.2SOFTWAREDESCRIPTION:
The Arduino Integrated Development Environment – or Arduino
Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text
console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It
connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and
communicate with them.

2.2.1 ARDUINO PROGRAMS (SKETCHS)

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.
These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and
upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.

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2.2.2. SKETCH BOOK
The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a
sketchbook: a standard place to store your programs (or sketches). The sketches
in your sketchbook can be opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from
the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino software, it
will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook.

2.2.3. UPLOADING

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from
the Tools > Board and Tools > Port menus. Once you've selected the correct
serial port and board, press the upload button in the toolbar or select
the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards will reset
automatically and begin the upload. With older boards that lack auto-reset,
you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before starting the upload.
On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the sketch is
uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the upload
is complete, or show an error. When you upload a sketch, you're using the
Arduino boot loader, a small program that has been loaded on to the
microcontroller on your board.

2.2.4. SERIAL MONITOR

This displays serial sent from the Arduino board over USB or serial
connector. To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send" button or
press enter.

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 7 - Block Diagram

3.2 WORKING

The aim of this project is to design a system, which can

continuously monitor the health of the person. In order to do this, two sensors
have been interfaced to a Arduino Uno. The physiological parameters like heart
rate and body temperature are sensed which is then transmitted via Bluetooth to
android application. App is coded to display two variables one is pulse rate
sensor (BPM) and body temperature (ºC) in the smart phone. In Arduino, the
sensors and Bluetooth are interfaced and the sensor output is serially transmitted
using Bluetooth device. The sensors used are pulse rate and temperature sensor.
The android application is built which calibrates the data for 15sec.For pulse
rate sensor, the sensor output is counted for 15 sec and is multiplied by 4 and is
displayed on android application. For temperature sensor the temperature values
are counted for 15 sec and average value is displayed on the android application

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Fig8-Flowchart for Arduino Fig9- Flowchart for Android
interfaced with sensors application.
and Bluetooth.

3.3 ANDROID APPLICATION:`

The android application designed is shown in Figure 10. Using the

Android Studio the sensor data is being calibrated for 15 sec. For heart rate
sensor the beats are counted for 15 sec’s by using a heartbeat counter and is
multiplied by 4 (i.e. 15 sec *4= 60 sec’s = 1 min, heart beat per minute) and is
displayed in the android application. For temperature sensor the temperature
values for 15sec is stored in a buffer and the average of temperature for 15 sec

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is displayed in the android application as shown in the Figure 11. Android
software development is the process by which new applications are created for
the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in Java
programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK). The
Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of
development tools.

Figure 10: Disconnected app Figure 11: Bluetooth connected app

These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU,

documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development
platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux
distribution), Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later, and Windows 7 or later. As of March
2015, the SDK is not available on Android itself, but software development is
possible by using specialized Android applications.

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3.4 APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING
SYSTEM

• Maintain diabetes
• Reduces Risk of Heart failures
• Prevent Dementia and Falls
• Infertility
• Diagnose rise in temperature and pressure

3.5 ADVANTAGES:
PATIENTS:

• Timely & Proper treatment at an early stage.

• Multiple doctors can evaluate the condition from the remote locations.
• Proximity to home and community.
• Reduced travel and wait time.
• Rapid diagnosis and fast intervention by the doctor.

DOCTORS:

• Real-time visualization of patient health and medical parameters.

• Increase operational efficiency, planning & compliance.
• Live streaming of patient data even in 2G network.
• Reduces the workload, clinical productivity solution.
• Save Time & Resources.

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 CHAPTER-4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Figure 12: Final Hardware

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 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

A smart phone based health monitoring system has been presented

in this work by using a wearable sensor. The system is simple. It is just few
wires connected to a small kit (Arduino Uno) with a smart phone. The system is
very power efficient. It is easy to use, fast, accurate, high efficiency, and safe
(without any danger of electric shocks). In contrast to other conventional
medical equipment, the system has the ability to save data for future reference.
Finally, the reliability and validity of the system have been ensured via field
tests. The field tests show that the system can produce medical data that are
similar to those produced by the existing medical equipment. The product
developed can be modified and improved by interfacing more number of
sensors. For example: EEG electrodes can be interfaced etc. Using Internet of
Things (Raspberry pi board) different sensors can be interfaced and can be
implemented in such a way that the data is accessible for both the patients as
well as health care centers which can be done using cloud storage by updating
data to the cloud and this can be continuously monitored in health care centers
which reduces the time and cost.

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REFERENCES

1. Anne Miller, "A work domain analysis framework for modeling intensive
care unit patients", Cognition Technology & Work, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 207-222,
2004

2. “An advanced patient bedside monitoring system design based on WBAN

and telemedicine technologies” -https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7066387
3.“Patient Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things”-
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050916301260

4. “Advanced patient monitoring system on pc using At 89S52 MCU”-

http://www.ijesr.org/admin/upload_journal/journal_printEssam%20%20%2015
haug14esr.pdf

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