SPC 407 Sheet 5 - Solution Compressible Flow - Rayleigh Flow

SPC 407
Sheet 5 - Solution
Compressible Flow – Rayleigh Flow
1. Consider subsonic Rayleigh flow of air with a Mach number of 0.92. Heat
is now transferred to the fluid and the Mach number increases to 0.95.
Does the temperature T of the fluid increase, decrease, or remain
constant during this process? How about the stagnation temperature T0?
Solution:
In Rayleigh flow, the stagnation temperature T0 always increases with
heat transfer to the fluid, but the temperature T decreases with heat
transfer in the Mach number range of 0.845 < Ma < 1 for air. Therefore,
the temperature in this case will decrease.
This at first seems counterintuitive, but if heat were not added, the
temperature would drop even more if the air were accelerated
isentropically from Ma = 0.92 to 0.95.
2. Consider subsonic Rayleigh flow that is accelerated to sonic velocity (Ma

= 1) at the duct exit by heating. If the fluid continues to be heated, will the
flow at duct exit be supersonic, subsonic, or remain sonic?
Solution:
The flow is choked, and thus the flow at the duct exit remains sonic.
There is no mechanism for the flow to become supersonic in this case.
1
3. Argon gas enters a constant cross-sectional area duct at Ma1 = 0.2, P1 =
320 kPa, and T1 = 400 K at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. Disregarding frictional
losses, determine the highest rate of heat transfer to the argon without
reducing the mass flow rate.
Solution:
Take the properties of argon to be k = 1.667, cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg-K, and R
= 0.2081 kJ/kg-K.
Heat transfer stops when the flow is choked, and thus Ma2 = V2/c2 = 1.
The inlet stagnation temperature is
The Rayleigh flow functions corresponding to the inlet and exit Mach
numbers are
Therefore,
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
It can also be shown that T2 = 1600 K, which is the highest

thermodynamic temperature that can be attained under stated
conditions. If more heat is transferred, the additional temperature rise
will cause the mass flow rate to decrease. Also, in the solution of this
problem, we cannot use the values of Table A-15 since they are based on
k = 1.4.
2
4. Air is heated as it flows subsonically through a duct. When the amount of
heat transfer reaches 67 kJ/kg, the flow is observed to be choked, and the
velocity and the static pressure are measured to be 680 m/s and 270 kPa.
Disregarding frictional losses, determine the velocity, static temperature,
and static pressure at the duct inlet.
Solution:
Take the properties of air to be k = 1.4, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K, and R = 0.287
kJ/kg-K.
Noting that sonic conditions exist at the exit, the exit temperature is
It gives T2 = 1151 K. Then the exit stagnation temperature becomes
The inlet stagnation temperature is, from the energy equation (𝑞 =

𝑐𝑝 (𝑇02 − 𝑇01 ) ),
The maximum value of stagnation temperature 𝑇0∗ occurs at Ma = 1, and

its value in this case is T02 since the flow is choked. Therefore, 𝑇0∗ = T02 =
1381 K. Then the stagnation temperature ratio at the inlet, and the Mach
number corresponding to it are, from Table A-15,
3
numbers are (Table A-15):
Then the inlet temperature, pressure, and velocity are determined to be
Note that the temperature and pressure decreases with heating during
this subsonic Rayleigh flow while velocity increases. This problem can
also be solved using appropriate relations instead of tabulated values,
which can likewise be coded for convenient computer solutions.
4
5. Compressed air from the compressor of a gas turbine enters the
combustion chamber at T1 = 700 K, P1 = 600 kPa, and Ma1 = 0.2 at a rate
of 0.3 kg/s. Via combustion, heat is transferred to the air at a rate of 150
kJ/s as it flows through the duct with negligible friction. Determine the
Mach number at the duct exit, and the drop in stagnation pressure P01 -
P02 during this process.
Solution:
kJ/kg-K.
The inlet stagnation temperature and pressure are
The exit stagnation temperature is determined from
It gives
T02 = 1203 K
At Ma1 = 0.2 we read from T01/T0* = 0.1736 (Table A-15). Therefore,
Then the stagnation temperature ratio at the exit and the Mach number
corresponding to it are (Table A-15)
Also,
Then the stagnation pressure at the exit and the pressure drop become
and
This problem can also be solved using appropriate relations instead of

tabulated values, which can likewise be coded for convenient computer
solutions.
5
6. Air flows with negligible friction through a 4-in diameter duct at a rate of
5 lbm/s. The temperature and pressure at the inlet are T1 = 800 R and P1
= 30 psia, and the Mach number at the exit is Ma2 = 1. Determine the rate
of heat transfer and the pressure drop for this section of the duct.
Solution:
kJ/kg-K.
The inlet density and velocity of air are
The stagnation temperature and Mach number at the inlet are
6
Then the exit temperature, pressure, and stagnation temperature are
determined to be
Then the rate of heat transfer and the pressure drop become
Note that the entropy of air increases during this heating process, as
expected.
7
7. Consider a 16-cm-diameter tubular combustion chamber. Air enters the
tube at 450 K, 380 kPa, and 55 m/s. Fuel with a heating value of 39,000
kJ/kg is burned by spraying it into the air. If the exit Mach number is 0.8,
determine the rate at which the fuel is burned and the exit temperature.
Assume complete combustion and disregard the increase in the mass
flow rate due to the fuel mass.
Solution:
kJ/kg-K.
The inlet density and mass flow rate of air are
The stagnation temperature and Mach number at the inlet are
numbers are (Table A-15) (We used analytical functions):
8
The exit temperature, stagnation temperature, and velocity are
determined to be
Then the mass flow rate of the fuel is determined to be
Note that both the temperature and velocity increase during this
subsonic Rayleigh flow with heating, as expected. This problem can also
be solved using appropriate relations instead of tabulated values, which
can likewise be coded for convenient computer solutions.
9
8. Consider supersonic flow of air through a 7-cm-diameter duct with
negligible friction. Air enters the duct at Ma1 = 1.8, P01 = 140 kPa, and T01
= 600 K, and it is decelerated by heating. Determine the highest
temperature that air can be heated by heat addition while the mass flow
rate remains constant.
Solution:
kJ/kg-K.
Heat transfer will stop when the flow is choked, and thus Ma2 = V2/c2 =
1. Knowing stagnation properties, the static properties are determined
to be
Then the inlet velocity and the mass flow rate become
The
Rayleigh flow functions corresponding to the inlet and exit Mach
10
Then the exit temperature and stagnation temperature are determined
to be
Finally, the rate of heat transfer is
Note that this is the highest temperature that can be attained under
stated conditions. If more heat is transferred, the additional temperature
will cause the mass flow rate to decrease. Also, once the sonic conditions
are reached, the thermodynamic temperature can be increased further
by cooling the fluid and reducing the velocity (see the T-sdiagram for
Rayleigh flow).
11

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SPC 407

2. Consider subsonic Rayleigh flow that is accelerated to sonic velocity (Ma

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes

It can also be shown that T2 = 1600 K, which is the highest

It gives T2 = 1151 K. Then the exit stagnation temperature becomes

The inlet stagnation temperature is, from the energy equation (𝑞 =

The maximum value of stagnation temperature 𝑇0∗ occurs at Ma = 1, and

Then the inlet temperature, pressure, and velocity are determined to be

The exit stagnation temperature is determined from

This problem can also be solved using appropriate relations instead of

The inlet density and velocity of air are

The stagnation temperature and Mach number at the inlet are

The inlet density and mass flow rate of air are

The stagnation temperature and Mach number at the inlet are

Then the mass flow rate of the fuel is determined to be

Finally, the rate of heat transfer is

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