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Acoustic Emission: Global Inspection Technique

The document discusses acoustic emission monitoring techniques. It describes acoustic emission as detecting sound produced by discontinuities like cracking within a structure under stress. Standards organizations like ASME, ASTM, and ISO set standards for acoustic emission testing and equipment. Acoustic emission testing is used to monitor corrosion in tanks, pipelines, and other structures made of steel, aluminum, or fiberglass reinforced plastic. Parameters measured include event counts, amplitude, duration, and energy. Acoustic emission can detect corrosion and damage in tanks, pipelines, pressure vessels, and fiber composite materials.

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Wesam Salah Aloolo
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130 views

Acoustic Emission: Global Inspection Technique

The document discusses acoustic emission monitoring techniques. It describes acoustic emission as detecting sound produced by discontinuities like cracking within a structure under stress. Standards organizations like ASME, ASTM, and ISO set standards for acoustic emission testing and equipment. Acoustic emission testing is used to monitor corrosion in tanks, pipelines, and other structures made of steel, aluminum, or fiberglass reinforced plastic. Parameters measured include event counts, amplitude, duration, and energy. Acoustic emission can detect corrosion and damage in tanks, pipelines, pressure vessels, and fiber composite materials.

Uploaded by

Wesam Salah Aloolo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

ACOUSTIC EMISSION

GLOBAL INSPECTION TECHNIQUE

DAVID PADFIELD

3/03/2017
What is Acoustic Emission Monitoring?
• The process of detecting sound produced by
discontinuities (cracking) within a structure when the
structure has stress applied to it or when it is leaking or
corroding.

• The sound is used to determine the structure’s condition.

• Applied to monitoring corrosion in aircraft, storage


tanks, pipelines, ships and bridges made from steel or
aluminium.

3/03/2017
AE Standards
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Vessels, Article 11, Subsection A,
Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
• Acoustic Emission Examination of Metallic Vessels During Pressure Testing, Article 12,
Subsection A, Section V, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
• Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring, Article 13 Section V

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials


• E569-97 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled
Stimulation
• E650-97 Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
• E749-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring During Continuous Welding
• E750-98 Standard Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
• E976-00 Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor
Response
• E1067-96 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic
Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
• E1106-86(1997) Standard Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
• E1118-95 Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin Pipe (RTRP)
• E1139-97 Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure
Boundaries
• E1211-97 Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic
Emission Sensors
• E1316-00 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
• E1419-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels
Using Acoustic Emission
• E1781-98 Standard Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
• E1932-97 Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
• E1930-97 Standard Test Method for Examination of Liquid Filled Atmospheric and Low Pressure
Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
• E2075-00 Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an
Acrylic Rod
• E2076-00 Standard Test Method for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades
Using Acoustic Emission
AE Standards
ASNT - American Society for Nondestructive Testing
• ANSI/ASNT CP-189, ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of
Nondestructive Testing Personnel.
• CARP Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing of Pressurized Highway
Tankers Made of Fiberglass reinforced with Balsa Cores.
• Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.
Association of American Railroads
• Procedure for Acoustic Emission Evaluation of Tank Cars and IM-101 tanks, Issue 1,
and Annex Z thereto, “ Test Methods to Meet FRA Request for Draft Sill Inspection
program, docket T79.20-90 (BRW) ,” Preliminary 2
Compressed Gas Association
• C-1, Methods for Acoustic Emission Requalification of Seamless Steel Compressed
Gas Tubes.
European Committee for Standardization
• DIN EN 14584, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Examination of
Metallic Pressure Equipment during Proof Testing; Planar Location of AE Sources.
• EN 1330-9, Non-Destructive Testing – Terminology – Part 9, Terms Used in Acoustic
Emission Testing.
• EN 13477-1, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment
Characterization – Part 1, Equipment Description.
• EN 13477-2, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – Equipment
Characterization – Part 2, Verification of Operating Characteristics.
• EN 13554, Non-Destructive Testing – Acoustic Emission – General Principles.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• IEEE C57.127, Trial-Use guide for the Detection of Acoustic Emission from Partial
Discharges in Oil-Immersed Power Transformers.
AE Standards
International Organization for Standardization
• ISO 12713, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection
– Primary Calibration of Transducers.
• ISO 12714, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection
– Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors.
• ISO 12716, Non-Destructive Testing - Acoustic Emission Inspection
– Vocabulary
• ISO/DIS 16148, gas Cylinders – Refillable Seamless Steel gas
Cylinders – Acoustic Emission Examination (AEE) for Periodic
Inspection.
Japanese Institute for Standardization
• JIS Z 2342, Methods for Acoustic Testing of Pressure Vessels
during Pressure Tests and Classification of Test Results.
Japanese Society for Nondestructive Inspection
• NDIS 2106-79, Evaluation of performance Characteristics of
Acoustic Emission Testing Equipment.
• NDIS 2109-91, Methods for Absolute calibration of Acoustic
Emission Transducers by Reciprocity Technique.
• NDIS 2412-80, Acoustic Emission Testing of Spherical Pressure
Vessels of High Tensile Strength Steel and Classification of Test
Results.
Acoustic Emission (AE)

Transient elastic waves generated by the rapid release


of energy from localised sources within a material
(extract from ASTM E610.82)

Rise Decay
Primarily “Clustering” time time

Amplitude
Energy
AE Counts = 7
Parameters measured include:
AE event counts Threshold

Amplitude
Duration Time
Rise time
Decay time
Energy
Duration

An AE hit
AE Equipment

Sensor Preamplifier Filter


• Sensors – 20kHz to 500kHz
• Preamplifier
• Band pass filters tuned to sensors
10 - 1000kHz
Computer DiSP AE
Card • Location of acoustic signals
• “Clever” Software that can be
taught.

3/03/2017
AE Testing – Tank Set Up

Sensors

3/03/2017
Tank Bottom Sensor Positioning
• Sensors mounted 0.5 m to 2 m
above knuckle, usually 1m and 2m
• 3 to 24 sensors used depending on
size
• Cables from sensors are run back
to AE computer
Guard sensors

Primary sensors

3/03/2017
Example of Bad Tank
INDUSTRIAL CORROSION
Tank Bottoms - AE Test Procedure
• Tank conditioned
– Isolate tank for 6-12 hours
– Large crude tanks 24 hrs, Small tanks 6 hrs
– Valves closed, heaters off, agitators switched off, ultrasonic
depth gauges off, fluid flow in attached pipes stopped.
– Insulated tanks require 300 mm square holes removed to mount
sensors

• Sensors mounted tank wall around the circumference


• Tank monitored for a pre-determined time – 1hr min
• Data processed to eliminate unwanted noise
• Data evaluated and sources located

3/03/2017
AE Testing – Experimental
 2 Mild steel specimens
 Pipe & Flat bar immersed in 3%
Salt (NaCl) solution
 Test initially for 120 hours

 Monitoring paused for 4 weeks


then monitored for 17 hours

 Dewatering then monitoring for


20 hours

3/03/2017
AE Corrosion Monitoring – Results

Bar

First 120 hours

Pipe

3/03/2017
AE Corrosion Monitoring – Dry Results
After removal of corroding solution specimens were
allowed to dry and were monitored over a 17 hour period.

Bar

Pipe

3/03/2017
AE Corrosion Monitoring – Results
Correlation plots Duration (microS) vs Amplitude (dB)

Wet Results Dry Results


Duration maximum about 10,000 μsec Higher amplitude signals

3/03/2017
Acoustic Emission of FRP

• Storage tanks
• Pipelines
• Structures

3/03/2017
FRP Vessels
• Slow fill
• High Amplitude Events
indicate damage

3/03/2017
FRP Vessels

• Corrosion of FRP
• Disbonding of fibres
from matrix
• Lamination growth
• Gross fibre breakage
from damage

3/03/2017
AE Application to Fibre Composites
• Kaiser Effect – Need to exceed previously applied
load to get more AE.
• When testing FRP load
is applied twice if
significant AE detected

• 2nd load to see if first time to load or failure


occurring
Pressure Vessel Monitoring
• Done to established Standards (ASME) (AS3788)
and Evaluation Criteria.
• Sensors mounted on vessel and system calibrated

Sensors
• Number of sensors
determined by the size of
the vessel to be tested.
Sensor Mounting on Gas Storage Cylinders

• Tested to ISO / ASTM


Standards
• Sensors mounted on
ends of cylinders so AE Sensors
source can be detected
and located
• 2 sensors per cylinder
• Connected to AE
Monitoring equipment by
co-axial cable up to 100m
long.
100%
Pressure
95%
90%
85% Normal operating pressure

Possible pipe or vessel fill or pressurisation sequence


Time
On new tanks/vessels best done in conjunction with hydrotest
Test Results

Located AE
Events

Clusters

AE Event and cluster location on cylinder 1


Permanent Monitoring – HRH Piping
• An array of sensors placed either in areas of interest, or
intermittently along a susceptible pipeline would enable
short or long-term monitoring.
• 20m pipe monitored with multiple sensors, gives
location, intensity, time of activity, etc

3/03/2017
Is it the Answer?
Pros Cons

• Global (whole structures) • Limited quantification


• Permanent • External stress
Installation required
• Detects & Locates
• Complimentary method
• Relatively quick
• Easy for the Asset operator • Requires Skilled personnel

• Prioritises • Some equipment Isolation


• Cost saving. • Background
• Safety noise
• Environmental
• Standards recognition
• Attenuation
• Permanent record

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