Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 42 views

    Algorithm & Flowchart: Credit: MR Ainullotfi

    Uploaded by

    SeindahNya
    The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It provides examples of algorithms to calculate the sum and average of a set of numbers and to determine the temperature based on altitude. The key steps in algorithms are outlined including start/stop, inputs/outputs, decisions, and loops. Common flowchart symbols are presented. Pseudocode and variables used in algorithms are also explained.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Algorithm & Flowchart: Credit: MR Ainullotfi

    Uploaded by

    SeindahNya
    42 views25 pages
    The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It provides examples of algorithms to calculate the sum and average of a set of numbers and to determine the temperature based on altitude. The key steps in algorithms are outlined including start/stop, inputs/outputs, decisions, and loops. Common flowchart symbols are presented. Pseudocode and variables used in algorithms are also explained.

    Original Title

    04.Algorithm

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It provides examples of algorithms to calculate the sum and average of a set of numbers and to determine the temperature based on altitude. The key steps in algorithms are outlined including start/stop, inputs/outputs, decisions, and loops. Common flowchart symbols are presented. Pseudocode and variables used in algorithms are also explained.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views25 pages

    Algorithm & Flowchart: Credit: MR Ainullotfi

    Uploaded by

    SeindahNya
    The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It provides examples of algorithms to calculate the sum and average of a set of numbers and to determine the temperature based on altitude. The key steps in algorithms are outlined including start/stop, inputs/outputs, decisions, and loops. Common flowchart symbols are presented. Pseudocode and variables used in algorithms are also explained.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Algorithm & Flowchart

    Credit: Mr Ainullotfi
    Common Flowchart Symbols

    Start/Stop Decision

    Connector
    Process
    Off-page
    Connector
    Input/Output
    Comments
    Refers to a
    Preparation
    separate
    (for loops etc)
    flowchart
    Example Problem #1
    • Given a set of numbers, calculate their
    sum and the average value (mean).
    • Formula: n
    1
    x = ∑x i
    n
    i =1

    • n is the number of numbers in the set


    Algorithm
    • 1. Start
    • 2. Get one number in the set
    • 3. Count the numbers as it is obtained
    • 4. If there are still numbers to be
    obtained,
    go back to step 2.
    • 5. Sum the numbers in the set
    • 6. Divide the sum by the number of numbers
    in the set to get the average
    • 7. Show the sum and the average
    • 8. Stop
    Flowchart
    Start

    Calculate mean
    Get number

    Show sum
    Count number Calculate sum and mean

    Yes Any more No Stop


    number?
    Detailed Flowchart
    Start
    sum ← 0
    i←0
    Mean = sum/n
    j←0

    i←i+1
    j←j+1 Show sum
    and mean
    Get xi
    sum ← sum + xj
    Stop
    Yes Any more
    Yes
    number? Is j < n?
    No
    n←i No
    Pseudocode
    • 1. Start
    • 2. i0
    • 3. ii+1
    • 4. Get xi
    • 5. If there more numbers repeat from
    3.
    • 6. ni
    • 7. sum  0
    • 8. j0
    Pseudocode
    • 9. j  j + 1
    • 10. sum  sum + xi
    • 11. If j < n repeat from step 9
    • 12. mean  sum / n
    • 13. Show sum and mean
    • 14. Stop
    Variables
    • A variable is a location in the computer
    memory which is given a specific name
    and can hold a single value at a time
    • A variable can be compared to a box or
    a container that is given a label – and
    the box can hold one content at a time
    • In the last example, i, j, n, sum, mean
    and x1, x2, x3… etc are all variables
    Variable Assignments
    • Variables are given values either directly by
    the user through the input statements (e.g.
    Get xii) or by assignments statements
    • i  0 is an assignment expression meaning
    ‘assign the value 0 to variable i’
    • n  i means ‘assign the value equivalent to
    that in variable i to variable n’ (the value in
    variable i is not changed)
    • j  j + 1 means ‘add 1 to the value in j’
    Variable Types
    • Variables can be of several types
    depending of the kind of data it stores
    • In general variables can be classified into:
    (a) Numeric type
    (b) String type
    (c) Logical type
    • Assignment expressions would involve
    similar type of variables only
    Numeric Variables
    • Numeric variables store numerical data
    which can be used in mathematical
    calculations
    • Examples of numeric expressions are:
    i0
    jj+1
    mean  sum / n
    y  x*x
    z  sin(x) + 3
    String Variables
    • String variables store alphanumeric
    data, symbols and control characters
    • Although strings may store numbers,
    they are of the type not used for
    calculations e.g. phone numbers,
    addresses etc
    • String variables are useful for labels,
    names and comments
    • name  ‘lotfi’ is a string expression
    Logical Variables
    • Logical variables store only either a
    ‘True’ or a ‘False’ value
    • k  (3 > 4) is an example of a logical
    expression – in this case k has the value
    ‘False’ since it is not true that 3 is
    greater than 4
    • Logical expressions are useful for tests
    and decision making algorithms
    Example Problem #2
    • Atmospheric temperature vary with altitude
    according to the following tables
    Alt h (m) Temp T (K)
    0 288.15 Alt h (m) dT/dh (K/m)
    11000 216.65 0-11000 -6.5 x 10-3
    20000 216.65 11000-20000 0
    32000 228.65 20000-32000 1 x 10-3
    47000 270.65 32000-47000 2.8 x 10-3
    51000 270.65 47000-51000 0
    71000 214.65 51000-71000 -2.8 x 10-3
    85000 186.946 71000-85000 -2.0 x 10-3
    Standard Atmosphere
    (Air Temperatures)
    300

    290
    288.15
    280
    270.65 270.65
    270

    260

    250
    Troposphere
    Tem perature (K)

    240
    Stratosphere Mesosphere
    230
    228.65
    220
    216.65 216.65 214.65
    210

    200

    190
    186.946
    180

    170

    160

    150
    0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
    Altitude (m)
    Example Problem #2
    • The Troposphere is the layer from sea
    level up to 11000 m
    • The Stratosphere is between 11000 to
    51000m
    • The Mesosphere is between 51000 to
    71000m
    • Given an altitude, the temperature of
    the atmosphere need to be calculated
    Algorithm
    • 1.
    Start
    • 2.
    Get altitude
    • 3.
    Determine which altitude band it is in
    • 4.
    Calculate the temperature using the
    equation associated with that band
    • 5. Show the altitude and the temperature
    • 6. Stop
    Flowchart
    Start

    Get altitude

    Determine Calculate Show sum


    altitude band temperature and mean

    Stop
    Start Flowchart
    Yes

    Get
    altitude h

    Yes
    h < 11000? T ← 288.15 – 6.5*h*10-3

    No
    Yes
    h < 20000? T ← 216.65

    No
    Yes
    h < 32000? T ← 216.65 + h*10-3

    No
    B
    A
    A Flowchart
    h < 47000? T ← 228.65 + 2.8*h*10-3 A

    h < 51000? T ← 270.65 Show h


    and T

    h < 71000? T ← 270.65 - 2.8*h*10-3 Stop

    T ← 214.65 - 2*h*10-3
    Pseudocode
    • 1. Start
    • 2. Get h
    • 3. If h < 11000 then
    • 4. T ← 288.15 – 6.5*h*10-3
    -3

    • 5. Else if h < 20000 then


    • 6. T ← 216.15
    • 7. Else if h < 32000 then
    • 8. T ← 216.15 + *h*10-3
    -3
    Pseudocode
    • 9. Else if h < 47000 then
    • 10. T ← 228.65 + 2.8*h*10-3
    -3

    • 11. Else if h < 51000 then


    • 12. T ← 270.65
    • 13. Else if h < 71000 then
    • 14. T ← 270.65 – 2.8*h*10-3-3

    • 15. Else T ← 214.65 + 2*h*10-3


    -3

    • 16. Show h and T


    • 17. Stop
    Types of Algorithms
    • Sequential algorithm
    • Looping algorithm
    • Decision algorithm
    • Link algorithm

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy