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ORAL COMMUNICATION UT 1 – REVIEWER

NAME: _______________________________________________________________
I. Communication: Definition, Process, and Elements
A. What is Communication?
 comunicare  “share”
 “any process in which people share information, ideas and feelings”
 Involves not only verbal, but nonverbal symbols as well
B. The Communication Process
 action  involves sending and receiving of the message
 transaction and interaction  entails sending through a channel,
not merely linear

MESSAGE/
CHANNEL
FEEDBACK

SENDER/ NOISE SENDER/

RECIEVER RECIEVER

MESSAGE/
CHANNEL
FEEDBACK

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SETTING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C. Elements of the Communication Process
 SENDER-RECIEVER
 person transmitting the information, encode and decode
 both communicators perform the dual role of sending and
receiving
 MESSAGE
 information that the sender wants to transmit
 can be verbal or nonverbal
 can vary depending on nonverbal cues
 CHANNEL
 medium used in sending forth the message
 voice or sound  most common channel
 Ex. written, electronic devices, social media
 Communicator must choose the most appropriate channel to
make the communication effective
 FEEDBACK
 response given by the receiver to the sender
 can also be verbal or nonverbal
 indicate whether the message transmission has been a
success
 NOISE
 interferences that keeps a message from being understood
 affects the encoder and decoder
 can be internal or external
1. INTERNAL NOISE – happens within the minds of the
communicators; emotional baggage; biases
2. EXTERNAL NOISE – noise from the place of
communication; ex. people, vehicles, loud music
 SETTING
 physical environment or the communication context
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II. Models of Communication

A. What is a Model?
 model  formal description of the communication process
B. The Communication Models
 LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
 created by Aristotle; earliest model
 the success of communication depends on the listener
 evident in situations wherein the receiver has no chance to
send back his/her response
 Ex. reading a book, employer to employee
 SPEAKER  MESSAGE  LISTENER
 Rhetorics (fathered by Aristotle)
1. Ethos  speaker’s credibility
2. Logos  message, arrangement and logic
3. Pathos  emotional effect or impact
 LASSWELL’S MODEL
 Harold Lasswell (1948)
 “Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect”
 One of the bases for understanding mass communication
 WHO  WHAT  CHANNEL  WHOM  EFFECT
 SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL
 Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver; worked at Bell
Telephones
 Based on the Information Theory
 Five fundamental steps in the process:
1. Human Stimulation to communicate
2. Encoding of a thought into message
3. Transmission
4. Decoding of message by recipient
5. Internalization of the message by recipient
 Fundamental for applications in Mass Communication;
technology could be either information source or transmitter
 Noise  element crucial to the communication process
 SCHRAMM’S MODEL
 Wilbur Schramm
 decoding occurs simultaneously between the sender and
receiver
 Field of Experience  factor that influences the
communicators; part in the decoding of the message
 Shows reciprocal and cyclical process of communication
 Role of human behavior  recognized in the process
 Paved way in theorizing the effects of mass communication
 BERLO’S MODEL
 David Berlo, 1960; most message-centered model
 S-M-C-R (Source – Message – Channel – Receiver)
 Heavily grounded on Shannon and Weaver’s Model
 Explored other sources, other factors affecting receiver and
sender; and acknowledges the treatment of the message
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BASIC DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE  Source and Receiver Factors
MODELS: 1. Communication Skills  ability to utilize the 4
LINEAR  cannot respond fundamental verbal skills (write, read, listen, speak);
LASSWELL  can fluency
respond; but sender is not 2. Attitude  communicator’s stance, personal posturing;
sure who exactly can biases and prejudices
respond
3. Knowledge  knowledge on three things: subject
SHANNON N WEAVER matter, audience and situation
 can respond; often uses
technology, but sender is
4. Social System  communicator’s educational
definitely sure who is asked background or socio-economic status
to respond 5. Culture  material or symbolic culture
SCHRAMM  field of  Message Factors
experience! can respond 1. Message content  topic at hand; must be interesting
even without full knowledge
and not too daunting for both parties
BERLO  message is most 2. Message code  communicator’s communication skill;
important (including comm
skills, knowledge, content,
one should carefully choose one’s word
code, treatment, etc.) 3. Message treatment  something to do with the
TRANSACTIONAL 
delivery of the message; utterance
many distractions, many  Channel Factors
branches, many things going 1. Five Senses (Seeing, Hearing, Tasting, Touching,
on, no pattern
Smelling)
 NON-LINEAR AND TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
 asserts dynamic process; instead of a simple cycle, it
becomes a flexible, spiral or multi-dimensional aspect
 states that not at all times will the topic be all throughout;
communication is not in a single plane
 Frank Dance  Dance’s Helical Model of Communication
 psychological act  impressions are formed when
communicating
 sender can be a receiver, and vice versa
 SUMMARY
 LINEAR MODELS: Aristotle, Lasswell’s, Shannon and
Weaver, Berlo
 CYCLICAL MODELS : Schramm
 DYNAMIC: Non-linear
III. Elements of Communication
A. Verbal Communication
 What is Verbal Communication?
 Refers to the use of words in oral (using spoken word) or
written modes (using written symbols)
 Factors in Verbal Communication:
1. Volume  loudness of voice;
+ should be adjusted according to size of
audience and setting
+ decide if you should use an instrument
+ reaction of audience  determines if volume
is appropriate
+ can emphasize or overclaim an idea
2. Pitch  highness or lowness of voice
+ emphasizes moods or meanings
+ monotone – shows lack of interest
+ high tones – confusion on point importance
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3. Rate  speed in speaking

+ communicates confidence
+ slow speaking – emphasis of important ideas;
or groping for things to say
+ fast speaking – tensed; too many ideas
+ proper pacing – shows mastery of material
4. Pauses  brief silences in speech
+ aids in breathing
+ helps audience process information
+ vocalized pauses such as “ah”, “um”, and “like”
should be avoided; irritating and gets attention
5. Articulation  production of specific sounds to
distinguish aural symbols; CLEARNESS
6. Pronunciation  how sounds are produced according
to standards of a language; CORECTNESS
B. Nonverbal Communication
 What is Nonverbal Communication?
 Visual cues that carry information as well (65-95%)
 suprasegmental cues that enhance delivery of the message
 Factors in Nonverbal Communication
1. Physical Appearance
+ not only clothing and grooming, but also how
one appears before he/she speaks
+ establishes a first impression
2. Eye Contact
+ visual contact with our audiences; delivers
message across, enables you to connect and
show credibility and trustworthiness
+ culture-specific  eye contact is viewed at
times as rude or in excessiveness, as sexual
harassment
3. Facial Expression
+ movement of eyes, eyebrows and mouth
+ shows confidence and mastery of topic
+ raising eyebrow  shows one did not
understand
4. Posture
+ how one carries his/her body in front of an
audience
+ slouch  shows lack of confidence
+ overly rigid  shows fear or tension
5. Gestures
+ usually refers to the hands but sometimes to the
rest of your body
+ help express meaning and emotion
+ assists to clarify the message
6. Proxemics
+ distance or space that the speaker maintains
+ use of a podium  assertion of authority or
attention
+ walking around  establishes unity and
rapport with the audience
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IV. Effective Communication Skills

A. Seven C’s for Effective Communication
 Completeness  information must be all in one, no lacking details,
research if needed, examples: announcements
 Conciseness  brief use of words; simple and straight to the point;
use important details only
 Consideration  needs and welfare of the audience; understand
the background (educational and cultural); visualize your audience
when preparing
 Clarity  clearness; you say what you mean; every component of
the message is understandable
 Concreteness  give examples that are relatable, use sensory
words – specific words, and use images to avoid ambiguity
 Courtesy  use positive tones, insert funny lines – but not to the
point of offensiveness and cultural insensitivity
 Correctness  message should be accurate, and be well-written
(grammar, language, politically correctness)
B. Effective Listening for Effective Communication
 listening  a receptive skill (you receive information)
 speaking  a productive skill (you send information)
 Listening can build relationships
 listener interferences  issues and problems that block effective
listening
 lengthy speeches – audience’s minds start to wander
 formal language (too technical or formal) – audience cannot
understand and choose to no longer listen
 sender-receiver differences – opinions, values, and beliefs
C. Barriers to Effective Communication
 based on the Berlo’s model, must be aware of these to effectively
communicate
 Barriers from the ENCODER/ DECODER
 Communication skills – ex. poor grammar and vocabulary
 Knowledge – both must be at the same level of knowledge on
the topic
 Attitude – biases and prejudices affect communication
 Social Status – authority occasionally prevents effective
communication due to fear of authorities (ex. child to a parent)
 Culture – lack of cultural knowledge and political correctness
will harm the communication
 Barriers from the MESSAGE
 Content – not conflicting ideas, no to taboo issues
 Code – use politically correct terms and no to profanity
 Treatment – be wise in using sarcasm VS sincerity
 Channel – observe non-verbal cues and technological
glitches
D. Communication Styles
 Assertive Style
 most effective
 requires high sense of self-esteem
 conviction is given due to confidence, without having to resort
to manipulation
 knows the strengths and limitations
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 Aggressive Style
 reaches goal at the expense of others
 demanding, intimidating, and “out to win”
 loud voice and big gestures
 Passive-Aggressive Style
 Seemingly passive projection, but subtly resentful and angry
 Two-faced stance
 appears to be non-threatening, but has secret dislike
 Submissive or Passive Style
 avoiding conflict and will do everything to give in
 being apologetic and inexpressive of own thoughts
 Manipulative Style
 Calculating and imposing
 used often for controlling other people
V. Intercultural Communication
A. What is Intercultural Communication?
 Language is inseparable from culture.
 Culture affects our communication, communication builds our culture
(gender, age, social status and religion)  these tend to overlap
 culture  totality of learned, shared symbols, language, values and
norms that distinguish one group from another
 enculturation  process of acquiring a culture
 intercultural communication  process of sharing thoughts, ideas
and emotions among cultures
B. Cultural Differences Influencing Communication
 Individuals VS Groups
 Individualistic cultures  fundamental responsibility is the
self; values of self-reliance and independence
 Collectivistic cultures  believe that families, friends,
communities, employers are all part of their responsibilities;
values of duty and loyalty; family-centeredness
 Communicative Context
 Low context cultures  people say directly what they mean;
direct
 High context cultures  not direct, subtle meanings; less
confrontational
 Power Distance
 Low-power-distance  people believe that no one should
have excessive power; equality
 High-power-distance locate more power in groups, ex. royal
family and ruling political party
 Masculinity and Femininity
 Masculine cultures  men portray ambition and
achievement; wage-earning and decision making; sex-
specific roles
 Feminine cultures  service of life, traditional feminine
qualities, nurturing behaviors
 Time Orientation
 Monochromic Cultures  time is finite and tangible
 Polychromic Cultures  time is fluid and infinite
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 Uncertainty Avoidance
 refers to the extent people try to avoid situations that are
unclear or unpredictable
 some cultures avoid this, others are flexible and welcoming
 one must be open-minded and have respect and
adaptability
C. Aspects for Culturally Inclusive Language
 Gender-inclusive Language  no gender bias (ex. police officer
instead of policeman) and no to gender belittling (esp. to females and
LGBT)
 Age Sensitivity  old people should not be the butt of the joke, and
children should not be totally excluded from conversations; no to
ageism  act of talking with derision to someone due to age
 Social Status  people with access to better education and lifestyle
project confidence and have easier times in discoursing
 Power and Authority  Show deference to people of higher authority
by using titles and formal language; (ex. church, government)
 Religion  be aware of the religious background and basic
information on their religion (ex. one cannot simply command a
Muslim girl to read the Quran)
ACTIVITY 1: LABELLING. Label the parts of the communication process.

3.)
2.)

1.) 7.) 4.)

9.) 10.)

6.) 5.)

8.)

ACTIVITY 2: IDENTIFICATION. Write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
_______________1. A Latin word which means “to share”
_______________2. This is the most common channel of information.
_______________3. It is the physical environment or the communication context.
_______________4. It is a formal description of the communication process.
_______________5. These refer to the Ethos, Pathos and Logos.
_______________6. According to Berlo, factors of this element are the five senses.
_______________7. The transactional or non-linear model is also known as –
_______________8. These are suprasegmental cues that enhance message delivery.
_______________9. It is the totality of values that distinguish groups from others.
_______________10. It is the process of acquiring a culture.
_______________11. The extent people try to not encounter unclear situations.
_______________12. The act of talking down with derision to someone due to age.
_______________13. Process of sharing thoughts and ideas among different groups
_______________14. This communication style is often controlling and imposing.
_______________15. These are issues that block effective reception of information.
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ACTIVITY 3: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write only the letter of your answer on the blank
provided before each number.
_______1. It indicates whether the message transmission has been a success.
a. receiver b. feedback c. channel d. message

_______2. Communication as ____ involves sending and receiving of the message.

a. interaction b. transaction c. action d. cycle

_______3. Communication interferences that originate from within the person’s mind is –
a. mental noise b. internal noise c. external noise d. attitude

_______4. Doctors often have trouble describing details to farmers and people with less
educational attainment. Thus, a doctor should utilize which message factor?
a. code b. content c. treatment d. channel

_______5. This is the most effective communication style, because it requires confidence.
a. aggressive b. manipulative c. assertive d. passive

_______6. This style avoids conflict and is marked by being too apologetic.
a. aggressive b. manipulative c. assertive d. passive

_______7. This element of communication can vary or change due to nonverbal cues.
a. channel b. sender c. noise d. message

_______8. Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?

a. Schramm b. Shannon-Weaver c. Linear d. Berlo

_______9. This refers to the ability of the person to utilize the four fundamental verbal
skills.
a. Attitude b. Comm. Skills c. Social System d. Knowledge

_______10. This refers to the stance or personal biases of the speaker.

a. Attitude b. Comm. Skills c. Social System d. Knowledge

_______11. Which does not refer to the concept of social system?

a. education b. position c. wealthy d. fluency

_______12. According to the Berlo’s model, both encoder and decoder should have
ample knowledge on three main things. Which of the following is NOT one
of those three things?
a. subject matter b. situation c. audience d. culture

_______13. Which of the following situations shows effected non-verbal communication?

a. Eleazar appropriately pauses to allow his audience to process the
information he just delivered.
b. Frances is speaking at a Japanese talk show, and she keeps on staring
at the audience because she trusts that it delivers her message well.
c. As Jonathan hosts and speaks at the event, he roams around the room
to establish rapport and energy within the audience.
d. Melinda is known to have a voice that is at a minimal volume.

_______14. Which nonverbal expression given below does display confidence?

a. Slouching b. Proper pacing c. Rigidness d. Eye contact
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_______15. The barriers to effective communication are based on which model?

a. Berlo b. Schramm c. Aristotle d. Non-linear

_______16. Technological glitches are barriers in terms of –

a. Content b. Code c. Channel d. Clarity

_______17. A loyal supporter of President Duterte would often lose interest in listening
at a priest’s homily on the condemnation of extra-judicial killings. Which
listening interference best describes the situation?
a. length b. differences c. technicality d. culture

_______18. A student would no longer participate in the morning pledges because it has
become too much of a routine, and their thoughts tend to wander. Which
listening interference describes the situation?
a. length b. differences c. technicality d. culture

_______19. A child would probably become afraid to communicate with a strict or

overbearing parent. Which barrier of effective communication is displayed?
a. com. skills b. knowledge c. social status d. attitude

_______20. John’s talk was originally good, until it turned sour when he began to use
sarcasm instead of sincerity. Which message factor became a barrier?
a. content b. code c. channel d. treatment

ACTIVITY 4: ANALYZING STRESS. What does the underlined word (stress) imply in the
statement? Write the letter of your answer on the blank.

_____1. Arabella is lazy.

a. She is someone, but definitely not Arabella.
b. She is indeed very much lazy.
c. She is not at all, and never lazy.
_____2. I don’t think he should get the job.
a. I think he should get something else.
b. Somebody, not me, thinks he should get the job.
c. I think somebody else should get the job.
_____3. I would always prefer coffee over tea.
a. I prefer coffee over tea only, and not something else
b. Somebody else always prefers coffee over tea.
c. I prefer coffee, and coffee only, over tea.
_____4. I said she might consider a new haircut.
a. I said she should think about getting a haircut.
b. I think she shouldn’t get just any haircut.
c. I think there’s a possibility that she might get a new haircut.
_____5. She never buys him any toys.
a. She never buys, but sometimes builds, him toys.
b. She really never ever, not even once, bought him toys.
c. She never buys him any toys, but might buy him clothes or books.
_____6. Christmas is never celebrated in July.
a. Christmas is never celebrated, but sometimes remembered, in July.
b. Christmas is never celebrated in July, but in December.
c. Christmas isn’t celebrated in July, but Nutrition Month maybe is.
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_____7. Tanya never gets toothaches that are too serious.

a. Tanya never gets toothaches, but somebody else does.
b. Tanya doesn’t get toothaches, but she gets something else.
c. Tanya gets toothaches, but most are not serious.
_____8. Next week, Halley and I are flying to Rome.
a. Halley and I are flying to Rome next week, and no other time.
b. I am flying to Rome next week with nobody else who isn’t Halley.
c. Halley and I are definitely flying and not sailing to Rome.
_____9. I did not drive my car to the campus yesterday.
a. I drove a car, just not mine, to the campus yesterday.
b. I drove my car to campus, but just not yesterday.
c. I drove my car yesterday, just not to campus.
_____10. She always walks to Church on Sundays with Maria.
a. She definitely walks, and does not drive, to Church with Maria.
b. She walks to Church on Sundays with Maria, and not somebody else.
c. She walks to Church, and not just anywhere, on Sundays with Maria.

ACTIVITY 5: MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is True, and if false,
write the word to replace the underlined word to make the sentence correct.

__________1. A single person cannot be the encoder and the decoder simultaneously.
__________2. Low-context cultures have trouble saying directly what they mean.
__________3. People with individualistic cultures tend to value active community
involvement.
__________4. A person used to a polychromic culture would more likely talk faster and
skip past the less important points in a conversation.
__________5. Feminine cultures are often very sex-specific and label tasks to genders.
__________6. A monarchy is an example of a low-power distance culture
__________7. Gender-inclusive language is being aware that one is not singling out
any cultures or ethnicity when delivering a speech.
__________8. Gestures refer to the spaces and distances maintained between a
speaker and an audience.
__________9. How one approaches the podium and how one clothes is part of posture,
__________10. Pronunciation is the clearness of how one delivers his speech.
__________11. On the other hand, articulation is the correctness of how one delivers.
__________12. Volume is the highness or lowness of one’s speaking voice.
__________13. Rate refers to loudness, and it is often checked by the reaction of the
audience, and is helped by using instruments such as microphones.
__________14. Facial expression is described as the visual contact with the audience.
__________15. Verbal communication makes up 65 to 95 percent of the message.

ACTIVITY 6: DIAGRAM COMPLETION. Complete the tables provided with the correct
information.

A. The 7C’s of Effective Communication

WORD DEFINITION
1. Thinking about the audience’s needs and prerequisites
2. 7.
3. Saying what you mean and stating the purpose clearly
4. Speaking in a gracious, polite and positive tone
5. Using imagery to avoid ambiguity
6. Observing proper grammar, pronunciation and appropriateness
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B. The Elements of Communication

#1 Proxemics
#3
Eye Contact
#4
#5
ELEMENTS OF Posture
COMMUNICATION
#2 Pronunciation
Articulation
#6
#7
Volume
#8
C. Berlo’s Model

ACTIVTIY 6: THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION. Identify which model is being

identified in the definitions and scenarios below. Write the letter of your answer only.
Choose your answer from the box below.
A. Linear Model B. Lasswell’s Model C. Shannon and Weaver’s Model
D. Schramm’s Model E. Berlo’s Model F. Transactional Model
A. Definitions
_______1. This was called the most message-centered model.
_______2. This pioneered the view on communication as a reciprocal-cyclical process.
_______3. This was created by Aristotle, based on ethos, pathos and logos.
_______4. This model often makes use of technology as its transmitter and channel.
_______5. “Who sends what in which channel to whom and with what effect?”
_______6. This model is spiral in form, because it is entirely dynamic.
_______7. This adds the factor of “field of experience” to the process.
_______8. This model requires a human stimulus or decision to communicate.
_______9. This model involves several factors in its typical S-M-C-R pattern.
_______10. This is viewed as a mathematical model of communication.

B. Real-life Situations
_______1. The HSSC president presents the council’s platforms to the principal.
_______2. A stressed-out student studying for exams is having a tiresome dinner
conversation with her mom. She has trouble understanding and focusing.
_______3. Helena reads a romance book, and to her disagreement; it described women
as nothing but clueless airheads, but she can do nothing about it.
_______4. Benny and Tony are having a live conversation over Face Time.
_______5. Xiomara and Rogelio agree to have a date again, three years after splitting
up with a divorce.
_______6. A Twitter user reacts violently to Felly’s tweet about a certain celebrity.
_______7. A group of teachers are discussing about the new curriculum to be announced.
_______8. Zoe, worried about her dog, is having trouble answering the vet’s questions.
_______9. Matt comforted Tim when his dad died; for Matt himself lost his mom last year.
_______10. After the teacher asks the class for any reactions, a student stands up.
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A. Linear Model B. Lasswell’s Model C. Shannon and Weaver’s Model

D. Schramm’s Model E. Berlo’s Model F. Transactional Model

_____11. Donny has trouble opening up during the recollection because he is constantly
worrying that people will judge him.
_____12. Erika is forced by her mom to text her boyfriend to cancel their date tonight,
who texts back a sad emoji.
_____13. Matthias and Toby discuss on the malignant tumors growing on the patient’s
epithelial tissues. The person listening beside them on the train is utterly
confused.
_____14. Hope was fired immediately after her she talked back to her boss when he was
reprimanding her for deep-frying the hamburger buns.
_____15. The president’s State of the Nation Address took place a week ago, and yet I
still can’t get past his snide and sarcastic remarks, not to mention his foul
mouth.
_____16. Tess is a prominent radio host in her province. She often allows listeners to
have live on-air conversations at her radio channel.
_____17. Cesar decides that it would be best if he wouldn’t talk back to his mom while
she was having a fit of rage at him.
_____18. The bishop of our city sent an open letter discussing issues in the society.
Weeks later, he received several conflicting responses in the form of letters
from what seemed to be random concerned citizens.
_____19. Matt decided to have a Facebook Live Video, to establish a closer feelings
among his fans who could easily react to the video while it was going on.
_____20. Hector gladly met again with his childhood friend who he hadn’t seen in years.

ACTIVITY 7: ILLUSTRATION. Illustrate the flow of the following models.

A. LINEAR MODEL

B. SCHRAMM’S MODEL

C. SHANNON AND WEAVER’S MODEL

END OF REVIEWER. HAPPY EXAMS!