ASSIGNMENT NO : 1

TOPIC: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN ISLAMIC

PERSPECTIVE

SUBJECT: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PAKISTAN

SUBMITTED TO : Ms. SOBIA HASSAN

SUBMITTED BY : MAHNOOR SHAHBAZ (321651030)

MUNTAHA AMIR (321651033)

SANIA MUJAHID(321651047)

WARDAH NAJAM(321651055)

CLASS : BPA (4)

DATE : 13-03-2018
 ISLAM
“Islam is testifying that there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah and establish prayers and pay Zakat and fast Ramadan and
pilgrimage to the house”

OR
“Islam is a universalizing Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is
only one God and that Muhammad is a messenger of God”

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATON
“Public administration can be define and can be best identify with executive
branch of government”

OR
“Public administration is the action part of government, the means by which the
purpose and goals of government are realized”

CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC
ADMINISTRATON
A. The most important characteristics with which administrative affairs were
conducted was the simplicity.
B. Mosque was the center of all religious, social, political and administrative
activities.
C. Most of the institutions of the territories that came under Muslim control,
were kept intact and Islamic spirit was infused into them.
 D. Islamic administration was the religious and moral spirit which dominate
the entire field of government and administration under the Holy Prophet.
E. The Islamic administration allowed the legal “Ijtihad”, which did not deny
any human experiences , whether previous or yet to be come , that would
benefit the goals of the Shariah and interest of the people, provided that it
did not contradict the principle of Shariah.
F. Pakistan is an Islamic Welfare State and it relies heavily on the public
administration.

ADMINISTRATION ACCORDING TO QURAN ,

SUNNAH , SHARIAH:

1. QURAN:
“Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a
revelation from Allah”

The Quran is divided into chapters which are then divided into verses.
Muslim believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance revealed from
God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a periods of 23 years
and view the Quran as God ‘s final revelation to humanity. Muslims believe
that the present wording of the Quran corresponds to that revealed to
Muhammad, and according to their interpretation of Quran, it is protected
from corruption.

THE QURAN SAYS:

“Allah doth command you to render back your trust to those to whom they are
due, and when judge between man and man , that judge with justice”

OR
 “Truly the best of men for thee to employ is the (man) who is strong and
trustworthy”

OR
“O you who believe! fear God as he should be feared and die not except in a state
of Islam”

OR
“Thus have we made of you an Ummah justly balanced, that you might be witness
over the nations, and the apostle a witness over yourselves”

OR
“Verily, this brotherhood of yours is a single brotherhood, and I am your lord and
cherisher. Therefore, fear me”

OR
“We sent our messenger with the clear signs and sent down the book and the
balance with them so that mankind might establish justice”

OR
“Among those we have created there is a community who guide by the truth and
act justly according to it”

OR
“LO! Allah enjoineth justice and kindness, and giving to kinsfolk”

OR
“Say, my lord enjoineth justice”
 OR
“Lo! Allah commandeth you that ye restore deposits to their owners, and if ye
judge between mankind, that ye judge justly”

The organized administrative machinery can administer the matters relating to

inheritance, distribution of wealth, maintenance of Zakat and organization of Bait-
ul-Mal: In other words the good administration can implement the Islamic.

2. SUNNAH
The Sunnah can be define into two meanings: The path of guidance, which the
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) said in the Hadith, “whoever turns away from the
Sunnah has nothing to do with me”

Another meaning, which the scholars called “mustahabb (encourage)”, they are
the deeds for which the one who does them will rewarded, but the one does not
do them will not deserve to be punish for that.

FOR EXAMPLE, since the prophet used to pray two rak’ats, which means that it
recommended to pray the two rak’ats and not obligatory.

The first meaning means, it is obligatory to follow the commands of the Hazrat
Muhammad (S.A.W) and abstain from what he forbade us to do. Allah the
Almighty ordered us to follow the Sunnah and avoid anything it has prohibited.

In other words, this meant that it is obligatory on every Muslim to believe in what
the Sunnah tells us, and to act according to the Sunnah in all aspects of our life
and ensure that we do not commit any actions that contradict the Sunnah.

Among the Quranic verses quoted as demonstrating the importance of

hadith/sunnah to Muslim are:

“Say: Obey Allah and obey the messenger”

OR
“Ye have indeed in the messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern (of conduct) for any
one whose hope is in Allah and the final day, and who engages much in the praise
of Allah”

The first important administrative decision made by the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) was
the planning, organizing and executing of emigration plan of Muslim to Abyssina.
The second important decision of planning, organizing and executing was the
great emigration (Hijrah) from Makkah to Madinah in 622 A.D. which was
recognized as the beginning point of the Islamic era.

The Islamic empire was divided into provinces of Al-Madinah Tayma, al-janad, the
region of Banu Kindah, Makkah, Najran, al-yemen, hadramawt, uman, and
Bahrain. In each province, the Holy prophet (S.A.W) appointed Wali to educate
the people, teach them in new faith, establish law and order, arrange for
administration of justice and run the government and administration. He was
appointed on the basis of his piety, justice, honesty and knowledge of Islam.

In the administration of the Holy prophet (S.A.W), the sources of revenue were
the land-tax (Kheraj), state land revenue (fay) and the spoils of war in addition to
Zakat, Sadaqah and Jizyah.

The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) had no specific military organization. All the matters
relating to recruitment, arming, provision and command of the Muslim army,
were vested in the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) himself. He was the commander-in-chief
of the Muslim army and usually led the army against the enemies.

Quran says:

“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”

OR
“If we rated greatness by the influence of the great, we will say Muhammad is the
greatest of the great in history”
Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) showed personal perfection with his actions as an
individual in both the worldly and religious fields. He also demonstrated social
excellence with his transformation of social life. His life represented balance and
harmony everywhere.

3. SHARIAH
“Shariah is an Islamic religious law that governs not only religious rituals, but
aspect of day-to-day life in Islam”

OR
“Shariah is now a familiar term to Muslims and non-Muslims. All aspects of a
Muslim’s life are governed by Shariah”

OR
“Shariah law or Islamic law is religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It
is derived from the religious percepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the
Hadith. Shariah was interpreted by independent juristis”

PRINCIPLES OF SHARIAH
They are derived from the Quran, which Muslims believe is the word of God. All
Islamic religious rules must be in line with these six principles of Shariah.

 The right to the protection of life.

 The right to the protection of family.
 The right to the protection of education.
 The right to the protection of religious.
 The right to the protection of property.
 The right to the protection of humanity dignity.
Sharia is a set of religious principles and is not law of the land anywhere in the
world. The 50-some Muslim-majority countries are all constitutional states and
nearly all of them have civil codes being Muslim does not require a governmental
imposition of something called Sharia law , any more than being a Christian
requires the implementation of biblical law.

SHARIAH LAW

As a legal system “Sharia law is exceptionally broad, Sharia law regulate public
behavior, private behavior, and even private beliefs”. Sharia law also prioritizes
punishment over rehabilitation, and the penalities under sharia law favor corporal
and capital punishment over incarceration. Sharia law is the most intrusive and
restrictive, especially against women.

According to Sharia law:

 Theft is punishable by amputation of the hands.
 Criticizing Muhammad or denying that he is a prophet is punishable by
death.
 A Muslim who becomes a non-Muslim is punishable by death.
 A non-Muslim who leads a Muslim away from Islam is punishable by death.
 A non-Muslim man who marries a Muslim woman is punishable by death.
 A women or girl who has been raped cannot testify in court against her
rapist.
 A woman can have 1 husband, who can have up to 4 wives; Muhammad
can have more.
 A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or relative.
 A woman testimony in court, allowed in property cases, carries ½ the
weight of a man’s.
 A divorced wife loses custody of all children over 6 years of age or when
they exceed it.
 Testimonies of 4 male witnesses are required to prove rape of a female.
Shariah first establishes the patterns believers should follow in worshipping Allah;
prayers, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage. Shariah based primarily on texts from
Quran and Sunnah, embodies broad, general rules that are immutable. Allah
says:

“And we did not send you (O Muhammad) except as a mercy for all creation”

4. CALIPH
“A caliph is a religious and civil leader in a Muslim country. If you become a
diplomat in the middle East, you might have many discussions with caliphs”

OR

“A caliphate is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of
caliph, a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet
Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community”

CALIPHS OF ISLAM:
The Caliphs of Islam is:

 Rashidun Caliphs (632-661)

 Caliphs of Damascus (661-750)
 Caliphs of Cordoba (929-1031)
 Abbasid Caliph (750-1258)
 Caliphs of Cairo (1261-1517)
 Almohad Caliph (1145-1269)
 Ottoman Caliphs (1451-1924)
 FIRST CALIPH OF ISLAM:

“Abu Bakr, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated umar as his successor on
his deathbed. Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian named Piruz
Nahavandi. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors (majlis)”

The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that divided the Muslim
community into several divisions in the first century of Muslim history.
Government of Abu Bakr: As caliph, Abu Bakr was the head of the
government of the Islamic state. Abu Bakr held government to be a sacred trust,
and he run government as he if he were administering the affairs of a trust. To
Abu Bakr, the office of the Caliph was not a means of earthly glory.

Character of Polity: Abu Bakr took pains to impress upon the people that he
was only the first among the equals. For him, all man, rich or poor, high or low
were equal. His rule was the rule of the law, but the law that he had to administer
was not man made law: it was divine law.

Constitutional ruler: Abu Bakr was a constitutional ruler as his rule was
subject to constitution. But the constitution in this case was not man made; it was
divine. As a ruler; Abu Bakr had to discharge a three-fold responsibility. He was
responsible to Allah.

Advisory Council: the Caliph was aided by an Advisory council. It comprised

all companions. There was, however, nothing hard and fast about the advisory
council, its constitution, its conduct of business were all informal.

Secretariat: The government of Abu Bakr carried correspondence. Ali, Usman,

and Zaid b Thabit acted as secretaries. Diwan had been used as a tool for
governmental organization of the administrative branch of state, in Islamic
administrative machinery; which was to keep all governmental papers, document,
and other related material in a safe place. The following Diwans are illustrative:

 Diwan-al-kharaj
 Diwan-al-jund
 Diwan-al-khatm
 Diwan-al-barid
 Diwan-al-mustaghallast
 Diwan-al-rasail
 Diwan-al-hisbah

Caliph duties: As Caliph, Abu Bakr did not live in any palace. He lived in an
ordinary house as a commoner. He was accessible to every person. If any person
had any grievance, he could place it before the Caliph without any difficulty or
formality. Abu Bakr personally led the prayers.

Local administration: for the purpose of local administration, the country

was divided into provinces each under a governor. Arabia proper was divided into
ten provinces namely, Madina, Makkah, taif, San’a, Hadramawt, Khaulan, Zubaid,
Jund, bahrian.

CONCLUSION:
The welfare state needs the good administration. While the Islamic welfare state
need the administration above than good administration; an Islamic
administration, which is a need of the time for our country. The Islamic
administration centres around the concept of probity, piety, justice, equality,
freedom of conciseness and spirit, morality, consultation and social equality.