Physical Layer:: Switching

Physical Layer: Switching
Dr Samayveer Singh
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar, Punjab, India
samays@nitj.ac.in
NITJ 1
INTRODUCTION
 A network is a set of connected devices.

Whenever we have multiple devices, we
have the problem of how to connect them to
make one-to-one communication possible.
 The solution is switching.
 A switched network consists of a series of

interlinked nodes, called switches.
Figure: Switched network
Three Methods of Switching
 Traditionally, three methods of switching have

been discussed: circuit switching, packet
switching, and message switching.
 The first two are commonly used today.
 The third has been phased out in general
communications but still has applications.
 Packet switching can further be divided into two
subcategories, virtual-circuit approach and
datagram approach.
Switching and TCP/IP Layers
Switching can happen at several layers of the

TCP/IP protocol suite:
 at the physical layer,

 at the data-link layer, and
 at the network layer
Figure: Taxonomy of switched networks
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS
 A circuit-switched network consists of

a set of switches connected by
physical links.
 A connection between two stations is a
dedicated path made of one or more
links.
 However, each connection uses only
one dedicated channel on each link.
 Each link is normally divided into n
channels by using FDM or TDM.
Figure: A trivial circuit-switched network
Example 1
As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to connect
eight telephones in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz
voice channels. We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a
maximum of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link is then 8
kHz. Figure shows the situation as Telephone 1 is connected to
telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of course situation may change
when new connections are made. The switch controls the connections.
Three Phases
The actual communication in a circuit-switched

network requires three phases:
 Connection setup,
 Data transfer, and
 Connection teardown
Efficiency
 It can be argued that circuit-switched networks

are not as efficient as the other two types of
networks because resources are allocated during
the entire duration of the connection.
 These resources are unavailable to other

connections.
 In a telephone network, people normally

terminate the communication when they have
finished their conversation.
Delay
 Although a circuit-switched network normally

has low efficiency, the delay in this type of
network is minimal.
 During data transfer the data are not delayed at

each switch; the resources are allocated for the
duration of the connection.
 Next figure shows the idea of delay in a circuit-

switched network when only two switches are
involved.
Figure: Delay in a circuit-switched network
Data transfer
PACKET SWITCHING
 In data communications, we need to send

messages from one end system to another.
 If the message is going to pass through a

packet-switched network, it needs to be
divided into packets of fixed or variable size.
 The size of the packet is determined by the

network and the governing protocol.
Datagram Networks
 In a datagram network, each packet is treated

independently of all others.
 Even if a packet is part of a multipacket

transmission, the network treats it as though it
existed alone.
 Packets in this approach are referred to as

datagrams.
Figure : A Datagram network with four switches (routers)
3 1
4 3 2 1
4
1
2 3
1
4
2 2 3 4 1
Figure: Routing table in a datagram network
Figure: Delays in a datagram network
Virtual-Circuit Networks
 A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a

circuit-switched network and a datagram
network.
 It has some characteristics of both.

Figure: Virtual-circuit network
Figure : Virtual-circuit identifier
Figure: Switch and table for a virtual-circuit network
Figure: Source-to-destination data transfer in a circuit-switch
network
Figure: Setup request in a virtual-circuit network
Figure: Setup acknowledgment in a virtual-circuit network
Figure: Delay in a virtual-circuit network
Figure: Message Switching
Figure: Message Switching

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Physical Layer: Switching

 A network is a set of connected devices.

 The solution is switching.

 A switched network consists of a series of

 Traditionally, three methods of switching have

Switching can happen at several layers of the

 at the physical layer,

 A circuit-switched network consists of

The actual communication in a circuit-switched

 It can be argued that circuit-switched networks

 These resources are unavailable to other

 In a telephone network, people normally

 Although a circuit-switched network normally

 During data transfer the data are not delayed at

 Next figure shows the idea of delay in a circuit-

 In data communications, we need to send

 If the message is going to pass through a

 The size of the packet is determined by the

 In a datagram network, each packet is treated

 Even if a packet is part of a multipacket

 Packets in this approach are referred to as

 A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a

 It has some characteristics of both.

Figure: Message Switching

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