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SUSHRUTA SAMHIA - A UNIQUE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AYURVEDIC SURGERY
Article in WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES · April 2017

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20174-8948
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WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Bagde et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 6.647
Volume 6, Issue 4, 750-767 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
SUSHRUTA SAMHIA - A UNIQUE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AYURVEDIC

SURGERY
1
*Bagde A.B., 2Ramteke A.T., 3Sawant R.S., 4Bhingare S.D. and 5Nikumbh M.B.
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhanta, Govt. Ayurved College,
Osmanabad, M.S. 413501.
2
P.G. Scholar, Dept. of Swasthavritta, Yashwant Ayurvedic Mahavidyala Post Graduate and
Training & Research Centre, Kodoli Dist. Kolhapur – 416114(M.S).
3
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasa-Shastra & Bhaisahjya kalpana, Smt. K.G.M.P. Ayurved
College, Charni Road, Mumbai.02.
4
Associate Professor, Dept. of Sharir Rachana, SNKD Trust's Ayurved Medical College,
Nalasopara, Thane, M.S.
5
Professor, Dept. of Rachana Sharir, Govt. Ayurved College, Osmanabad, M.S. 413501.
Article Received on
ABSTRACT
02 Feb. 2017, The Sushruta samhita is a representative work of the Dhanwantariya
Revised on 22 Feb. 2017,
Accepted on 15 March 2017 sampradaya (ancient surgical school) of Ayurveda. It is an ancient
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20174-8948 Ayurvedic text on surgical techniques written by legendary Acharya
Sushruta. Acharya Sushruta has a great contribution towards Ayurveda
*Corresponding Author
by giving such great literature. His principles, diagnoses and treatment
Dr. Bagde A.B. retain their potency and truth even after a couple of millennia. Its
Assistant Professor, Dept. importance is all the more great, since it is the only text now available
of Sanskrit Samhita
on Shalya Tantra (surgery) most important branch of Ayurveda. It is
Siddhanta, Govt. Ayurved
the most ancient and authoritive document on this branch of medical
College, Osmanabad,
M.S. 413501.
science not merely of India but also of the whole world. For this credit
goes to Kashiraja Divodasa Dhanwantari, Sushruta, Nagaraguna and
Chandrata who were the preceptor, composer, redractor and amendor respectively. Acharya
Sushruta very beautifully elaborates various surgical procedures like Nasa sandhana,
Aushtha Sandhana, Karnasandhana, Siravedha and treatment of Asthibhagna (fractures) and
Sandhibhagna (dislocation). Because of seminal and numerous contributions to the science
and art of surgery Acharya Sushruta is also known by the title "Father of Surgery." It is being
studied since long by all Ayurvedists but very few conceptual works has been carried out on
www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 750

selected part of this samhita. Therefore it becomes very essential to study and understand the
various special features mentioned in Sushruta Samhita. This review article deals with the
historical study of such great personality of Ayurveda and his unique contribution in the field
of Ayurvedic surgery.
KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Brihattrayee, Sushruta Samhita, Shalya tantra, Father of Surgery.
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the most ancient indigenous medical system of India. Ayurveda is not merely a
medical science but it is a science of life. Ancient and Classical text of Ayurveda namely
Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, two authentic text which were written centuries ago
representing Kayachikitsa (medicine) and Shalya Tantra (surgery) respectively stands
unchanged even today for their originality and quality. Charak samhita expounding the
practice and philosophy of the ancient system of medicine, while the Sushruta Samhita is
concerned with its surgical aspects. Acharya Charak and Acharya Sushruta have shown the
path to achieve the long coveted goals of a long and healthy life. The Charak Samhita and the
Sushruta Samhita enjoy a place of pride and honor among the Ayurvedic fraternity. Charak
samhita, Sushruta samhita and Vagbhata samhita are considered as the most important
samhita of Kritayuga, Dwaparyuga and Kaliyuga respectively. It is included in the list of
three mostly authentic samhita of Ayurvedic science which are known as “Brihattrayee” and
held in high esteem since many millennia.
Sushruta Samhita is the first and foremost authentic text of Ayurveda in the specialty of
surgery written in the holy city of Kashi around 1000BC by Acharya Sushruta who was
primarily a surgeon and recognized as The Father of Surgery in the world. Sushruta Samhita
mainly deals with management, prevention and treatment of surgical aspect contains the
description of both Shalya (surgery) and Shalakya (E.N.T.). The Sushruta samhita is divided
into two parts, first one is known as the Purva-tantra (have total five sections) and the second
one is known as the Uttara-tantra. Together, these two parts cover all the other specialties
such as the medicine, geriatrics, pediatrics, aphrodisiacs, toxicology diseases of ENT and eye
and psychiatry. Hence, The Sushruta samhita is an encyclopedia of the medical learning for
doctors with special importance on the Shalya and Shalakya. Sushruta samhita has passed
through the following four stages in its completion.

1. 1st stage :- Bhagwan Dhanwantari expounding the knowledge of Ayurveda and Vridha
Sushruta compiled the Soushruta tantra
2. 2nd stage :- Acharya Sushruta redacting Soushruta tantra
3. 3rd stage :- Sushruta samhita is again redacted by a Acharya Nagarjuna
4. 4th stage :- Sushruta samhita is again redacted by a Acharya Chandrata
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is conceptual type of research. All sorts of references has been collected and compiled
from various available Ayurvedic classics texts like Sushruta samhita and available
commentaries on it. This research article is also searched from various websites related to
Sushruta samhita. All matter is analyzed for the discussion and attempt has been made to
draw some conclusions.
About Acharya Sushruta

The word 'Sushruta' indicates, „Su - well, and Shruta - informed' - that is, 'a well informed or
learned person'. Ayurvedic texts present Sushruta as a son of sage Vishvamitra and
descendant of Divodasa Dhanwanatari, the king of Kashi a sacred Hindu place located in
Northern India.
Acharya Sushruta has not mentioned his birth place and proper introduction anywhere in
Sushruta samhita which create curiosity among various historical and Ayurvedists. But he
quoted south region of India.
NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF SUSHRUTA SAMHITA

The Sushruta samhita is a huge treatise on ancient Indian medicine. It was written in Sanskrit
language. It is a voluminous text composed in both prose and poetry form. Poetry was known
to serve as a memory aid. In Sushruta samhita, the total number of prose passages and verses
together is 8500 approximately. Sushruta samhita consists of 186 adhyayas (chapters). In
Sushruta samhita, Adhyayas are divided into 6 sthana (sections). Each Sthana is further
divided into numerous chapters. Arrangement of chapters is as follows –
Table No. 1 Arrangements of chapters in Sushruta samhita is as follows

Sr. No. Name of Sthana Total chapters
1 Sutra sthana 46
2 Nidana sthana 16
3 Sharira sthana 10

4 Chikitsa sthana 40
5 Kalpa sthana 08
6 Uttara sthana 66
Total = 6 186
CONTENTS AND BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT EACH STHANA

Sutra Sthana
Sushruta samhita starts with Sutra Sthana which deals with various important fundamentals
and basic principles of Ayurveda. This Sthana deals with origin of Ayuryeda, description of
different branches of Ayurveda and its significance Here there is a collection of various
important shlokas related to various context are described. This sthana consists of total 46
chapters. There is detail description of various surgical appliances, instruments, their names,
shapes, and methods of use are also described. He very beautifully mention importance of
practical training by performing surgical acts on dummies according to the situation is been
nicely explained. Sutra Sthana also deals with topics including – preliminary preparations for
surgery, various types of instruments essential for surgery, use of kshara (alkalis), agni (fire
cauterization), jalouka (leech application), daha karma (cauterization), collection and
preservation of medicinal herbs, administration of emetics and purgatives, various types of
food substances etc. Over all in section basic principles as such code of conduct of Vaidya,
introduction to instruments, their uses, preparation of antiseptic medicines, methods of
bandaging, dressings, prognosis and seasonal regimen is mentioned.
Nidanasthana
This is the second Sthana of Sushruta samhita. This Sthana consists of total 16 chapters
dealing with Nidana (etiology), Samprapti (pathogenesis), Purvarupa (prodromal sign and
symptoms), Rupa (Clinical features) and prognosis of the diseases which are major and
exclusively important than surgical diseases. In this sthana only 16 diseases are described.
They are – Vatavyadhi Nidana (Diagnosis of Diseases of nervous system), Arsha Nidana
(Diagnosis of ano-rectal diseases), Ashmari Nidana (Diagnosis of renal calculi),
Bhagandhara Nidana (Diagnosis of Fistula in ano), Kushtha Nidana (Diagnosis of Leprosy
and other skin diseases.), Prameha Nidana (Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus), Udara Nidana
(Diagnosis of Enlargement of abdomen), Mudhagarbha Nidana (Diagnosis of Foetal
obstruction), Vidradhi Nidana (Diagnosis of Abscess), Visarpa-Nadi-Stanaroga Nidana
(Diagnosis of Erysipeals sinus, ulcer and diseases of breasts), Granthi- Apachi-Arbuda-
Galagandha Nidana (Diagnosis of Benign Tumor, Cervical Metastasis, Malignant tumor and

cervical lymphadenitis), Vriddhi-Upadansha-Shlipada Nidana (Diagnosis of enlargement of

scrotum, Veneral diseases and Filariasis), Kshudra Roga Nidana (Diagnosis of minor
diseases), Shukdosha Nidana (Diagnosis of diseases of the penis) Bhagna Nidana (Diagnosis
of Fractures and dislocations) and Mukha Roga Nidana (Diagnosis of diseases of Mouth) etc.
are covered.
Sharirasthana
This is the third sthana of Sushruta samhita. It comprises of total 10 chapters. In this sthana,
there is a detail description of fundamental and basic concepts of human anatomy,
physiology, embryology and genetics. In this sthana instruction for venesection (cutting of
veins), the positioning of the patient for each vein in treating various disorders has been
anatomically explained. In this section one of the important chapter is about Marma sharir.
Marma is the vital part of human body which is important from surgical point of view.
Protection of marmas (vital organs) is also mentioned in detail. It also describes nature of
human being, nature of mind and causes of diseases.
Description of quality of Shukra (semen), fertilization, menstrual cycle, ovulation, have been
explained from embryological view. Concept of sex determination, Garbha vriddhi (fetal
development), factors responsible for fertility, infertility and factors responsible for quality
pregnancy is been described here. Monthly development of the embryo, factors injurious to
the growth of embryo and sign of bicardic stage of pregnant woman is also described.
Description of organs and parts of the human body is also furnished here. Kaal and akaal
mritu (timely and untimely death) and factors responsible for the maintenance of normal span
of life is explained in detailed.
Chikitsasthana
This is the fourth sthana of Sushruta samhita. This Sthana consists of total 40 chapters. In
this sthana, treatment of various diseases Such as Vrana (ulcer), Sadyovrana (Sores or
wound), Bhagnas (Fractures and dislocations), Arsha (Piles or Haemorrhoids), Ashmari
(Urinary calculus), Bhagandhara (Fistula in ano), Kushtha (Diagnosis of Leprosy and other
skin diseases.), Prameha (Diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus), Udara (Diagnosis of Enlargement
of abdomen) is described in detailed. Kshinabaliya Vajikarana Chikitsa (Aphrodisiac
Therapy) and Sarvopaghata Shamniya Rasayana Chikitsa (Rejuvenation Therapy) are also
described here. Descriptions and complications of enema therapy, Smoke inhalation, Nasal
medications and gargling therapies are also well explained.

Kalpasthana
This is the fifth sthana of Sushruta samhita. This Sthana contains total 8 chapters. The Kalpa
Sthana is generally known as the Visha tantra which describes the nature of poisons as well
as the management. In this Sthana there is a detail description of various types of poisonous
foods, drinks, vegetables, minerals and various poisons of animals. Along with this symptoms
and poisonous effect along with its treatment is beautifully mentioned in this Sthana. With
this there is a wide description of snake bite poisoning, bites of animals like dog, rat or mice,
wolf and fox has been described along with its treatment.
Uttaratantra
Uttara Tantra is 6th and the last division of Sushruta Samhita which has not been composed
by Acharya Sushruta. It is believed that Uttara Tantra is addition to main treatise contributed
by its redactor, Nagarjuna. It deals with various other subjects which were not discussed in
the earlier divisions covered in 66 chapters. The Uttara tantra contains the remaining four
specialties namely Shalakya (ENT), Kaumarbhritya (Paediatrics), Kaya Chikitsa (General
medicine) and Bhutavidhya. The Uttara tantra is entirely known as the Aupadravika since
many complications of surgical procedure as well as Jwara (fever), krimi-roga (worm
infestation), pandu (anaemia), Atisara (dysentery), Kasa (cough), kamala (jaundice) etc. are
briefly described here. Major description of Shalakya Tantra is available in Uttar Tantra of
Sushruta Samhita and some description in Nidana Sthana and Chikitsa Sthana.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF SUSHRUTA SAMHITA

 Sushruta samhita stands strongly as a representative of one branch of Ayurveda known as
Shalya Chikitsa (Surgery). It is composed in poetic format which becomes easy to
memorize the quotations.
 Plastic surgery is the unique contribution of Acharya Sushruta for which the whole world
is indebted to him.
 Acharya Sushruta has mentioned five types of Asthi (bones). They are – Kapala (flat
bones), Ruchaka (teeth), Taruna (young ),Valaya (curved or irregular bones) and Nalaka
(tubular bones).[1]
 According to Acharya Sushruta, Vaidya (physician), Rogi (patient or sick person)
Bheshaja (proper drug) and Paricharak (compounder or nurse) these are the four limbs of
treatment and responsible for its success. These four factors equipped with good qualities,
will able to cure even a great diseases, within a short time.[2]

 Acharya Sushruta was very well aware of the Ashmari (urinary stones) and the anatomy
of Basti (urinary bladder) along with its relations is well described in the chapter
“Ashmarichikitsitopakramah”. Along with this variety of stones, their signs and
symptoms, the method of extraction and operative complication are given in detail.[3]
 Acharya Sushruta emphasizes in his text that he who studies any one science only, will
not be able to arrive at a correct decision, hence the physician should be in know of
relevant sister branches of sciences.[4]
 According to Sushruta, Shastra karma (surgical activity) is of eight types. They are
Chedya (incision), Bhedya (seperating), Lekhya (scraping), Vedhya (puncturing,
piercing), Eshya (probing), Aaharya (extracting, pulling out),Visravya (draining of fluid),
Sivya (suturing, sewing).[5]
 Sushruta mentioned five characteristics of ideal Vrana as Aayata (adequate length),
Vishal (adequate width), Suvibhakto (edges seperated), Nirashraya (absence of hollow
space inside) and Praptakalakruta (at the proper time).[6]
 Acharya Sushruta mentioned that intelligent physician should remove the bandage after
three days in Hemant (dewy), Shishira (winter season) and Vasanta ritu (spring), and
after 2 days in Sharad (autumn), Grishma ritu (summer) and Varsha Ritu (rainy
season).[7]
 Acharya Sushruta has elaborately described six types of Sadyovrana (Traumatic Wounds
or sores) caused by weapons of variously shaped edges in the different parts of humam
body. They are (1) Chinna (cut) (2) Bhinna (punctured), (3) Viddha (pierced), (4) Ksata
(crushed), (5) Picchita (contused) and (6) Ghrista (lacerated).[8]
 Acharya Sushruta has elaborately explained about Dagdha vranas (kinds of burns) and
classified them into four types like Plushta Dagdha (scorched burn), Durdagdha
(blistered burn), Samyak Dagdha (superficial burn) and Atidagdha (severe or deep burn).
This knowledge of the features of these four kinds of burns will be helpful for physician for
performing his activities (treatments).[9]
 Acharya Sushruta has also explained the treatment of Dagdha vrana in detail.[10]
 Acharya Susruta has described the features of a healthy person. According to him, Health
is in balance when all three doshas (Vata, Pitta and Kapha) are all in equilibrium, Agni
(digestive fire) are in a balanced state and the dhatus (tissues) and proper elimination of
malas (wastes) are in proper order. When atma (soul), senses and Mana (mind) are also in
a Prasanna avastha (pleasant state) Such a person is called a Swastha purusha (healthy

person). This definition of „Swastha (healthy)‟ given by Acharya Sushruta is ideal one
even today.[11]
 The descriptions of Marmas (vital spots) given elaborately in a separate chapter is unique
which has applied importance in surgery. Acharya Sushruta had described 107 Marmas
(Vital spots) in the body which causes fatal result when injured.[12] Sometime either
sudden death or subsequent permanent deformity of body organ. These Marmas are
divided into Mamsa Marma (mascular vital spots), Sira Marma (venous vital spots),
Snayu Marma (ligamental vital spots), Asthi Marma (bony vital spots) and Sandhi Marma
(joints vital spots).[13]
 Acharya Sushruta emphasizes that unless physician possess enough knowledge of
relevant sister branches of learning, he cannot able to arrive at a correct decision. Hence
the physician should be in known of many sciences.[14]
 Surgical instruments
Acharya Sushruta has described 101 types of Yantras[15] (blunt instruments) and 20 types of
Shastras[16] (sharp instruments). The unique classification of surgical instruments as Yantras
and Shastras holds good even today. He had also considered the importance of hand as the
Pradhana yantra (most important) because without the hand, instruments cannot be used at
all. All the functions of the instruments are dependent on hand.[17]
 Yantra (blunt surgical instruments) are divided in major six categories.[18] They are –
Table No. 1 Showing classification of Yantras

Sr. No Ayurvedic Name Modern name Total no.
1 Swastik yantra cruciform instruments 24
2 Samdamsha yantra pincers, forceps etc 2
3 Tala yantra instruments with flat discs 2
4 Nadi yantra tubular instruments 20
5 Shalaka yantra Rods, rod like instruments 28
6 Upayantras accessory instruments 25
 Names of Yantras these are given as per their shapes resembling to the animals, birds etc.
e.g., Simhamukha (Lion Forceps), Shararimukha (like Sharari bird -Scissor) etc.
 20 Shastra (Sharp Instruments) have been mentioned by Sushruta which are employed in
Shastra karma (main operative procedure). These are – Mandalagra shastra (round knife,
sharp curette), Karpatra (surgical saw), Vridhipatra (bistuar), Nakha (nail), Mudrika (finger
knife), Utpalapatra (lancet), Ardhadhara (curved lancet), Suchi (surgical needles) Kushpatra

(long double edged scalpel), Aatimukha (short scissors), Shararimukha (long scissors),
Antarmukha (curved lancet), Trikurchaka (brush like sharp spike in three sides), Kutharika
(surgical axe), Vrihimukha (trochar), Ara (awl), Vetaspatra (scalpel), Badisha (sharp hooks),
Dantashanku (teeth scraper), Eshani (sharp probe).[19]
 Bhagna And Sandhimukta (Fractures And Dislocations)

In Sushruta Samhita, Acharya Sushruta has given detailed description about bones, its
fracture and dislocation and treatment of fractures and dislocations have been covered in
detail. He mentioned six types of sandhimukta[20] (dislocations of joints) and twelve varieties
of kanda-bhagna[21] (fractures). Along with this, treatment of Avrana bhagna (closed
fracture), Savrana bhagna (open fracture) and Sira kapala bhagna (fracture of skull) are well
explained. He gives the principles of fracture treatment viz. Anchana (traction), Pidana
(compression or manipulation), Samksepa (immobilization) and bandana (bandaging or
immobilization by splints and bandaging) are mentioned. This classification and description
by Acharya Sushruta is being followed even at present.
 Yogya (Practical Training)[22]

According to Acharya Sushruta, only theoretical knowledge of surgery is not enough for
surgeon. In spite of having a good hold on surgical theory, one has to undergo extensive
training and get practical exposure until he can confidently handle surgeries. Acharya
Sushruta described various surgical demonstration techniques in “Yogyasoothreeya
adhyaya”. According to him, before conducting the surgery on the human being, it should be
practised on props and artificial objects like – Different kind of Chedana (Excisions) should
be demonstrated on fruits and vegetables like alabu (cucumber, gourd etc). Bhedana
(Incisions) should be practiced on the urinary bladders of dead animals, leather bags, leather
sac etc. Lekhana (Scraping) by using the animal skin covered with hairs. Sira vedhana
(Venesection) should be practised on veins of dead animals and stalks of water lily (kamala,
kumuda) plant etc. Aaharana (Extraction) should be practiced on the fruit pulp of Bilwa
majja (Aegle marmelos), panasa, bimbi. Shivana (Suturing or sewing) should be practiced on
thick piece of cloth or soft skin (leather). Bandhana (Bandaging) should be demonstrated on
full sized human models of clay or cloths. Practical training on application of cautery and
caustic alkali should be given on soft pieces of meat or on soft muscles. These various
techniques helps surgeon to obtain proficiency, acquiring skill and speed in different surgical
procedures.

 Consent before Surgical Treatment

Acharya Sushruta has mentioned the importance of taking consent in the chapter of “Ashmari
Chikitsa”. According to him, if surgical treatment is not performed patient death is sure and
if done, the result is uncertain and there is doubt between life and death of patient, then
surgery should be done only after obtaining consent of the well wishers of the patient.[23]
 Diet Restriction
Generally operation should be done after the patient has taken light food. But in diseases such
as Moodha garbha (obstructed foetus), Udara roga (abdominal enlargement), Arshas (piles),
Ashmari (renal calculus), Bhagandara (Fistula in ano), Mukha roga (Diseases of the mouth),
surgical operations should be done when the patient has not taken any type of food by mouth.
Even now we can see that surgeries are usually performed by nil orally.[24]
 Consent for Performing Surgery

Acharya Sushruta mentioned that, after compilation of the study of the texts and before going
to start practice of medicine or surgery, the medical graduate should obtain the permission
from the king (government). Obtaining the permission from the king is suggestive of the
existence of rules regarding control and regulation of medical practitioners even during
ancient times similar to the registration of medical practitioners of the present day.[25]
 Qualities of a Surgeon[26]- According to Acharya Sushruta, ideal surgeon should possess

the following qualities.
1. Shourya (courage or boldness)
2. Aashukriya (quickness in action)
3. Shastrataishnyam (having sharp knife and other useful instruments)
4. Aswedavepthu (he should be non-shaking, non-sweating,)
These qualities are alike as Lion‟s Heart, Eagle‟s eyes & Ladies finger, etc. as mentioned in
modern era. For acquiring above mentioned qualities practical training is very much
important and for this purpose a number of models were created to learn the procedures
before applying directly them on humans.
 Shava Chedana (Dissection of The Human Cadavers)[27]

Acharya Sushruta was the first medical person in the ancient world who had described the
preservation of deceased and dissection of dead bodies in the scientific manner to learn

minute human body structure and human anatomy. He also described different body parts like
skin and membranes, muscles, tissues, bones and joints, blood vessels and vital spots
elaborately as well as minutely. These descriptions of different body parts reflect the sound
knowledge of the surgeons of those days. A description of the method of dissecting dead
bodies is considered as a most important contribution of Acharya Sushruta to the modern
surgery.
 Shava Chedana Vidhi (Procedure of Dissection of Human Cadavers)[28]

According to Acharya Sushruta, for dissecting purposes, a cadaver should be selected having
whole parts of the body, person who not died by either poisoning or long standing (chronic)
diseases, had not attained hundred years of age and from which fecal contents from intestine
have been removed. Such cadaver whose all parts are wrapped carefully either with munja
grass, Valkala (inner part of trees), Kusha grass or any such material tied well and placed
inside a cage. The cage should be kept in a slowly flowing river and allowed to undergo
putrification in unlighted area. After proper putrification foe seven nights , the cadaver should
be taken out from the cage and then dissected slowly by rubbing it with the help of brushes
made from Ushira grass, Venu (bamboo), Balvaja (a kind of grass) or any other similar
material. By this way major and minor parts of human body could be visually examined.
 Ashaya (Place of residence)[29]

In Sharir Sthana, Acharya Sushruta has described seven Ashayas in male body – Vatashaya
(seat of Vata), Pittashaya (seat of pitta), Shleshmashaya (seat of Kapha), Raktashaya (seat of
blood), Amashaya (seat of undigested food), Pakwashaya (seat of digested food), Mutrashaya
(seat of urine) and extra one i.e. eight Ashayas in female body - Garbhashaya (seat of foetus).
 Kalabheda (kind of membranes)[30]

Acharya Sushruta has described 7 types of Kala (cell membrane) which gives rise to further
differentiation of various tissues and organs. These are – (1) Mamsadhara kala (2)
Raktadhara kala (3) Medodhara kala (4) Shleshmadhara kala (5) Purishdhara kala (6)
Pittadhara kala and (7) Shukradhara kala.
 Asthi (Bones)[31]
Acharya Sushruta classified bones based on dissections as Kapala (flat bones), Ruchaka asthi
(teeth), Taruna asthi (cartilages), Valaya asthi (round bones) and Nalaka asthi (long bones).
He gave 300 as the total number of Asthi (bones) in the body – 120 Asthi in Shakha, 117 in

the Shroni (pelvis), Parshava (flanks), Prishtha (back) and Uras (chest), 63 in Greeva (head-
neck). He has even elaborated the number and place of these bones.
 Dhatu (Body tissue)[32]

According to Acharya Sushruta, there are 7 basic types of dhatus in a human body. They are
– Rasa (nutrient material), Rakta (blood), Mams (muscle), Meda (fatty tissue), Asthi (bones),
Majja (bone marrow), Shukra (semen).
 Srotas (External openings)[33]

Sushruta has given 9 srotas in males. They are – Shravana (ear) two, Nayana (eyes) two,
Vadana (mouth) one, Ghrana (nasal openings) two, Guda one (anus), Medhra (penis/urethra)
one. These and 3 more- two in the Stana (breast) and one in Artavaha srotas (vaginal). Are
extra in females.
 Twacha (layers of Skin)[34]

Acharya Sushruta described 7 layers in Twak (skin) which includes skin and subcutaneous fat
etc. They are – Avbhasini (Stratum corneum), Lohita (Str. lucidum), Shweta (Str. granulosa),
Tamra (Str. spinosum), Vedini (papillary layer), Rohini (reticular layer), Mamsdhara
(Adipose layer). The First four will cover the skin layers described in modern anatomy. Other
three layers come under subcutaneous fat and tissues.
 Management of Pain[35]
Patient is advised to consume food before undergoing any surgical procedure in order to
tolerate the pain during operation. In the presence of food he does not faint and does not
understand the pain. Hence the patient should be given food necessarily before doing surgical
activities. Acharya Sushruta was the first person who advice strong wine to alleviate the pain
during the surgery.
Vranitagar (ward for wounded)[36]

Acharya Sushruta directs that there should be a separate room for patients who have
undergone surgical procedure. This room should be a clean, situated in a wholesome locality,
free from dirt and direct sunlight and heavy breeze so that the person will not suffer from
physical, mental and traumatic disorders. The bed of the wounded person should be soft and
wide, convenient for easy movements of body parts and well-arranged with head placed to
the east direction (since the gods reside in the east) and weapons inside (for protection from

enemies, animals etc.). In that room, the wounded person should reside, served by
affectionate friends and attendants who talk pleasingly with him. The surrounding of friends
will drive away the discomfort (pain) of the wound.
 Raktastrava nirodha karma (Methods of preventing bleeding)[37]

Acharya Sushruta has given four methods to prevent excessive bleeding occurring after
Siravedhan (puncturing of vein). They are – Sandhana (joining the edges of the wound by
use of astringent drugs), Skandhan (promoting clotting by use of cold), Pachana (styptics by
use of ash, alkali etc.) and Dahana (burning or cauterisation). Kashaya drugs (Astringents)
joins or unites the edges of the wound, hima (cold) makes the blood to clot, bhasma (ash)
cooks the wound and daah (thermal cauterization) constricts the veins.
Commentaries on Sushruta Samhita

Sushruta samhita is studied and referred by many students, teachers, research workers and
physician who are practicing Ayurveda all over the country and abroad. Considering the
importance of Shalya - Chikitsa, many scholars have composed their commentaries in
Sanskrit and other languages. Out of them many commentaries are lost and very few are
available in incomplete condition. From various sources and citation it came to notice that
more than 19 Sanskrit commentaries were written on Sushruta samhita. The following are the
commentators with their work. It is our bad luck that we have lost many valuable
commentaries on this most important treatise. Since the greatness of Sushruta samhita has
spread too many countries therefore it is translated in almost all regional languages of India
and also of some other countries.
So far about 19 commentators are known, having been mentioned by Dalhana and so earlier
12th cent AD. Nibandha Samgraha the only ancient commentary available now in full and in
print is that of Acharya Dalhana. Two other commentaries available now in incomplete form
are:
1. Nyavachandrika or Brihat Phanjika of Gayadasa (10th cent AD) for Nidana Sthana only.
2. Bhanumati of Chakrapanidutta (11th cent AD) for Sutra Sthana only.
Another recent commentary in Sanskrit is that of Haranachandra Chakravarti son of

Anandachandra Chakravarti and disciple of Kaviraj Gangadhara Roy. His commentary is
known as “Sushrutatha Sandipana” which is very important to understand Sushruta samhita.

English Translations of Sushruta samhita

Some sections of the text have been translated to English language by U.C.Dutta in 1883, A.
C. Chattopadhyaya in year 1891 and A.F.R. Hornele in year 1897. English translation of the
full text has been done by Kaviraja Kunjalal Bhishagratna (1907) in 3 volumes, which is
available now. Prof. P.V. Sharma along with commentary of Dalhana 1999. and K.R.
Srikanthamurthy (2000) is being published.
Hindi Translations of Sushruta samhita

Due to its importance and practical applicability, Sushruta Samhita has been translated into
Hindi language by many authors. Some such important ones are -
1. Kashinatha pandey and Gorakhanath Chaturvedi (Vidhotini Tika)
2. Dr. Brahmanand Tripathi (Charak Chadrika)
3. Ravidutta Tripathi (Vaidyamanorama)
Translations Sushruta samhita in other language

Sushruta samhita has attracted the attention of scholars of other countries also from early
days. Owing to its popularity, importance & practical applicability the Sushruta Samhita has
been translated into many other languages such as Arabic, Latin and German. Some such
important ones are –
1. Ibn_Abila_sibal (9th cent AD) translated Sushruta samhita into Arabic language under the
name “Kitab sashool-e-Hind” or “Kitab-e-Susrud”. This has been referred to by Al- Rhazi
(Rhazes) the famous physician, as an authority of surgery.
2. F. Hesslar has translated Sushruta samhita into Latin language in year 1844 and into
German language in year 1846 by J.A. Vullars.
CONCLUSION
The Sushruta samhita is famous as one of the remarkable accomplishments of ancient Indian
science and Acharya Sushruta is the most celebrated physician and surgeon in India. Sushruta
samhita provides us simple, precise logical and practical keen knowledge on various Surgery
related topic. Through his genius and intuition, Acharya Sushruta made landmark
contributions to Ayurveda. Sushruta samhita covers all aspects of medical science with
special importance to Shalya Chikitsa and remains par excellent on that subject. The
contribution of Acharya Sushruta to surgery has laid the strong foundation for Modern
Surgery. Acharya Sushruta has covered every topic related to surgery right from the
dissection, anatomical consideration to the description of diseases and management which are

being used with same basic principles in today‟s surgical era with modification and
amendments.
His contribution towards the Indian traditional medicine and the ancient cultural heritage of
India will always be a precious. Sushruta Samhita is the key reference book for all the
Ayurvedic surgeons. Due to his renowned and wonderful achievements in the field of
surgery, Acharya Sushruta is rightly called as the “Father of surgery” & “Father of Plastic
surgery”. Therefore considering the above all facts it is concluded that Sushruta Samhita is A
unique encyclopedia of Ayurvedic Surgery.
REFERENCES
1. Sushruta Samhita Dalhana Acharya virachita Nibhandhasangraha vyakhya vaidya
Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012, Sharir
Sthana chapter 5, verse no 20. Page no: 366.
Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012, Sutra
sthana chapter 34, verse no 15-16. Page no: 148.
Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012, Chikitsa
sthana chapter 7, verse no 7. Page no: 434.
7. Sushruta Samhita, Nibandha Sangraha and Nyaya Chandrika commentary by Jadavji
Trikamji Acharya, Sutrasthan, 6/40 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edition 2002; 23.
Trikamji Acharya, Chikitsasthan, 2/9 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 408.


Trikamji Acharya, Sutrasthan, 12/16 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 53.
Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012; Sutra
Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012, Nidan


Yadavaji Trikamaji acharya choukhambha surabharati prakashana reprint 2012, Chikitsa
sthana chapter 5, verse no 16. Page no: 21
Trikamji Acharya, Sutrasthan, 10/3 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; p- 43.
Trikamji Acharya, Sharir sthan, 5/49 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 369.
Trikamji Acharya, Sharir sthan, 5/49 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi 2002; 369.
Trikamji Acharya, Sharirsthan, 4/8 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 355.
Trikamji Acharya, Sharirsthan, 5/10 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 364
Trikamji Acharya, Sutrasthan, 17/11 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi 2002; 83.

Trikamji Acharya, Sutrasthan, 19/4-8 Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edi. 2002; 83.
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SUSHRUTA SAMHIA - A UNIQUE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AYURVEDIC SURGERY

Article in WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES · April 2017

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Volume 6, Issue 4, 750-767 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

SUSHRUTA SAMHIA - A UNIQUE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AYURVEDIC

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 750

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Brihattrayee, Sushruta Samhita, Shalya tantra, Father of Surgery.

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 751

MATERIALS AND METHODS

About Acharya Sushruta

NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF SUSHRUTA SAMHITA

Table No. 1 Arrangements of chapters in Sushruta samhita is as follows

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CONTENTS AND BRIEF INFORMATION ABOUT EACH STHANA

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cervical lymphadenitis), Vriddhi-Upadansha-Shlipada Nidana (Diagnosis of enlargement of

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SPECIAL FEATURES OF SUSHRUTA SAMHITA

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Table No. 1 Showing classification of Yantras

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 Bhagna And Sandhimukta (Fractures And Dislocations)

 Yogya (Practical Training)[22]

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 Consent before Surgical Treatment

 Consent for Performing Surgery

 Qualities of a Surgeon[26]- According to Acharya Sushruta, ideal surgeon should possess

 Shava Chedana (Dissection of The Human Cadavers)[27]

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 Shava Chedana Vidhi (Procedure of Dissection of Human Cadavers)[28]

 Ashaya (Place of residence)[29]

 Kalabheda (kind of membranes)[30]

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 Dhatu (Body tissue)[32]

 Srotas (External openings)[33]

 Twacha (layers of Skin)[34]

Vranitagar (ward for wounded)[36]

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 Raktastrava nirodha karma (Methods of preventing bleeding)[37]

Commentaries on Sushruta Samhita

Another recent commentary in Sanskrit is that of Haranachandra Chakravarti son of

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 762

English Translations of Sushruta samhita

Hindi Translations of Sushruta samhita

Translations Sushruta samhita in other language

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 763

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9. Sushruta Samhita, Nibandha Sangraha and Nyaya Chandrika commentary by Jadavji

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21. Sushruta Samhita Dalhana Acharya virachita Nibhandhasangraha vyakhya vaidya

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 766

www.wjpps.com Vol 6, Issue 4, 2017. 767

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