Solution Shallow SETTLEMENT PDF

Tutorial A4 CIVE 481 Soil Engineering
Solution for tutorial A4 (Settlement)
Given: The soil profile information as shown in Fig.P1
Raft foundation
15 m x 25 m
2.0 m 300 kN/m3 2.5 m Stress

3.0 m Increase,
Dense sand (γ = 16kN/m3 ) GWL ∆σ
4.5 m
Dense sand (γ = 18.2 kN/m3 )
∆σt
Overconsolidated silty clay

γ = 19.6 kN/m3
mv= 1.75x 10-4 kPa -1 12.0 m
cv = 1.0 m2/yr ∆σm
Eundrained = 50 x103 kPa
νundrained = 0.5
∆σb
Silty dense sand
Fig.P1
Required: (1) Immediate (elastic) and Consolidation settlements of the raft for points
under the centre, a corner and at the midpoint of a long side
(2) Plot of total settlement versus time curves for these points
(3) Discussion of the adequacy of the raft as designed
Solution:
• Calculation of net applied stress:
qnet = 300- 2.5 *16.5 = 258.75 kPa
• Calculation of stress increase:

The stress increase are calculated at point location A, F and O. The Bousinesq’s
method is used to determine the stress increase.
1
D H C
E O G
15 m
A F B
25m
Fig.1 Plan view of the raft
Point A
B = 15m, L= 25 m and Z top = 4.5- 2.5 = 2.0 m

Z middle = (4.5 +6)-2.5 = 8.0 m
Z bottom = (4.5+12) -2.5 = 14.0 m
Stress increase at the top:
m= B/Ztop = 15/2.0 = 7.5

n=L/Ztop = 25/2.0= 12.5
Influence Factor, I top= 0.24973
∆σ top = 0.24973 * 258.75= 64.62 kPa
Τhe above step is a sample calculation and the calculated results are shown in Table 1
The average stress increment is computed with Simpson’s averaging method.
Thus for Point A

∆σ t + 4 ∆σ m + ∆σ b
∆σ avg =
6
64.6176 + 4 * 61.1122 + 52.3426

∆σ avg =
6
= 60.2349 kPa
2
Table 1 Average Stress Increment Calculation

POINT A σ= 258.75 kPa
B= 15 m ∆σ = I*σ
L= 25 m
Z m (= B/Z) n (=L/Z) I ∆σ ∆σavg
2 7.5 12.5 0.24973 64.6176
8 1.875 3.125 0.23618 61.1122 60.2349
14 1.07143 1.78571 0.20229 52.3426
POINT F
B= 12.5 m
L= 15 m
2 6.25 7.5 0.24936 64.5227
8 1.5625 1.875 0.2236 57.8555 56.7005
14 0.89286 1.07143 0.17105 44.2582
POINT O
B= 7.5 m
L= 12.5 m
2 3.75 6.25 0.24892 64.4093
8 0.9375 1.5625 0.18967 49.0777 48.6654
14 0.53571 0.89286 0.12086 31.2723
Immediate settlement calculation:

The average elastic settlement has no clear formulation and the following methods are
some of the approximate approaches available.
Assuming the lateral stress changes are zero
∆σ
∆H = H
Es
Below Point A:
60.2349
∆H = * 12 = 1.45cm
50 * 10 3
3
Below Point F:
2 * 56.0075
∆H = * 12 = 2.69cm
50 * 10 3
Below Point O:
4 * 48.6654
∆H = *12 = 4.67cm
50 *10 3
The average settlement for flexible foundation on saturated clay with µ =0.5 is given by
qo B
S e = A1 A2
Es
Where qo is the net load per unit area, A1 is a function of H/B and L/B and F2 is a
function of Df/B
From Charts in Principles of foundation Engineering ( pp 246 ) A1 ~0.3, A2 ~ 0.9
258.75 *15
Se = 0.3 * 0.9 = 2.1cm
50 *10 3
Consolidation (final) settlement Calculation:
∆H = ∆σ .mv .H
Below Point A:
∆H= 60.2349*1.75*10-4*12 = 0.1265 m = 12.65cm
Below Point F:
∆H= 112.015*1.75*10-4*12 =0.2352 m = 23.52 cm
Below Point O:
∆H=194.6616*1.75*10-4*12 = 0.4088 m = 40.88cm
4
Table 3 Total settlement calculation at typical locations

t Tv U Below Point A Below Point F Below Point O
(∆H)imm (∆H)cons (∆H)total (∆H)imm (∆H)cons (∆H)total (∆H)imm (∆H)cons (∆H)total
(yrs) -- (%) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
0 0 0 1.450 0.000 1.450 2.690 0.000 2.690 4.670 0.000 4.670
0.25 0.007 9.403 1.450 1.189 2.639 2.690 2.212 4.902 4.670 3.844 8.514
0.50 0.014 13.298 1.450 1.682 3.132 2.690 3.128 5.818 4.670 5.436 10.106
1.00 0.028 18.806 1.450 2.379 3.829 2.690 4.423 7.113 4.670 7.688 12.358
2.00 0.056 26.596 1.450 3.364 4.814 2.690 6.255 8.945 4.670 10.873 15.543
4.00 0.111 37.613 1.450 4.758 6.208 2.690 8.846 11.536 4.670 15.376 20.046
6.00 0.167 46.066 1.450 5.827 7.277 2.690 10.835 13.525 4.670 18.832 23.502
8.00 0.222 53.192 1.450 6.729 8.179 2.690 12.511 15.201 4.670 21.745 26.415
10.00 0.278 59.471 1.450 7.523 8.973 2.690 13.988 16.678 4.670 24.312 28.982
15.00 0.417 71.006 1.450 8.982 10.432 2.690 16.701 19.391 4.670 29.027 33.697
20.00 0.556 79.420 1.450 10.047 11.497 2.690 18.680 21.370 4.670 32.467 37.137
30.00 0.833 89.631 1.450 11.338 12.788 2.690 21.081 23.771 4.670 36.641 41.311
40.00 1.111 94.776 1.450 11.989 13.439 2.690 22.291 24.981 4.670 38.744 43.414
50.00 1.389 97.368 1.450 12.317 13.767 2.690 22.901 25.591 4.670 39.804 44.474
5
Table 4 Differential settlement Calculations
t Differential settlement between Rotation angle between Rotation angle relative to 1/250
A&F F&O A &O A&F F&O A &O A&F F&O A &O
(years) (cm) (cm) (cm) m/m m/m m/m m/m m/m m/m
0 1.240 1.980 3.220 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.248 0.660 0.552
0.25 2.262 3.612 5.875 0.002 0.005 0.004 0.452 1.204 1.007
0.50 2.686 4.289 6.974 0.002 0.006 0.005 0.537 1.430 1.196
1.00 3.284 5.245 8.529 0.003 0.007 0.006 0.657 1.748 1.463
2.00 4.131 6.597 10.728 0.003 0.009 0.007 0.826 2.199 1.840
4.00 5.328 8.510 13.838 0.004 0.011 0.009 1.066 2.837 2.373
6.00 6.247 9.977 16.224 0.005 0.013 0.011 1.249 3.326 2.782
8.00 7.022 11.214 18.236 0.006 0.015 0.013 1.404 3.738 3.127
10.00 7.704 12.304 20.009 0.006 0.016 0.014 1.541 4.101 3.431
15.00 8.958 14.307 23.265 0.007 0.019 0.016 1.792 4.769 3.990
20.00 9.873 15.767 25.640 0.008 0.021 0.018 1.975 5.256 4.397
30.00 10.983 17.540 28.523 0.009 0.023 0.020 2.197 5.847 4.892
40.00 11.542 18.433 29.975 0.009 0.025 0.021 2.308 6.144 5.141
50.00 11.824 18.883 30.707 0.009 0.025 0.021 2.365 6.294 5.266
6
A δ AB
∆H
B
L
Differential settlement (∆H) is the relative displacement of a point on an element relative to
other point after both points attain their final displacement.
Relative rotation (δAB) =∆H/L, measures the angular displacement similarly.
One of the advantages of raft foundation is to minimize differential settlement.
It has been observed through the above figures ( figures 3 &4 ) that some location
have undergone differential settlement and consequently relative rotation
There is a limit at which structures can tolerate some differential or total settlement.
The value of relative rotation usually depends upon the type of structure
The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (CFEM) provides a limit value of 1/250 for
relative rotation.
Table 4 and Figure 4 plots the relative values and indicate that the limit has been
exceeded. Thus the raft foundation is not functioning adequately.
So the design should take into account the reduction of settlement. The following
methods can be considered as options.
# Widening the dimension of the raft
# Improving the soil stratum supporting the raft
# Minimize the added load to a soil by removing soil and placing the raft at lower elevation
# Consider the use of pile foundation

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Tutorial A4 CIVE 481 Soil Engineering

Solution for tutorial A4 (Settlement)

Given: The soil profile information as shown in Fig.P1

2.0 m 300 kN/m3 2.5 m Stress

Dense sand (γ = 18.2 kN/m3 )

Overconsolidated silty clay

• Calculation of stress increase:

Fig.1 Plan view of the raft

B = 15m, L= 25 m and Z top = 4.5- 2.5 = 2.0 m

Stress increase at the top:

m= B/Ztop = 15/2.0 = 7.5

Thus for Point A

64.6176 + 4 * 61.1122 + 52.3426

Table 1 Average Stress Increment Calculation

Immediate settlement calculation:

Assuming the lateral stress changes are zero

Consolidation (final) settlement Calculation:

Table 3 Total settlement calculation at typical locations

Table 4 Differential settlement Calculations

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