INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 39

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 2 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

JEE Syllabus :
Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, application
of the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, integration by parts, integration by the methods of
substitution and partial fractions

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota,

394 - Rajeev Ph. No.
Gandhi 0744-2209671,
Nagar 93141-87482,
Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93527-21564
93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, email-info@motioniitjee.com
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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 3

A. INTRODUCTION
Both parts of the Fundamental Theorem establish connections between antiderivatives and definite
x
integrals. Part 1 says that if f is continuous, then a f (t ) dt is an antiderivative of f. Part 2 says that

b
a f ( x) dx can be found by evaluating F(b) – F(a), where F is an antiderivative of f. We need a

convenient notation for antiderivatives that makes them easy to work with. Because of the relation

given by the Fundamental Theorem between antiderivatives and integrals, the notation  f ( x) dx is
traditionally used for antiderivative of f and is called and indefinite integral. Thus

 f ( x) dx = F(x) + C means F '(x) = f(x)

For example, we can write

x3 d  x3 
 x 2dx  C because   C  = x2
3 dx  3



So we can regard an indefinite integral as representing an entire family of function (one antiderivative
for each value of the constant C).
b
You should distinguish carefully between definite and indefinite integrals. A definite integral a f ( x) dx
is a number, whereas an indefinite integral  f ( x) dx is family of functions. The connection between

them is given by part 2 of the Fundamental Theorem. If f is continuous on [a, b] then

b b
a f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx a
The effectiveness of the Fundamental Theorem depends on having a supply of antiderivatives of
functions.
We adopt the convention that when a formula for a general indefinite integral is given, it is valid only on
an interval. Thus, we write
1 1
 x2 dx   x  C
With the understanding that it is valid on the interval (0, ) or on the interval (–, 0). This true despite
the fact that the general antiderivative of the function f(x) = 1/x2, x  0, is

 1
   C1 if x  0
F(x)  1x
  C2 if x  0
 x
ELEMENTARY INTEGRALS

n (ax  b)n1 dx 1
(i)  (ax  b) dx =
a(n  1)
+ c n  –1 (ii)  ax  b =
a
n |ax + b| + c

1 ax + b apx  q
(iii)  eax b dx = e +c (iv) apx  q dx = (a > 0) + c
a  p n a

1 1
(v)  sin (ax  b) dx =–
a
cos (ax + b) + c (vi)  cos (ax  b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

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1 1
(vii)  tan(ax  b) dx  a n sec |ax + b| + c (viii)  cot (ax  b) dx  a n sin | ax  b |  c
2 1 1
(ix)  sec (ax  b) dx 
a
tan (ax  b)  c (x)
 cos ec
2
(ax  b) dx  
a
cot (ax  b)  c

1
(xi)  sec (ax  b). tan(ax  b) dx  a sec (ax  b)  c
1
(xii)  cos ec (ax  b).cot (ax  b) dx   a cos ec (ax  b)  c
 x
(xiii)  sec x dx  ln | sec x  tan x |  c OR ln tan 
4 2
+ c OR – ln |sec x – tan x| + c

x
(xiv)  cos ec x dx  ln | cosec  cot x |  c OR ln tan +c OR – ln |cosecx + cot x|
2

B. INTEGRATION BY TRANSFORMATION

1 1 x4
Ex.1 Integrate  + sec x tan x.
x3 / 4 1 x

3 / 4 2
Sol. Here I = x dx   (1  x  x  x 3 ) dx   sec x tan x dx
[ (1 – xn) / (1 – x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +..........+ xn – 1]
 l = 4x1/4 + x + (x2/2) + (x3/3) + (x4/4) + sec x + c.

Ex.2 Integrate (1 + sin x)/(1 – cos x).

x x
2 dx = 1
1  2 sin cos x x x  x
1  sin x 2 2
Sol. Here l= dx   cos ec dx   cot 2 dx =– cot 2 + 2 log  sin 2  +c
 1  cos x  2 sin2
x 2 2
2

dx
Ex.3 Evaluate  tan x  cot x  sec x  cos ec x
dx (sin x cos x ) dx sin x
Sol. Here, l =  tan x  cot x  sec x  cos ec x =  1  sin x  cos x =
 1  tan x  sec x dx
Multiplying and dividing by (1 + tan x – sec x), we get

sin x(1  tan x  sec x ) sin x(1  tan x  sec x )

 dx dx
(1  tan x )2  sec 2 x
= =  2 tan x

1 1 1
=
2  cos x(1  tan x  sec x) dx  2  (cos x  sin x  1) dx =
2  (sinx  cosx  x)  c
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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 5

5 cos3 x  2 sin3 x 1  2 sin x 1  cos 2x

Ex.4 Integrate + (1  sin 2 x ) + +
2
2 sin x cos x 2 cos2 x 1  cos 2x
Sol. The given expression may be written as

5 cos3 x  2 sin3 x 1 2 sin x 2 sin2 x

+ (cos2 x  sin2 x  2 sin x cos x ) + + +
2 sin2 x cos2 x cos2 x cos2 x 2 cos2 x

5
= cosec x cot x + sec x tan x + cos x + sin x + sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + 2 (sec2 x – 1)
2

5
= cosec x cot x + 3 sec x tan x + cos x + sin x + 3 sec2 x – 2.
2
Now integrating, we get
5 2
l=
2  cos ec x cot x dx  3  sec x tan x dx   cos x dx   sin x dx  3 sec x dx  2  dx
5
=– cosec x + 3 sec x + sin x – cos x + 3 tan x – 2x + c.
2

sec x
Ex.5 Integrate
3  tan x

sec x dx sec x dx dx dx
Sol. We have       
3  tan x 3  (sin x / cos x) 3  cos x  sin x  1 
2 ( 3 / 2) cos x  sin x 
 2 

1 dx 1  1  1 1 
2   1  2
  cos ec  x  3   dx =
2
log tan  x  (  / 6) + c.
2 
sin  x   
 3 

CONSIDER INTEGRALS OF THE TYPES

 cos ax cos bx dx,  cos ax cos bx dx,  cos ax cos bx dx, in which a  b.
We can use these addition formulae to change products to sums or differences, and the later can be
integrated easily.

Ex.6 Integrate  sin 8x sin 3x dx

1
Sol. sin 8x sin 3x = (cos 5x – cos 11x),
2

1 1 1
and so  sin 8x sin 3x dx x = 2  (cos 5x  cos11x) dx =
10
sin 5x –
22
sin 11x + c,

m
We next consider integrals of the type  cos x sinn x dx , in which at least one of the exponents m and

n is an odd positive integer (the other exponent need only be a real number). Suppose that m = 2k + 1,
where k is a non-negative integer. Then cosmx sinnx = cos2k + 1 x sinn x = (cos2x)k sinn x cos x.
m
Using the identity cos2 x = 1 – sin2x, we obtain
 cos . x sinn x dx   (1  sin
2
x )k sinn x cos x dx.

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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 Page # 6 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

m
The factor (1 – sin2x)k can be expanded by the Binomial Theorem, and the result is that  cos x sinn x dx

q
can be written as a sum of constant multiples of integrals of the form  sin x cos x dx . Since

 1
sinq1 x  c if q  1,
sin q x cos x dx   q  1

 n | sin x |  c if q  1,

m
If follows that  cos x sinn x dx can be readily evaluated, An entirely analogous argument follows if the

exponent n is an odd positive integer.

3
Ex.7 Integrate (a)  cos 4 x dx , (b)
 sin
5
x cos4 x dx
Sol. In (a) illustrates that the method just described is applicable to odd positive integer powers of the sine
or cosine (i.e., either m or n may be zero). We obtain
3 2 2
 cos 4 x dx =
 cos 4 x cos 4 x dx =  (1  sin 4 x ) cos 4 x dx

1 2 1
=  cos 4x dx –  sin 4
4 x cos 4 x dx =
sin 4x –
12
sin34x + c.

ln (b) it is the exponent of the sine which is an odd positive integer.

5
 sin x cos 4 x dx   (sin
2
x )2 cos 4 x sin x dx

2
 (1  cos x )2 cos4 x sin x dx 2
x  cos 4 x ) cos4 x sin x dx
= =  (1  2 cos
4 6 8 1 2 1
=  cos x sin x dx  2  cos x sin x dx   cos x sin x dx =
5
cos5x +
7
cos7x –
9
cos9x + c.

m
The third type of integral we consider consists of those of the form  cos x sinn x dx ,

in which both m and n are even non-negative integers. These function are not so simple to integrate
as those containing an odd power. We first consider the special case in which either m = 0 or n = 0. The
2 2
simplest non-trivial examples are the two integrals  cos x dx and  sin x dx , which can be integrated

1 1
by means of the identities cos2x = (1 + cos 2x), sin2x = (1 – cos 2x)
2 2
Evaluation of the two integrals is now a simple matter. We get

2 1 x 1
 cos x dx 
2  (1  cos 2x) dx  2  4 sin 2x  c ,
2 1 x 1
 sin x dx 
2  (1  cos 2x) dx  2  4 sin 2x  c .
2i
Going on to the higher powers, consider the integral
 cos x dx , where i is an arbitrary positive integer..

i
1  1 i
We write cos2i x = (cos2 x)i =  (1  cos 2 x )  i (1  cos 2 x )
2  2
We expand using binomial theorem and integrate the terms using previous methods.

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 7

C. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Let g be a function whose range is an interval l, and let f be a function that is continuous on l. If g is

differentiable on its domain and F is an antiderivative of f on l, then  f (g( x))g' ( x) dx = F(g(x)) + C.

If u = g(x), then du = g'(x) and  f (u) du  F(u)  C .

GUIDELINES FOR MAKING A CHANGE OF VARIABLE
1. Choose a substitution u = g(x). Usually, it is best to choose the inner part of a composite function,
such as a quantity raised to a power.
2. Compute du = g'(x) dx.
3. Rewrite the integral in terms of the variable u.
4. Evaluate the resulting integral in terms of u.
5. Replace u by g(x) to obtain an antiderivative in terms of x.

THE GENERAL POSER RULE FOR INTEGRATION

[g( x )]n  1
If g is a differentiable function of x, then  [g( x )]n g' ( x ) dx  + C, n  –1
n 1

RATIONALIZING SUBSTITUTIONS
Some irrational functions can be changed into rational functions by means of appropriate substitutions.
In particular, when an integrand contains an expression of the form n g( x ) , then the substitution

u = n g( x ) may be effective.

SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS

dx
(i)  x( xn  1) n  N Take xn common & put 1 + x–n = t.

dx
(ii)  x 2 ( xn  1)(n1) / n n  N, take xn common & put 1 + x–n = tn

dx
(iii)  xn (1  xn )1/ n take xn common as x and put 1 + x–n = t.

x
(iv) dx or  ( x   ) (  x ) ; put x =  cos2 +  sin2
 x

x
(v)  dx or (x   )(x  ) ; put x =  sec2 –  tan2
x  

2
Ex.8 Evaluate  (x  1)2 (2x ) dx .

Sol. Letting g(x) = x2 + 1, we obtain g'(x) = 2x and f(g(x)) = [g(x)]2.

From this, we can recognize that the integrand and follows the f(g(x)) g'(x) pattern. Thus, we can
2
[ g( x )] g'( x )
   1
write 2 2 dx = (x2 + 1)3 + C.
 ( x  1) (2x ) 3

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 Page # 8 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

4x
Ex.9 Evaluate  (1  2x2 )2 dx
1
u ( 1)
u  2  du  
(1  2x 2 ) 1
  
2  2 ( 4 x ) dx
Sol.
 (1  2x )  C
1

3
Ex.10 Evaluate x cos ( x 4  2) dx .
Sol. Let u = x4 + 2  du = 4x3 dx

3 1 1 1 1
x cos( x 4  2) dx =
 cos u. 4 du  4  cos u du =
4
sin u + C =
4
sin (x4 + 2) + C

x 2 dx
Ex.11 Evaluate  ( x 3  2 )5 .
Sol. Let u = x3 – 2. Then du = 3x2 dx. so by substitution :

x2dx du / 3 1 1 u 4 1
 (x3  2)5     u5du = +C=– (x3 – 2)–4 + C.
u5 5 3 4 12

x4
Ex.12 Evaluate  dx
x
Sol. Let u = x  4 . Then u2 = x + 4, so x = u2 –4 and dx = 2u du.

x4 u u2  4 
Therefore
 x
dx =  u2  4 2u du = 2  u2  4 du = 2  1  2
 u 4
 du

du 1 u2 x4 2
=2  du  8  u2  4 = 2u + 8 . .
22
n
u2
+ C = 2 x  4 + 2 n
x4 2
+C

dx
Ex.13 Evaluate  1 ex
1 ex  1  e x
Sol. Rewrite the integrand as follows : = 
 x

 = (u = e–x + 1; du = – e–x dx)
1 ex ex  1  e  ex  1

dx e  x dx  du
 1  ex  ex  1     n | u |  C = – n (e–x + 1) + c ( e–x + 1 > 0)
u

Ex.14 Evaluate  sec x dx

Sol. Multiply the integrand sec x by sec x + tan x and divide by the same quantity :

sec(sec x  tan x ) sec x tan x  sec 2 x

 sec x dx =  dx = dx 
sec x  tan x sec x  tan x
Now put u = sec x + tan x  du = (sec x tan x + sec2x) dx

sec x tan x  sec 2 x du

we find  dx =  = n |u| + C = n|sec x + tan x| + C
sec x  tan x u

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 9

Ex.15 Evaluate  cos x (4  sin2 x) dx

Sol. Put sin x = t so that cos x dx = dt. Then the given integral =  ( 4  t 2 ) dt   (22  t 2 ) dt

1 22 1
= t (22  t 2 ) + sin–1 (t/2) + c = sin x . ( 4  sin2 x ) + 2 sin–1 (1/2 sin x) + c
2 2 2

e x  e x 10 x 9  10 x . loge 10
Ex.16 Integrate (i) , (ii)
e x  ex 10 x  x10

ex  ex x
Sol. (i) Let I =  e x  ex dx. Now putting e + e–x = t, so that (ex – e–x) dx = dt,

we have I =  (1/ t) dt = log t = log (e x

+ e–x).

10x9  10x .loge 10

(ii) Here I =  dx. Now putting 10x + x10 = t, and (10x loge 10 + 10x9) dx = dt,
10x  x10

x
we have I =  (1 / t) dt  log t  log (10  x10 )  c

1 1
Ex.17 Integrate (i) , (ii)
2
x cos (1  log x ) x(1  log x )m

2
Sol. (i) Here I =
 dx /{x cos (1  log x )} . Putting 1 + log x = t, so that (1/x) dx = dt, we have

2 2
I=  dt / cos t =  sec t dt = tan t = tan (1 + log x) + c.

m
(ii) Here I =  dx /{x(1  log x) } . Putting 1 + log x = t, so that (1/x)dx = dt, we have

dt t m1 (1  log x )m1 1

I=  = m  1 = = (1 + log x)1–m + c.
tm (1  m) (1  m)

cot x tan x
Ex.18 Integrate (i) (ii)
log(sin x ) (log(sec x )

d 1
Sol. (i) Here (log sin x) = cos x = cot x.
dx sin x

cot x dx cot x dt
 I=  log sin x =  t

cot x
= log |log (sin x)|+ c

tan x dx
(ii) We have  log sec x = log |log sec x| + c

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 Page # 10 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Ex.19 Integrate (1  sin x )

    2 x 
Sol. We have I =  (1  sin x ) dx = 1  cos   x   dx =  2 sin     dx
   2    4 2 

x  1 x 
Now put + = t  dx = dt or dx = 2 dt, we have I =  2 sin2 t (2dt)  2 2 cos     c
2 4 2 2 4

Ex.20 Integrate cos5 x.

4 2
Sol.
 cos
5
x dx =  cos x cos x dx =  (1  sin x )2 cos x dx =  (1  t
2 2
) dt , [put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt]

2 2 3 1 5 sin5 x 2
=  (1  2t  t 4 ) dt = t – t + t +c=  sin3 x  sin x  c
3 5 5 3

cos5 x
Ex.21 Evaluate  sin2 x dx
cos5 x cos4 x (1  sin2 x )2
Sol. Let I =  sin2 x dx =  sin2 x cos x dx =  cos x dx [put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt]
sin2 x

(1  t 2 )2 1  2t 2  t 4 1 2 1 t3
then I=  t 2 = dt  t 2
dt =   t 2  2  t  dt = –
 t
– 2t +
3

1 sin3 x 1
=– – 2sin x + = – cosec x – 2sin x + sin3x + c
sin x 3 3

Ex.22 Integrate 1/(sin3 x cos5x).

Sol. Here the integrand is sin–3 x cos–5x. It is of type sinm x cosn x,
where m + n = –3 –5 = –8 i.e., –ve even integer

dx dx sec8 xdx sec 6 x. sec 2 xdx (1  tan2 x )3 sec 2 xdx

 =  sin3 x cos5 x =  (sin3 x / cos3 x ) cos3 x cos5 x =  tan x 3 =  3
(tan x )
=  tan3 x
Now put tan x = t so that sec2 x dx = dt

(1  t 2 )3 dt  1 3 2 1 3 1
 I=  t 3 =   t3  t  3t  t  dt = –
 2t2
+ 3 log t +
2
tan2 x +
3
tan3 x

Ex.23 Integrate 1/ (cos3 x sin5 x )

Sol. Here the integrand is of the type cosm x sinnx. We have m = –3/2, n = – 5/2, m + n = – 4 i.e., and even
dx dx dx
negative integer.   (cos x sin5 x )
3 =  cos3/2 x sin5/2 x =  cos3 / 2 x(sin5 / 2 x / cos5 / 2 x ) cos5 / 2 x
dx sec 4 x sec 2 x 2
=  cos4 x tan5 / 2 x =  tan5 / 2 x dx =  tan5 / 2 x sec x dx

(1  tan2 x ) (1  t 2 )
=  sec2x dx =  dt, putting tan x = t and sec2x dx = dt
tan5 / 2 x t5 / 2

5 / 2 2 –3/2 2 2
=  (t  t 1/ 2 )dt =– t + 2t1/2 =– (tan x)–3/2 + 2(tanx)1/2 = 2 (tan x ) – (tanx)–3/2 + c
3 3 3

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 11

dx
Ex.24 Evaluate  sin( x   ) cos3 ( x  )

Sol. Put x –  = y  dx = dy

dy dy
Given integral I =  3
cos y sin( y     )
 =  3
cos y sin( y  )
( =  + )

dy dy
=  3
cos y(sin y cos   cos y sin )
=  4
cos y(cos  tan y  sin )

sec 2 ydy
=  (cos  tan y  sin )
Now put sin + cos tan y = z2  cos sec2 y dy = 2z dz

2z sec dz sin( y  ) sin( x   )

 =   2 sec + c = 2 sec ( + ) +c
z cos y cos( x  )

5 x 4  4x 5
Ex.25 Evaluate  ( x5  x  1)2 dx

5x 4  4 x5 x 4 (5  4 x )dx 5 / x6  4 / x5
Sol. I=  ( x5  x  1)2 dx =  2 =  2
dx,
 1 1  1
1 
x10  1  4  5  1  4  5 
 x x   x x 

1 1  5 6  dt 1 1 x5
  
put 1 +
x 4 + 5 =t  
x  x 5  dx = dt =
x6   t2
=
t
+ c = 1 1
1 4  5
+ c =
x5  x  1
+c

x x

D. RATIONALIZATION BY TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

Consider the integral  a 2  x 2 dx

If we change the variable from x to  by the substitution x = a sin, then the identity 1 – sin2 = cos2
allows us to get rid of the roots sign because

 a2  x 2 = a2  a2 sin2  = a 2 (1  sin 2 ) = a2 cos2  = a|cos|

Notice the difference between the substitution u = a2 – x2 (in which the new variable is a function of
the old one) are the substitution x = a sin  (the old variable is a function of the new one).
In general we can make a substitution of the form x = g(t) by using the Substitution Rule in reverse. To
make our calculations simpler, we assume that g has an inverse function; that is, g is one-to-one.

 f ( x)dx   f (g(t ))g(t)dt

This kind of substitution is called inverse substitution.
We can make the inverse substitution x = a sin  provided that it defines a one-to-one function. This
can be accomplished by restricting  to lie in the interval [–/2, /2].

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 Page # 12 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

SOME STANDARD INTEGRALS

dx x dx 1 x
(i)  a  x2
2 = sin–1
a
+c (ii)  a2  x 2 =
a
tan–1
a
+c

dx 1 x dx
(iii) x = sec–1 + c (iv)  = ln [ x  x 2  a2 ]
x 2  a2 a a x 2  a2

dx dx 1 ax
(v)  2 2 = ln [ x  x 2  a2 ] (vi)  a2  x 2 = ln +c
x a 2a ax

dx 1 xa x a2 x
(vii)  x 2  a2 = ln +c (viii)  a 2  x 2 dx = a2  x 2 + 2 sin a + c
–1
2a x a 2

x a2 x  x 2  a2 + c
(ix)  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a2 + 2 ln
2

x a2 x  x 2  a2 + c
(x)  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a2 – 2 ln
2

dx
Ex.26 Evaluate  x  a2
2 , where a > 0

Sol. We let x = a sec, where 0 <  < /2 or  <  < 3/2. Then dx = a sec  tan  d and

x 2  a2 = a 2 (sec 2   1) = a 2 tan2  = a |tan| = a tan x

x 2  a2
dx a sec  tan  
Therefore  x  a2
2 =  a tan 
d =  sec d = ln |sec + tan| + c a

dx x x 2  a2
x2  a2
The triangle in figure gives tan  = , so we have = ln a  a +c
a x 2  a2

x
= ln |x + x 2  a2 | – ln a + C = ln |x + x 2  a2 | + C, sec = a

Ex.27 Integrate 1/(2x2 + x – 1).

dx 1 dx
Sol. We have  (2x2  x  1) =
2
 2 x 1
x  2  2 
 

1 3
dx dx x 
1 1 1 1 4 4 4 +C
=
2   1
2
1 1
=
2   1
2
9
= .
2 2 3
log
1 3
x     x    x 
 4 2 16  4 16 4 4

1 2x  1 1 2x  1 1 1
= log +c= log – log 2 + c = log (2x – 1)/(x – 1)| + C1
3 2(x  1) 3 x 1 3 3

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 13

Ex.28 Integrate (3x + 1) / (2x2 – 2x + 3).

Sol. Here (d/dx) (2x2 – 2x + 3) = 4x – 2.

3 3
3x  1 (4x  2)  1 
I= 4 2 dx
  2x2  2x  3 dx =  (2x2  2x  3)

3 4x  2 5 1 3 5 dx
=
4  2x2  2x  3 dx +
2  2x2  2x  3 dx =
4
log (2x2 – 2x + 3) +
2.2
 x2  x  (3 / 2)
3 5 dx 3 5 dx
= log (2x2 – 2x + 3) +  2 = log (2x2 – 2x + 3) +  2
4 4 1 3 1 4 4 1
x         2
 x    ( 5 / 2)
 2 2 4  2

  1 
1  x 
3 2
5 1 
 2   + c
= log (2x – 2x + 3) +  tan  
4 4 ( 5 / 2 )   ( 5 / 2)  

   

3 5  2x  1 
= log (2x2 – 2x + 3) + tan–1   +c
4 2 2  10 

Ex.29 Integrate 1/ (4  3x  2x2 ) .

dx 1 dx 1 dx
Sol. We have  =
2
 9  2 3 9  = 2
 {(41 / 16)  (x  3 / 4)2 }
(4  3x  2x2 ) 2   x  x  
 16  2 16 

 3 
1  x  4 
= sin–1   + c = 1 sin–1  4x  3  + c
2  ( 41 / 4 )  2  41 
 

Ex.30 Evaluate  (x  1)(2  x) dx.

Sol. We have  (x  1)(2  x) dx =

 (x2  3x  2)dx

 2 2
 3 9   1  3  
=   2   x     dx
2 4     x    dx, [form
 (a2  x2 ) dx]
    4  2 


 1  2
1 x  3  3   1 1  3 
=      x    + . sin–1  x  2  /(1 / 2) + c
2  2  4  2   2 4   

1 1
= (2x – 3) (3x  x2  2) + sin–1 (2x – 3) + c
4 8

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 Page # 14 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

(x3  3)dx
Ex.31 Integrate  (x2  1)

(x3  3)dx x(x2  1)  x  3 x(x2  1) xdx dx

Sol. We have  2
(x  1)
=  2
(x  1)
dx =  2
(x  1)
dx –  2
(x  1)
+3  (x2  1)

1 1 2x dx dx
=  (2x) (x2  1) dx –  +3 
2
2 2 (x  1) (x2  1)

1  2 (x2  1)3 / 2  1
=   – [2 (x2  1) ] + 3 n (x + (x2  1) ) + c
2 3  2

1
= (x2 + 1)2/3 – (x2  1) + 3 n (x + (x2  1) ) + c
3

Ex.32 Integrate x2/(x4 + x2 + 1)

x2 1
Sol. Let I =  x4  x2  1 dx, =  x2  1  dx, dividing the numerator and the denominator both by x2.
1
x2

2 2
1  1  1
Now the denominator x2 + 1 + 2 can be written either as
x   + 1 or as  x   –1. The diff..
x  x  x

1 1 1 1
coeff. of x – is 1 + 2 and that of x + is 1 – 2 . So we write
x x x x

1 (1  1 / x2 )  (1  1 / x2 ) 1 (1  1 / x2 )dx 1 (1  1 / x2 )dx
I=
2  x2  1  (1 / x2 )
dx =
2  (x  1 / x)2  3 +
2  (x  1 / x)2  1

1  1 
In the first integral put x – = t so that 1  2  dx = dt, and in the second integral put
x  x 

1  1 
x+ = z so that 1  2  dx = dz.
x  x 

1 dt 1 dz 1 t 1 1 z 1
 I=
2
 t2  ( 2
3)
+
2  z2  1 = 2 3
tan–1
3
+
2 21
log
z 1
+c

1 (x  1 / x)  (x  1 / x)  1 1  x2  1  x2  x  1
1 1
tan –1   + log +c= tan–1   + log 2 +c
2 3  3  4 (x  1 / x)  1 2 3  ( 3 )x  4 x  x 1

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 15

(1  x2 )dx
Ex.33 Evaluate  (1  x2 ) 1  x2  x 4

 1 
x2  1   dx
(1  x2 )dx  x2 
Sol. Let, I =  (1  x2 ) 1  x2  x4 =
 21  1
x   x  1  x2
x 2
  x

(1  1 / x2 )dx dt 1
=–
 (x  1 / x) (x  1 / x)2  3 =– t t2  3
(put x –
x
= t)

s ds
Again put t2 + 3 = s2  2t dt = 2s ds = –  s(s2  3)
1
ds (x  1 / x)2  3  3 x2  1  3
1 1 x2
=–  s2  ( 3 )2
=–
2 3
log
(x  1 / x)2  3  3
+c=–
2 3
log
1
+c
x2  1  3
x2

(x  1)dx
Ex.34 Evaluate  (x  1) x3  x 2  x

(x  1)dx (x2  1)dx x2 (1  1 / x2 )dx

Sol. Let, I =  (x  1) x3  x 2  x
=  (x  1)2 x3  x 2  x
=  (x2  2x  1) x3  x2  x

 1 
x2  1   dx
 x2  dt 1
=   1 1
=  (t  2) t 1
(put x +
x
= t, (1 – 1/x2) dx = dt)
x2  x  2   x  1 
 x x

2z dz dz
=  (z2  1) z =2  z2  1 = 2 tan–1 (z) + c (put t + 1 = z2  dt = 2zdz)

x2  x  1
= 2 tan–1 ( t  1 ) + c = 2 tan–1 +c
x

dx
Ex.35 Evaluate  {(x  )(  x)}
Sol. Put x =  cos2 +  sin2 so that dx = 2 ( – ) sin  cos  d
Also(x – ) = ( – ) sin2, and ( – x) = ( – ) cos2
2(  ) sin  cos d 2(  ) sin  cos 
Making these substitutions,in the given integral =  2
{(  ) cos .(  ) sin } 2
=  (  ) cos  sin  d

–1
=2  d = 2 = cos (cos 2) ....(1)
But x =  cos2 +  sin2 ;  2x =  (1 + cos 2) +  (1 – cos 2)
i.e., ( – ) cos 2 = ( +  – 2x) or cos 2 = ( +  – 2x) / ( – )
     2x 
 from (1), we get the given integral = cos–1   .
  

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 Page # 16 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

dx
Ex.36 Evaluate I =  (a  dx2 ) b  ax2

b
cos d
2 2
b a
Sol. Substituting ax = b sin   dx = cos  d  I= 
a  b2 
a  sin2   b  b sin2 
 a 
 

cos d d
= a  (a2  b2 sin2 ). cos  = a  a2  b2 sin2  , dividing N r
and Dr by cos2. we get

sec2 d
= a  a2 sec2   b2 tan2  put tan  = t

 2 2 
dt a dt 1 t a b 
= a  a2(1  t2 )  b2t2 =
(a2  b2 )  a2
= tan –1
 a  + c
2
t  a(a2  b2 )  
a2  b2

1  2 2  x
x a b 
= . tan–1   + c (since, t = tan = )
a(a2  b2 )  a b  ax2
  b  ax2

Ex.37 Integrate 1/(1 + 3 sin2x).

Sol. Dividing Nr. and Dr. by cos2 x, we have

dx sec2 xdx sec2 xdx sec2 xdx

I=  1  3 sin2 x =  sec2 x  3 tan2 x =  (1  tan2 x)  3 tan2 x =  1  tan2 x
1 dt 1 1
Now putting 2 tan x = 5 so that 2 sec2x dx = dt, we have I =  1  t2 = 2 tan–1 t = tan–1 (2 tanx)
2 2

E. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
 du 
 u.vdx  u  v dx    dx . v dx dx where u & v are differentiable functions.
Note : While using integration by parts, choose u & v such that
 du 
(a)  v dx is simple & (b)   dx . v dx dx is simple to integrate.

This is generally obtained, by keeping the order of u & v as per the order of the letter in ILATE, where
I – Inverse function
L – Logarithmic function
A – Algebraic function
T – Trigonometric function
E – Exponential function

Ex.38 Integrate xn log x

n n
Sol. We have x log x dx =  (log x). x dx
n1
xn1 1 xn1 xn1 xn xn1 x
= (log x) . –  . dx = (log x) . –  dx = (log x) . – +C
n 1 x n1 n 1 n1 n 1 (n  1)2

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 17

log(sec1 x)dx
Ex.39 Evaluate  x (x2  1)
dx

1
Sol. Put sec–1 x = t so that dx = dt.
x (x2  1)

1
Then the given integral =  log t dt =  (log t).1 dt = (log t) . t –  t t dt = t log t – t + c
  sec1 x  
= t (log t – log e) + c = sec–1 x (log (sec–1 x) – 1) + c = sec–1 x  log   + c

 c 


1 1  x 
Ex.40 Evaluate  tan   dx.
1  x 

  1  cos   
1
Sol. Put x = cos  so that dx = – sin  d. the given integral =  tan    (– sin)d
 1  cos   

1   1
=–  (tan (tan
2
) sin  d) = –
2
sin  d = –
 2   sin  d
1  cos  sin  1
=– [ . (– cos ) –  ( cos ) d ] =  = [x cos–1 x – (1  x2 ) ]
2 2 2 2

Ex.41 Evaluate x
2
tan1 x dx .

x3 x3 1
Sol. We have  x2 tan1 x dx = tan–1 x –  . ,
3 3 1  x2
integrating by parts taking x2 as the second function

x3 1 x(x2  1)  x
tan–1 x –  dx [ x3 = x(x2 + 1) – x]
3 3 1  x2

x3 1 1 1 2x x3 x2 1
= tan–1 x –  x dx +  3 . 2  1  x2 dx = tan–1 x – + log (1 + x2) + c
3 3 3 6 6

 2x  2 
Ex.42 Evaluate  sin1  
 2  dx.
 4x  8x  13 

   
2x  2  2x  2 
1   dx =  sin1 
Sol. I=  sin  4x2  8x  13   (2x  2)2  32

 dx


1  3 tan  3 3 2
=  sin  
 3 sec   2
sec2  d=
2   sec d (put, 2x + 2 = 3 tan   2 dx = 3 sec2 d

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 Page # 18 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

3 3
=
2
( tan –  tan d ) = 2
{ tan – log (sec )} + c

  2 
3  2x  2 tan1  2x  2   log 1   2x  2  
I=  3   + C
2  3  3  
 


2 4x2  8x  13 
3  1  2  
=  (x  1) ta n  (x  1)   lo g  +c
3  3  3
2  

2  1
 I = (x + 1) tan–1  (x  1)  – log (4x2 + 8x + 13) + c
 3  4

 cos2  
  1  sin 2   cos 2  
Ex.43 If cos > sin > 0, then evaluate :  log   log   d
  1  sin 2   1  sin 2  


 cos2  
  1  sin 2   cos 2  
Sol. Here, I =  log   log   d
  1  sin 2   1  sin 2  


 2  cos   sin    cos   sin    2  cos   sin  

 2 cos  log    log    d =   1) log   d
=
 cos   sin    cos   sin     (2 cos  cos   sin  

 cos   sin  
=  cosII2 .log  cos   sin   d , applying integration by parts
I

 cos   sin   sin 2 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos   sin  1

= log  . –  cos 2 . d = log + log | cos 2  | + c
 cos   sin   2 2 2 cos   sin  2

REMEMBER THIS

ax eax
(i) l e . sinbx dx =
 (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c
a2  b2

eax
(ii)  eax . cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a2  b2

ax
Evaluate I = e sin bxdx

Integrating by parts taking sin bx as the second function,

eax cos bx ax 

cos bx  ax
 dx = – e cos bx +
a ax
We get I = –
b
–  ae  b  b b e cosbxdx

Again integrating by parts taking cos bx as the second function, we get

ax
eax cos bx a  e sinbx ax sinbx 
I=– +    ae dx 
b b  b b 

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 19

eax cos bx a a2 ax
or I=– + 2 eax sin bx – 2 e sin bxdx
b b b

eax a2
or I= 2 (a sin bx – b cos bx) – I. [ eax sin bx dx = 1]
b b2

a2 
 a2  eax
Transposing the term – I to the left hand side, we get 1  2  I = 2 (a sin bx – b cos bx)
b2  b  b

1
2 2
1
ax
eax
or 2 (a + b ) I = 2 e (a sin bx – b cos bx)  I= (a sin bx – b cos bx)
b b a2  b2

e2x
Thus,  e2x sin x dx  (2 sin x  cos x)  C
5

x x
Remark : (i)  e [f(x)  f(x)] dx  e .f(x)  c (ii)  [f(x)  xf(x)]dx  xf(x)  c

xe x
Ex.44 Evaluate  (x  1)2 dx
xe x
Sol. We have  (x  1)2 dx =  xex (x 11)2 dx
xe x  1  x  1  1 1
 (x  1)2 dx = (xex)    –  (e  xe x )   dx, [Note that the integral of is – ]
 x  1  x  1 (x  1)2 x 1

xe x x 1 xex x xex
(x  1) x
=–
(x  1) 2 + e x 1
dx = –
x 1
+  e dx   x  1 + e +c

 x  x 1 x ex
= ex 1   + c = ex +c= +c
 x  1 x 1 x 1
Alternative solution

xe x x (x  1)  1 x
 1 1 
e   dx
We have  (x  1)2 dx =  e (x  1)
dx =  2
 x  1 (x  1) 

x 1 1
= e [f(x)  f (x) dx, where f(x)  = ex +c
x 1 x 1

x 2  sin 2x
Ex.45 Evaluate e  dx
1  cos 2x

2  sin 2x x  2 2 sin x cos x  x 2

Sol. We have  ex dx = e  2
  dx =  e [sec x  tan x] dx
1  cos 2x  2 cos x 2 cos2 x 

x x
=  e [f(x)  f(x)] dx, where f(x) = tan x = e f(x) + c = ex tanx + c

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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 Page # 20 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

dx
Ex.46 Evaluate  (x2  a2 )3 ....(i)

1
Sol. I1 =  (x2  a2 )2 dx ....(ii)

1 1 2(2x) x x2  a2  a2
 (x2  a2 )3 xdx =
=  2 2 2
(x  a )
.1dx =
II (x  a2 )2
2 .x–
(x2  a2 )2
+4  (x2  a2 )3
dx
I

x 1 dx
= 2
(x  a ) 2 2 +4  (x2  a2 )2 dx – 4a2  (x2  a2 )3
x x 3
 I1 = + 4I1 – 4a2 . I (using (i) and (ii))  4a2 = + I1 ....(iii)
(x2  a2 )2 (x2  a2 )2 4a2

dx x 1 x
{using, previous example, I1 =  (x2  a2 )2 =  2a2(x2  a2 )2 +
2a3 tan–1   + c}
a

x 3  x 1  x  
 I= 2 2 2 2 +  2 2  tan1    + C
2 2 3
4a (x  a ) 4a  2a (x  a ) 2a  a  

F. INTEGRATION BY REDUCTION FORMULAE

xn1(a2  x2 )3 / 2 (n  1)
Ex.47 If In =  xn a2  x2 dx, prove that In = – + a2 In–2.
(n  2) (n  2)

n n1
Sol. In = x a2  x2 dx = x .{x a2  x2 }dx

Applying integration by parts we get

 (a2  x2 )3 /2   (a2  x2 )3/2 

n2
= xn–1 .  3
 +
 (n  1)x .   dx
   3 

xn1(a2  x2 )3 / 2 (n  1) n 2
.(a2  x2 )
=–
3
+
3 x a2  x2 dx

xn1(a2  x2 )3 / 2 (n  1)a2 (n  1)
 In = – + In–2 – In
3 3 3

(n  1) xn1(a2  x2 )3 / 2 (n  1)a2
 In + In = – + In–2
3 3 3

n1 2 2 3 /2
n  2 
  I = – x (a  x ) (n  1)a2
 n
+ In–2
 3  3 3

xn1(a2  x2 )3 / 2 (n  1)a2
 In = + In–2
(n  2) (n  2)

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 21

Ex.48 Integration of 1/(x2 + k)n.

1 x (n  1)
Sol. Thus  (x2  k)n1 1 . dx
(x  k )n1
2 –  x . (x2  k)n . 2x dx

x (x2  k)  k
or In–1 = 2 n1 + 2(n – 1)  dx, [ x2 = (x2 + k) – k]
(x  k ) (x3  k)n

x  dx dx 
or In–1 = 2 n1 + 2 (n – 1)  k  
2 n1 2 n
(x  k )  (x  k) (x  k) 

x x
or In–1 = + 2 (n – 1) ln–1 – 2k (n –1) ln.  2k (n–1) ln = + {2(n–1) – 1} ln–1
(x  k )n1
2
(x  k )n1
2

x
or 2k(n – 1) ln = + (2n – 3) In–1.
(x  k )n1
2

dx x (2n  3) dx
Hence  (x2  k)n1 =
2k(n  1)(x2  k)n1
+
2k(n  1)  (x2  k)n1 .
2
Above is the reduction formula for  [1 /(x  k)n] dx . By repeated application of this formula the

1 1  x 
integral shall reduce to that of 2 which is tan–1   .
(x  k ) k  k

Ex.49 Integrate 1/(x2 + 3)3.

Sol. By the reduction formula, we get
dx x 3 dx
 (x2  3)3 =
12(x  3)2 2 +
12
 (x2  3)2 , [putting n = 3 and k = 3 in the formula]
x  x 1 1 dx 
=  +  , 
12(x2  3)2  6(x2  3) 6 (x2  3) 
4
(on applying the same reduction formula by putting n = 2 and k = 3)
x x 1 x
= 2 2 + 2 + tan–1 + c.
12(x  3) 24(x  3) 24 3 3

Ex.50 Integrate (x + 2) / (2x2 + 4x + 3)2.

Sol. Here (d/dx) (2x2 + 4x + 3) = 4x + 4.
1
(x  2)dx (4x  4)  2  1 1 (4  4)dx (2  1) dx
4
  (2x2  4x  3)2 =  2
2(x  4x  3) 2
dx =
4  (2x2  4x  3)2 =  3
2
 x2  2x  
 2

1 1 dx 1 1 dx
=  (2x
2
 4x  3)2 (4x + 4) dx +  2 =– 2 +  2
4 4 2 3 4(2x  4x  3) 4 2 1
 x  2x   (x  1)  
 2  2
Now put x + 1 = t and then applying the reduction formula, we get

 
1  (x  1) 1 
1   2 tan { 2(x  1)}  c
I= + 1
4(2x2  4x  3) 4  (x  1)2  
 2 

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 Page # 22 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Ex.51 Integrate (2x + 3)/(x2 + 2x + 3)2.

Sol. Here (d/dx) (x2 + 2x + 3) = 2x + 2
(2x  3) (2x  2  1) dx (2x  2)dx dx
 I=  (x2  2x  3)2 =  (x2  2x  3)2 =  (x2  2x  3)2 =  (x2  2x  3)2
1 dx
=– 2
(x  2x  3)
+  (x2  2x  3)2 ....(i)

dx
Now let I1 =  [(x2  1)2  2]2 (Put x + 1 = 2 tan t, so that dx =
2
2 sec t dt)

2 sec2 t dt 2 2 2 1
 I1 =  (2 tan2 t  2)2 =
4  cos t dt =
4 2 (1 + cos 2t) dt

2 1 2
= [+ sin 2t] + [t + sin t cos t] + c
8 2 8

x 1 x 1 x 1 2
Now tan t = . Therefore sin t = 2 = 2 , and cos t =
2 {(x  1)  2} (x  2x  3) (x2  2x  3)

 x  1  x  1 x 1 2
2 2
Also t = tan–1   . Hence I =
1
tan–1   + . 2 . 2 .
 2  8  2  8 {(x  2x  3)} (x  2x  3)

 x  1 x 1
=
2
tan–1   + 1
2
8  2  4 (x  2x  3)

1 1 x 1 2  x  1
 I=– + + tan–1   + c, from (i)
2 2
x  2x  3 4 x  2x  3 8  2 

x 1 4 2  x  1 x3 2  x  1
= + tan–1   + c = + tan–1   + c
4(x2  2x  3) 8  2  4(x 2
 2x  3) 8  2 

m
Ex.52 If Im =  (sin x  cos x) dx, then show that mIm = (sinx + cosx)m–1. (sinx – cosx) + 2 (m – 1) Im–2

m
Sol.  Im =  (sin x  cos x) dx

m1
=  (sin x  cos x) . (sinx + cosx) dx, applying integration by parts.

m2
= (sin x + cosx)m–1 (cosx + sin x) –
 (m  1)(sin x  cos x) dx . (cosx – sin x) . (sinx – cosx) dx

m2
= (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sinx – cos x) + (m – 1)  (sin x  cos x) (sinx + cos x)2 . dx
As we know, (sinx + cosx)2 + (sinx – cosx)2 = 2,
m2
 Im = (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sinx – cosx) + (m – 1)  (sin x  cos x) {2 – (sinx + cosx)2} dx

m2 m
= (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sin x – cos x) + (m – 1)  2(sin x  cos x) dx – (m – 1)  (sin x  cos x) dx

Im = (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sinx – cosx) + (m – 1)Im–2 – (m – 1)Im

or (m – 1) Im + Im = (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sinx – cosx) + 2 (m – 1) Im–2
or mIm = (sinx + cosx)m–1 (sinx – cosx) + 2 (m – 1) Im–2

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 23

m
Ex.53 If Im,n =  cos x. cos nx.dx, show that (m + n) Im,n = cosmx. sin nx + m I(m–1, n–1)

m
Sol. We have, Im,n =  cos x.cosnx dx

 sin nx  m1 sin nx 1 m m 1

= (cosmx)    m cos (–sinx). dx = cosm x . sinnx +  cos x(sin x.sin nx) dx
 n  n n n
As we have cos (n – 1) x = cos nx cos x + sin nx . sinx

1 m m1
 Im,n = cosm x . sin x +  cos x . {cos(n–1) x – cosnx . cosx} dx
n n

1 m m1 m m
= cosm x . sin x +  cos x. cos(n  1)x.dx –  cos x. cos nxdx
n n n

1 m m
= cosm x . sin nx + I – I
n n m–1,n–1 n m,n

m 1  m n 1
 Im,n + I = [cosmx . sinnx + mIm–1, n–1]   I = [cosm x . sin nx + mIm–1,n–1]
n m,n n  n  m,n n
 (m + n) Im,n = cosm x . sin nx + mIm–1,n–1.

n 1/z
Ex.54 If In denotes
z e dz , then show that (n + 1) ! In = I0 + e1/z (1!z2 + 2!z3 + ... + n! zn+1).

Sol. In = zne1/z dz , applying integration by parts taking e1/z as first function and zn as second function. We get,

e1 / z.zn1  1  zn1 e1 / z.zn1 1
e1/z   . dz =  1 / z n1
In =
(n  1)
–  2
 z 

n  1 (n  1) (n  1) e .z dz

e1/z.zn1 ln1 e1/z .zn1 ln1  e1 / z.zn 1 

or In = + = +   l12 
(n  1) (n  1) (n  1) (n  1)  n n 

e1/z (z)n1 e1/z .(z)n 1

= + + l
(n  1) (n  1)n (n  1)n n–2

e1/z .(z)n 1 e1/z .(z)n e1/z.(z)n1 1

= + + + I
(n  1) (n  1)n (n  1)n.(n  1) (n  1)n(n  1) n–3

.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

e1/z (z)n1 e1 / z.(z)n e1/z.(z)n1 1

= + + ... + + I
(n  1) (n  1)n (n  1)n...3.2 (n  1)n(n  1)...3.2 0

Multiplying both sides by (n + 1) ! We get,

(n + 1) ! In = (e1/z . zn+1 . n ! + e1/z . z2 (n – 1) ! + ... + e1/z . z3 . (2) ! + e1/z . z2 . 1!) + I0
 In (n + 1) ! = I0 + e1/z (1 z2 + 2! z3 + ... + n! zn+1).

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 Page # 24 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

G. INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS USING PARTIAL FRACTIONS

In this section we show how to integer any rational function (a ratio of polynomials) by expressing it as
a sum of simpler fractions, called partial fractions, that we already know how to integrate. To illustrate
the method, observe that by taking the fractions 2/(x – 1) and 1/(x + 2) to a common denominator we

2 1 2(x  2)  (x  1) x5
obtain – = = 2
x 1 x2 (x  1)(x  2) x  x 2

If we now reverse the procedure, we see how to integrate the function on the right side of this

x5  2 1 
equation  x2  x  2 dx =   x  1  x  2  dx = – 2n |x –1| – ln |x + 2| + C
P(x)
To see how the method of partial fractions works in general, let's consider a rational function f(x) =
Q(x)

Where P and Q are polynomials. It's possible to express f as sum of simpler fractions provided that the
degree of P is less than the degree of Q. Such a rational function is called proper. Recall that if
P(x) = anxn + an–1 xn–1 + ... + a1x + a0
where an  0, then the degree of P is n and we write deg (P) = n.
If f is improper, that is, deg(P)  deg (Q), then we must take the preliminary step of dividing Q into P
(by division) until a remainder R(x) is obtained such that deg (R) < deg(Q). The division statement is

P(x) R(x)
(1) f(x) = = S(x) + where S and R are also polynomials.
Q(x) Q(x)

As the following example illustrates, sometimes this preliminary step is all that is required.

x3  x
Ex.55 Evaluate  dx.
x 1

Sol. Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator, we first perform the
long division. This enables us to write

x3  x  2 2  x3 x2
 dx   x  x  2  x  1  dx = + + 2x + 2n|x –1| + C
x 1   3 2

The next step is to factor the denominator Q(x) as far as possible . It can be shown that any
polynomial Q can be factored as a product of linear factors (of the form ax + b) and irreducible
quadratic factors (of the form ax2 + bx + c, where b2 – 4ac < 0). For instance, if Q(x) = x4 – 16, we
could factor it as Q(x) = (x2 – 4) (x2 + 4) = (x – 2) (x + 2) (x2 + 4)
The third step is to express the proper rational function R(x)/Q(x) (from equation 1) as a sum of partial

A Ax  B
fractions of the form i or
(ax  b) (ax  bx  c) j
2

A theorem in algebra guarantees that it is always possible to do this. We explain the details for the four
cases that occur.

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 25

Case I : The Denominator Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors.

This means that we can write Q(x) = (a1x + b1) (a2x + b2) ... (akx + bk)
where no factor is repeated (and no factor is a constant multiple of another). In this case the partial
fraction theorem states that there exist constants A1,A2,...,Ak such that.

R(x) A1 A2 Ak
(2) = a x  b + a x  b + .... + a x  b
Q(x) 1 1 2 2 k k

These constants can be determined as in the following example.

x2  2x  1
Ex.56 Evaluate  2x3  3x2  2x dx.

Sol. Since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator, we don't need to divide.
We factor the denominator as 2x3 + 3x2 – 2x = x(2x2 + 3x – 2) = x(2x – 1) (x + 2)
Since the denominator has three distinct linear factors, the partial fraction decomposition of the
integrand (2) has the form.

x2  2x  1 A B C
(3) = + +
x(2x  1)(x  2) x 2x  1 x  2

To denominator the values of A, B and C, we multiply both sides of this equation by the product of
the denominators, x(2x – 1) (x + 2), obtaining.
(4) x2 + 2x – 1 = A(2x – 1) (x + 2) + Bx(x + 2) + Cx(2x – 1)
Expanding the right side of equation 4 and writing it in the standard form for polynomials, we get
(5) x2 + 2x – 1 = (2A + B + 2C) x2 + (3A + 2B – C) x – 2A
The polynomials in Equation 5 are identical, so their coefficients must be equal. The coefficient of
x2 on the right side, 2A + B + 2C, must equal the coefficient of x2 on the left side-namely, 1.
Likewise. The coefficients of x are equal and the constant terms are equal. This gives the following
system of equation for A, B and C.
2A + B + 2C = 1 3A + 2B – C = 2 – 2A = –1

1 1 1
Solving, we get A = , B = , and C = – , and so
2 5 10

x2  2x  1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
 2x3  3x2  2x dx =   2 x  5 2x  1  10 x  2  dx = 2
n |x| +
10
n|2x – 1| –
10
n|x+2| + K

In integrating the middle term we have made the mental substitution u = 2x – 1, which gives du = 2dx
and dx = du/2.

Case II : Q(x) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.

Suppose the first linear factor (a1x + b1) is repeated r times, that is, (a1x + b1)r occurs in the
factorization of Q(x). Then instead of the single term A1/(a1x + b1) in equation 2, we would use

A1 A2 Ar
(6) a x  b + 2 + .... +
1 1 (a1x  b1) (a1x  b1 )r

x3  x  1 A B C D E
By way of illustration, we could write = + 2 + + 2 +
2
x (x  1) 3
x x x 1 (x  1) (x  1)3

but we prefer to work out in detail a simpler example.

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 Page # 26 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

x 4  2x2  4x  1
Ex.57 Evaluate  x3  x2  x  1
dx

x 4  2x2  4x  1 4x
Sol. The first step is to divide. The result of long division is =x+1+
3 2
x  x  x 1 x  x2  x  1
3

The second step is to factor the denominator Q(x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1. Since Q(1) = 0, we know that
x – 1 is a factor and we obtain x3 – x2 – x + 1 = (x – 1) (x2 – 1) = (x – 1) (x – 1)(x + 1) = (x – 1)2 (x + 1)
Since the linear factor x – 1 occurs twice, the partial fraction decompositoin is

4x A B C
2 = + +
(x  1) (x  1) x 1 (x  1)2 x 1

Multiplying by the least common denominator (x – 1)2 (x + 1), we get

(7) 4x = A(x – 1)(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + C(x – 1)2 = (A + C) x2 + (B – 2x) x + (–A + B + C)
Now we equate coefficients : A + C = 0
B – 2C = 4
–A + B + C = 0
Solving, we obtain A = 1, B = 2, and C = – 1, so

x 4  2x2  4x  1  1 2 1 
 x 3  x2  x  1
dx =  x  1  x  1  (x  1)2  x  1  dx

x2 2 x2 2 x 1
= + x + n |x – 1| – – n|x + 1| + K = +x– + n +K
2 x  1 2 x  1 x 1

Case III : Q(x) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is repeated.
If Q(x) has the factor ax2 + bx + c, where b2 – 4ac < 0, then in addition to the partial fractions in
equation 2 and 6, the expression or R(x)/Q(x) will have a term of the form.

Ax  B
(8) where A and B are constants to be determined. For instance, the function given by
ax2  bx  c
f(x) = x/[(x – 2)(x2 + 1) (x2 + 4)] has a partial fraction decomposition of the form

x A Bx  C Dx  E
2 2 = + 2 + 2
(x  2)(x  1)(x  4) x2 x 1 x 4

The term given in (8) can be integrated by completing the square and using the formula.

dx 1 x
(9)  x2  a2 = tan–1   + C
a  a

2x2  x  4
Ex.58 Evaluate  x3  4x
dx

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 27

2x2  x  4 A Bx  c
Sol. Since x3 + 4x = x(x2 + 4) can't be factored further, we write 2 = + 2
x(x  4) x x 4

Multiplying by x(x2 + 4), we have 2x2 – x + 4 = A (x2 + 4) + (Bx + C) x = (A + B) x2 + Cx + 4A

Equating coefficients, we obtain A + B =2 C = –1 4A = 4

2x2  x  4 1 x 1 
Thus A = 1, B = 1 and C = –1 and so  3
x  4x
dx =   x  x2  4  dx
x 1 x 1
In order to integrate the second term we split it into to parts  x2  4 dx =  x2  4 dx –  x2  4 dx

We make the substitution u = x2 + 4 in the first of these integrals so that du = 2x dx. We evaluate the
second integral by means of Formula 9 with a = 2.

2x2  x  4 1 x 1 1 1
 x(x2  4)
dx =  x dx +  x2  4 dx –  x2  4 dx = n |x| +
2
n (x2 + 4) –
2
tan–1 (x/2) + K

Case IV : Q(x) Contains A repeated irreducible quadratic factor.

If Q (x) has the factor (ax2 + bx + c)r, where b2 – 4ac < 0, then instead of the single partial fraction
(8), the sum

A1x  B1 A2 x  B2 Ar x  Br
(10) + 2 2 + .... +
2
ax  bx  c (ax  bx  c) (ax2  bx  c)r

occurs in the partial fraction decomposition of R(x)/Q(x), each of the terms in (10) can be integrated
by first completing the square.

x3  x2  1
Ex.59 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function
x(x  1)(x2  x  1)(x2  1)3

x3  x2  1 A B Cx  D Ex  F Gx  H Ix  J
Sol. 2 2 3 = + + 2 + 2 + 2 2 +
x(x  1)(x  x  1)(x  1) x x 1 x  x 1 x 1 (x  1) (x2  1)3

1  x  2x2  x3
Ex.60 Evaluate  x(x2  1)2
dx

1  x  2x2  x3 A Bx  C Dx  E
Sol. The form of the partial fraction decomposition is = + 2 +
2
x(x  1) 2
x x 1 (x2  1)2

Multiplying by x(x2 + 1)2, we have –x3 + 2x2 – x + 1 = A(x2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C) x (x2 + 1) + (Dx + E)x
= A(x4 + 2x2 + 1) + B(x4 + x2) + C(x3 + x) + Dx2 + Ex = (A + B) x4 + Cx3 + (2A + B + D) x2 + (C + E) x + A
If we equate coefficient, we get the system A + B = 0 C = –1 2A + B + D = 2 C+E =–1 A=1
Which the solution A = 1, B = –1, D = 1, and E = 0. Thus

1  x  2x2  x3 1 x 1 x  x dx xdx
 2
x(x  1) 2 dx =   x  x2  1  (x2  1)2  dx =  dxx –  x2  1 dx –  x2  1 +  (x2  1)2

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 Page # 28 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1 1
= n |x| – n (x2 + 1) – tan–1x – 2 +K
2 2(x  1)

We note that sometimes partial fractions can be avoided when integrating a rational function. For

x2  1
instance, although the integral  x(x2  3) dx
could be evaluated by the method of case III, it's much easier to observe that if u = x(x2 + 3) =

x2  1 1
x3 + 3x, then du = (3x2 + 3) dx and so  x(x2  3) dx = n |x2 + 3x| + C
3

x3  3x2  2x  3
Ex.61 Evaluate  (x2  1)2
dx.

Sol. In this example there is a repeated quadratic polynomial in the denominator. Hence, according to our

x3  3x2  2x  3 A1x  B1 A 2 x  B2
previous discussion = +
(x  1)2 2 2
x 1 (x2  1)2

For some constants A1, B1, A2 and B2

An easy way to determine these constant is as follows. By long division,

x3  3x2  2x  3 x x3  3x2  2x  3 x 3 x
=x–3+ and therefore = +
x2  1 x 12
x2  1
2
x 1 (x  1)2
2

Thus A1 = 1, B1 = – 3, A2 = 1 and B2 = 0

x3  3x2  2x  3 x 3 x
we know have  dx   dx   dx   (x2  1)2 dx
2 2 2 2
(x  1) x 1 x 1

1 1
= n (x2 + 1) – 3 tan–1 x – 2 +C
2 2(x  1)

dx
Ex.62 Evaluate  cos x  cos ecx
dx sin xdx 2 sin xdx 2 sin x
Sol. I=  cos x  1
=  cos x. sin x  1 =  2  2 sin x cos x dx =  2  sin 2x dx
sin x

[(sin x  cos x)  (sin x  cos x)]dx sin x  cos x sin x  cos x

=  =  dx +  dx
2  sin 2x 2  sin 2x 2  sin 2x

sin x  cos x sin x  cos x sin x  cos x sin x  cos x

=  3  (1  sin 2x)
dx +  1  (1  sin 2x)
=  3  (sin x  cos x)2 . dx +  1  (sin x  cos x)2 . dx

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 29

put sin x – cos x = s and sin x + cosx = t  (cosx + sinx) dx = ds and (cosx – sin x) dx = dt

ds dt ds dt 1 3s
I=  3  s2 –  1  t2 =  ( 2
3 )  (s) 2 –  1  t2 =
2 3
log
3 s
– tan–1 t + c

1 3  sin x  cos x
= log – tan–1 (sinx + cosx) + c
2 3 3  sin x  cos x

tan1 x
Ex.63 Evaluate  dx .
x4

tan1 x 1 1  1  1 1
Sol. I=  x4
dx –  tan x.
x4
dx = (tan–1 x)    –
 3x2 
 1  x2 . (3x3 ) dx

tan1 x 1 dx
=–
3x 3 +
3
 x3(1  x2 ) Put 1 + x2 = t  2x dx = dt

tan1 x 1 dt tan1 x 1
=–
3x 3 +
6
 (t  1)2 .t I=–
3x 3 + I
6 1
....(1)

1  A B C
where, I1 =  (1  t)2 t dt =   t  1  (t  1)2  t  dt
Comparing coefficients we get, A = –1, B = 1, C = 1

 1 1 1  1
 I1 =   
2
  dt = – log |t – 1| – + log |t|  From (i) and (ii), we get
 (t  1) (t  1) t  (t  1)

tan1 x 1  2 1 2  tan1 x 1 x2  1 1
I= +   log | x |  2 log | 1  x | + c I=– + log
x2
– +c
3x3 6  x  3x3 6 6x 

1
Ex.64 Evaluate  (ex  1)2 dx .
1 ex
Sol. We have  (ex  1)2 dx +  ex (ex  1)2 dx , [multiplying the Nr. and Dr. by e ] x

dt
=  t(t  1)2 , putting e x
= t so that ex dx = dt.

1 A B C
2
Now  + + 2  1  A (t–1) + Bt(t–1)+Ct ....(1) (on resolving into partial fractions)
t(t  1) t t  1 (t  1)

To find A, putting t = 0 on both sides of (1), we get A = 1.

To find C, put t = 1 and we get C = 1. Thus 1  (t – 1)2 + Bt (t – 1) + t

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 Page # 30 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Comparing the coefficients of t2 on both sides, we get

1 1 1 1
0 = 1 + B or B = – 1  = – +
t(t  1)2 t t 1 (t  1)2

dt 1 dt dt
Hence  t(t  1)2 =  t dt –  t 1 +  (t  1)2 = log t – log (t – 1) – {1/(t – 1)} + C

= log ex – log (ex – 1) – {1/(ex – 1)} + c = x – log (ex – 1) – {1/(ex – 1)} + c

Ex.65 Integrate (3x + 1) / {(x – 1)3 (x + 1)}.

3x  1 3(1  y)  1 4  3y
Sol. Putting x – 1 = y so that x = 1 + y, we get = =
(x  1)3 (x  1) y3 (2  y) y3 (2  y)

arranging the Nr. and the Dr. in ascending powers of y

1  1 1 1 y3 
= 2  y  y 2  
y3  2 4 4 2  y  , by actual division

2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
= 3 + 2 – + . = 3 + 2 – +
y 2y 4y 4 (2  y) (x  1) 2(x  1) 4(x  1) 4(x  1)

 2 1 1 1 
Hence the required integral of the given fraction =   (x  1)3  2(x  1)2  4(x  1)  4(x  1)  dx

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x 1
= 2 – – log (x – 1) + log (x + 1) + c = – – log +c
(x  1) 2(x  1) 4 4 (x  1)2 2(x  1) 4 x 1

1
Ex.66 Evaluate the integral  x3(x  1) dx .

2 sec2  tan d 4

Sol. Let x = sec2 dx = 2 sec2 tan d  I=  2  cos d
sec6  tan 

2
1  cos 2  2
I=2  cos4 d = 2  [(cos2 2)2 ]d = 2    d =  (cos
2
2  2 cos 2) d
 2  4

  1  cos 4  sin 2 
=
1
2
 d  cos 2d  2 cos 2d = 12
2
  
  2
d 


2  +c

12     sin 4  sin 2    sin 4 sin 2 3 sin 2 sin 4

=  +c= + + + +c = + + + c where x = sec2 
2  2 8  2 4 16 2 4 2 16

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 31

2e5x  e4x  4e3x  4e2x  2ex

Ex.67 Integrate,  dx.
(e2x  4)(e2x  1)2

2y 4  y3  4y2  4y  2 y(y2  4)(y 4  2y2  1) 1  ex 

 
Sol. Put ex = y  I =  2
(y  4)(y  1)2 2 dy =  2
(y  4)(y  1) 2 2 dy = –
2(e 2x
 1)
+ tan–1  2

 +c


dy
Ex.68 Integrate  y2(1  y2 )3 .
dy cos6  (1  sin2 )3 d
Sol. Put y = tan   y2(1  y2 )3 =  sin2  d =  sin2 

(1  3 sin2   3 sin4   sin6 )d 2 2

=  =  (cos ec   3  3 sin   sin4 ) d
sin2 

1 15 1 1
=– – tan–1 y – sin (2 tan–1y) – sin (4 tan–1 y) + c
y 8 2 32

f(x)
Ex.69 Evaluate  x3  1 dx, where f(x) is a polynomials of degree 2 in x such that f(0) = f(1) = 3 f(2) = –3.
Sol. Let , f(x) = ax2 + bx + c given, f(0) = f(1) = 3f(2) = –3
 f(0) = f(1) = 3f(2) = –3, f(0) = c = –3, f(1) = a + b + c = – 3, 3f(2) = 3 (4a + b + c) = – 3
f(x) x2  x  3
2
on solving we get a = 1, b = – 1, c = –3  f(x) = x – x – 3  I =  x3  1 dx =  (x  1)(x2  x  1) dx

(x2  x  3) A Bx  C
Using partical fractions, we get, 2 = + 2
(x  1)(x  x  1) (x  1) (x  x  1)
We get, A = –1, B = 2, C = 2

1 (2x  2) (2x  2) 1  dx
 I=   x  1 dx   (x2  x  1) dx = – log |x – 1| +  (x2  x  1) +  x2  x  1
dx 2  2x  1 
= –log |x–1| + log |x2+x+1| +  (x  1 / 2)2  ( =log |x–1| + log |x2 +x+1| + tan–1   +c
3 / 2)2 3  3 

Ex.70 Integrate 1/(sinx + sin 2x).

dx dx dx
Sol. We have I =  sin x  sin 2x =  sin x  2 sin x cos x =  sin x(1  2 cos x)
sin x dx sin xdx
=  sin2(1  2 cos x) =  (1  cos2 x)(1  2 cos x) Now putting cos x = t, so that – sin x dx = dt, we get

dt dt  1 1 4 
I=–  (1  t2 )(1  2t) =–  (1  t)(1  t)(1  2t) =–   6(1  t)  2(1  t)  3(1  2t)  dt,
1 1 2 1 1 2
= log (1–t) + log (1+t)– log (1+2t) + c = log (1– cos x) + log (1+cosx) – log (1+2 cos x) + c
6 2 3 6 2 3

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 Page # 32 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

H. INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Certain types of integrals of algebraic irrational expressions can be reduced to integrals of rational
functions by a appropriate change of the variable. Such transformation of an integral is called its
rationalization.
(i) If the integrand is a rational function of fractional powers of an independent variable x, i.e. the

 p1 pk 
 
x, x ,...., x qk
q1
function R   , then the integral can be rationalized by the substitution x = tm, where m
 
 
is the least common multiple of the numbers q1, q2, ...., qk.
(ii) If the integrand is a rational function of x and fractional powers of a linear fractional function of
ax  b ax  b
the form , then rationalization of the integral is effected by the substitution = tm where
cx  d cx  d
m has the same sense as above.

dx
Ex.71 Evaluate  (x  a)  (x  b) .

dx (x  b)  (x  a)
Sol. Rationalizing the denominator, we have  (x  a)  (x  b)  (x  a)  (x  a)
dx

(x  b)1/2  (x  a)1/2 1 2 3 /2 2 
 (x  a)3 / 2  = 2
1
=  dx =  3 (x  b) 3
[(x + b)3/2 – (x + a)3/2] + c
ba ba   3 (b  a)

3
x  x2  6 x
Ex.72 Evaluate I =  x(1  3 x )
.

Sol. The least common multiple of the numbers 3 and 6 is 6, therefore we make the substitution
x = t6, dx = 6t5 dt.

(t6  t 4  t)t5 t5  t3  1 3 dt 3 4
whence I = 6  6
t (1  t ) 2 dt = 6  1 t 2 dt = 6  t dt  6  t2  1 =
2
t + 6 arc tan t + C.

3 2/3
Returning to x, we obtain I = x + 6 arc tan 6
2 x + C.

(2x  3)1 / 2 dx
Ex.73 Evaluate I =  (2x  3)1 / 3  1 .
Sol. The integrand is a rational function of 6 2x  3 therefore we put 2x – 3 = t6, whence
dx = 3t5 dt; (2x – 3)1/2 = t3; (2x – 3)1/3 = t2.

3t8 6 dt t7 t5 t3
I=  t2  1 dt = 3  (t  t 4  t2  1) dt + 3  1  t2 =3 –3 +3 – 3t + 3 arc tan t + C.
7 5 3
Returning to x, we get

1 7 /6 1 1 
I = 3  (2x  3)  (2x  3)5 / 6 (2x  3)1 / 2  (2x  3)1 / 6  arc tan(2x  3)1 / 6  + C.
7 5 3 

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 33

7 3
Ex.74 Evaluate 
3
x 1  x4 dx.

4 1/7 3 4 1 /7
Sol. Let x = t3  dx = 3t2 then I =  t(1  t ) . 3t2 dt = 3 t (1  t )
 dt

3 7 21 21
Let 1 + t4 = X7  4t3 dt = 7X6 dX = .  7X dX  32 X6 + C. Therefore I = (1 + x4/3)8/7 + C
4 32

2 2x
Ex.75 Evaluate I =  (2  x)2 3
2x
dx.

3
2x
Sol. The integrand is a rational function of x and the expression , therefore let us introduce the
2x

2x 2x 2  2t3 4t3 12t2

substitution 3 = t; = t3, Whence x= ;2–x= ; dx = dt.
2x 2x 1  t3 1  t3 (1  t3 )2

2
2(1  t3 )2 t .1. 2t2 3 dt 3 3 3 
2 x
Hence I = –  16t6 (1  t3 )2
dt = –
2  t 3 =
4t2 + C. We get I =
4

2  x
+ C.

dx
INTEGRAL OF THE TYPE X Y
WHERE X AND Y ARE LINEAR OR QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

Ex.76 Integrate 1/[(2x + 1) 4x  3) ].

2(t2  3) t2  3 t2  1
Sol. Put 4x + 3 = t2, so that 4dx = 2tdt and (2x + 1) = +1= +1=
4 2 2

1
tdt
dx 2 dt 1  t  1 1 (4x  3)  1
 [(2x  1) (4x  3)] =
 1 (t2  1)t =  (t2  1) = 2
log 
 t  1
 =
 2
log
(4x  3)  1
+ c.
2

x2dx
Ex.77 Evaluate  (x  1) (x  2)
.

Sol. Put (x + 2) = t2, so that dx = 2t dt, Also x = t2 – 2.

x2dx (t2  2)2.2t dt t 4  4t2  4

  (x  1) (x  2)
=  2
(t  3) . t
=2  t2  3
dt

2 2
= 2 [t  1)  {1 / (t  3)}] dt, dividing the numerator by the denominator

1 3
=2[ t – t + {1/(2 3 )} log {(t – 3 )/(t + 3 )}]
3

 (x  2)3 / 2 1 (x  2)  3 
=2   (x  2)  log  + c.
 3 2 3 (x  2)  3 

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 Page # 34 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Ex.78 Integrate 1/{x2 (x  1) }.

Sol. Put (x + 1) = t , so that dx = 2t dt. Also x = t2 – 1.
2

dx 2t dt dt
 x2 (x  1)
=  (t2  1)2. t =2  (t  1)2(t  1)2 .

1  1 
1

1

1 
=   dt, by partial fractions
 2  (t  1)2 (t  1) (t  1)2 (t  1) 

1 dt 1 dt 1 dt 1 dt
=
2
 (t  1)2 +
2  (t  1) +
2
 (t  1)2 –
2  (t  1)
1 1 1
 – {1/(t + 1)} + log (t + 1) – {1/(t – 1)} – log (t – 1) + c
2 2 2

=– {1/(t + 1)} + 1/(t – 1)] + log {(t + 1)/(t – 1)} + c = – + log +c

Ex.79 Integrate 1/[(1 + x) ].

Sol. Put (1 + x) = 1/t, so that dx = – (1/t2) dx.
Also x = (1/t) – 1.

 = =– =–

=– . (2dt = – )=– +c=– + c.

Ex.80 Evaluate .

Sol. Put x = 1/t, so that dx = – (1/t2) dt.

 I= = =–

Now put 1 + t2 = z2 so that t dt = z dz. Then

I=– = = .

= log = log +c [ z2 = 1 + t2]

= log +c= log +c [ t = 1/x]

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 35

Ex.81 Evaluate I = .

Sol. Here, I = I= =–

= =

 = = . dt –

Let, I = I1 – I2 ....(i)

Where I1 = and I2 = put (t – 1) = for I1,

I1 = =– = – log ....(ii)

For I2, put (t + 1) = , I2 = – = – log ....(iii)

 I=– + log +c

where, z = and S = .

Ex.82 Evaluate .

Sol. Let I = = – cot x n (cosx – )+

= – cot x n (cosx – )+ = – cot x n (cosx – ) + I1+ c

Where I1 = .= × dx

= dx = dx +

Put sin x =  cosx dx = – dt

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 Page # 36 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

= – cot x – x + c = – – cot x – x + c = – – cot x – x + c

 I = – cot x n (cos x – – – cot x – x + c

INTEGRATION OF A BINOMIAL DIFFERENTIAL

The integral dx, where m, n, p are rational numbers, is expressed through elementary
functions only in the following three cases :
Case I : p is an integer. Then, if p > 0, the integrand is expanded by the formula of the binomial; but if
p < 0, then we put x = tk, where k is the common denominator of the fractions and n.

Case II : is an integer. We put a + bxn = t, where  is the denominator of the fraction p..

Case III : + p is an integer we put a + bxn = txn, where a is the denominator of the fraction p.

Ex.83 Evaluate I = dx.

Sol. I= . Here p = 2, i.e. an integer, hence we have case I.

I= dx = dx = + + + C.

Ex.84 Evaluate I = dx.

Sol. I= . Here m = – ;n= ;p= ; = = 1, i.e. an integer..

we have case II. Let us make the substitution. Hence, I = 6 .

Ex.85 Evaluate I = .

Sol. Here p = – is a fraction, = =– also a fraction, but +p=– – = – 3 is an

integer, i.e. we have case III, we put 1 + x4 = x4/2, Hence x = ; dx = –

Substituting these expression into the integral, we obtain

I=– =– = + – + C.

Returning to x, we get I = – + – +C

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 37

EULER'S SUBSTITUTIONS

Integrals of the form dx are calculated with the aid of the three Euler substitutions.

1. =t± is a > 0;

2. =t± if a > 0;

3. = (x – ) t if ax2 + bx + c = a (x – ) (x – )
i.e. if  is real, I root of the trinomial ax2 + bx + c.

Ex.86 Evaluate I = .

Sol. Here a = 1 > 0, therefore we make the substitution = t – x.

Squaring both sides of this equality and reducing the similar terms, we get 2x + 2tx = t2 –2

whence x = ; dx = dt  1 + =1+t– =

Substituting into the integral, we obtain I = dt =

Now let us expand the obtained proper rational fraction into partial fractions :

= + + .

Applying the method of undetermined coefficients we find : A = 1, B = 0, D = – 2.

Hence dt = –2 = n |t + 1| + + C.

Returning to x, we get I = n (x + 1 + )+ + C.

Ex.87 Evaluate I = .

Sol. Since here c = 1 > 0, we can apply the second Euler substitution = tx – 1,

whence (2t – 1) x = (t2 – 1) x2 ; x= ;

dx = – 2 dt; x + =

Substituting into I, we obtain an integral of rational fraction :

= dt, = + + + .

By the method of undetermined coefficient we find A = 2; B = – ; D = – 3; E = –

Hence I = 2 – –3 – =

= 2n |t| – n|t – 1| + – n |t + 1| + C. where t = .

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 Page # 38 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

Ex.88 Evaluate I = .

Sol. In this case a < 0 and c < 0 therefore neither the first, nor the second, Euler substitution is applicable.
But the quadratic trinomial 7x – 10 – x2 has real roots  = 2,  = 5, therefore we use the third Euler

substituion : = = (x – 2) t.

Whence 5 – x = (x – 2) t2 ; x= ; dx = – ; (x – 2) t = t= .

Hence I = – dt = – dt = – + C. Where t = .

Ex.89 Evaluate .

Sol. Let I = Put x + =t ....(i)

 dx = dt  dx = dt ....(ii)

We know t = x + =x+ ×

t=  t=x+ and – =x– substracting we get,

2 =t+ or = ....(iii)

from (i), (ii) and (iii) we get dx = dt

 I= = dt = +c

 I= [x + ]n+1 + (x + )n – 1 + c

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 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 39

Ex.90 If y (x – y)2 = x, then show that = ln [(x – y)2 – 1].

Sol. Let P = = n [(x – y)2 – 1]  = = ....(i)

Given y (x – y)2 = x, differentiating both sides, we get = ....(ii)

 = = =

 = Which is true as given.  = log {(x – y)2 – 1}

I. CAN WE INTEGRATE ALL CONTINUOUS FUNCTION ?

The questions arises : Will our strategy for integration enable us to find the integral of every continuous

function ? For example, can we use it to evaluate dx ? The answer is no, at least not in terms of

the functions that we are familiar with.

The functions that we have been dealing with in this books are called elementary functions. These are
the polynomials, rational functions, power functions (x3), exponential function (ax), logarithmic functions
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions, and all
functions that can be obtained from these by the five operations of addition, substraction multiplication,

division, and composition for instance, the function f(x) = + n (cosh x) – xesin 2x

is an elementary function

If f is an elementary function, then f is an elementary function but dx need not be an elementary

function. Consider f(x) = . Since f is continuous, its integral exists, and if we define the function F

by F(x) = then we know from part 1 of the fundamental theorem of calculus that F(x) =

Thus, f(x) = has an antiderivative F, but it has been proved that F is not an elementary function.

?This means that no matter how hard we try, we will never succeed in evaluating dx in term of

the function we know. The same can be said of the following integrals.

dx

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