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Ethnography Beyond Method: The Importance of an Ethnographic Sensibility

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DOI: 10.11157/sites-id373

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 sites: new series · vol 15 no 1 · 2018

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/sites-id373

– article –

ETHNOGRAPHY BEYOND METHOD:

The Importance of an Ethnographic Sensibility

Carole McGranahan1

ABSTRACT

There is no ethnography without a corresponding ethnographic sensibility. That

is, the understanding and practice of ethnography as method, theory, and writ-
ing practice rests on the cultivation of a sense of the ethnographic as the lived
expectations, complexities, contradictions, possibilities, and grounds of any
given cultural group. Within anthropology, the articulation of an ethnographic
sensibility has long been at the heart of our disciplinary project of documenting
how people collectively organize, understand, and live in the world. As such, we
consider ethnography both something to know and a unique way of knowing.

Keywords: Ethnography; anthropology; ethnographic methods; ethnographic

sensibility

introduction

Ethnography is not just a method. In anthropology, ethnography is both some-

thing to know and a way of knowing. We use it as a method, a theory, and a style
of writing. Informing each of these is an ethnographic sensibility, or a sense of
the ethnographic as the lived expectations, complexities, contradictions, pos-
sibilities, and grounds of any given cultural group. The ethnographic is what
animates anthropology. That is, if anthropology is the study of how people
collectively organise, understand, and live in the world, then ethnography is the
means through which social and cultural anthropologists accomplish this study.
Ethnography itself has not been controversial in anthropology until recently. In
2014, anthropologist Tim Ingold’s polemic ‘That’s enough about ethnography’!
set off scholars everywhere with his critique of ethnography (Ingold 2014; see
also Ingold 2008, 2017, Da Col 2017).2 His argument was against the conflation
of ethnography with anthropology, and as I read it, with the evacuation of an-
thropological concerns from ethnographic practice. My stance is that within the

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Article · McGranahan

discipline of anthropology this claim is not true, in that ethnography remains

a key component for anthropological inquiry. However, outside anthropol-
ogy, and indeed outside academia, where ethnography has grown increasingly
trendy in the last decade, it is practiced as a method sometimes devoid not
only of anthropology, but also of the ethnographic.3 Thus, in this collection
of essays devoted to the ‘frontiers’ of ethnography, I find Ingold’s provocations
useful to think with. However, I believe what is needed is not less ethnography,
but more ethnographic sensibility.

What is the ethnographic and why does it matter? This question is key to
understanding ethnography as more than only a method. In terms of theory
or method or writing, doing (or experimenting with) ethnography requires
taking the ‘ethnographic’ seriously. For an anthropologist, ethnography that is
not ethnographic feels off, thin, undeveloped, and thus, not incredibly useful
or insightful. It can be easy to see and to name what is not ethnographic, for
example, that which is merely description or observation or some other form
of qualitative data. In contrast, although we know good ethnography when we
read it, it is harder to articulate what makes something ethnographic (Marcus
and Cushman 1982, McGranahan 2014a). What therefore qualifies scholarship
as ethnographic?

The ethnographic is a culturally-grounded way of both being in and seeing

the world. It is both ontological and epistemological. It is all that goes without
saying in terms of what is considered normative or natural, and yet is also the
very rules and proclaimed truths – about the way things are, and the way they
should be – that underlie both everyday and ritual beliefs and practices. The
ethnographic consists of the rhythms and logics through which we, in socio-
cultural groups, collectively make, and make sense of, the world. In terms of
theory, the ethnographic drives theory through its attention to disjuncture, to
things that cannot be translated, to conceptual excess that is both taken for
granted and expected in local contexts (Da Col and Graeber 2011). As such, it
precedes and responds to theory, and is not merely fodder for it. In terms of
method, getting to the ethnographic is the goal, and participant-observation
is key to attaining this goal. In terms of writing, an ethnographic sensibility
conveys anthropological expectations of field-based knowledge of realities of a
given community, on life as lived in both ordinary and extraordinary time and
place. In anthropology, this sense of the ethnographic has been in formation for
almost two centuries. We are constantly turning over what the ethnographic,
and thus what ethnography, is and can be.

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Ethnography as anthropological concept and practice

Ethnography has been part of anthropology since the origins of the discipline,
but over time we have expanded and refined our understanding of it. In the
nineteenth century, ethnography was the science of knowing human society,
of documenting traditions and beliefs and institutions for peoples around
the world. Anthropologists documented ‘the ethnography’ of the such-and-
such people, accumulating knowledge about different cultural groups in the
world with a goal of recording as many as possible. Once this knowledge was
obtained, it was then written down. Hence, the etymology of the term ethnog-
raphy as from the Greek: ‘ethnos/ folk, the people and grapho/to write’. However,
if ethnography was originally information to collect and then to write about,
anthropologists now think of ethnography as not just something to know, but
as a way of knowing. As such, ethnography is truly unique.

In 1922, Bronislaw Malinowski explained the goal of anthropology as a field sci-

ence to be ‘to grasp the native’s point of view, his [sic] relation to life, to realize
his vision of his world’ (p. 25). As he saw it, this meant the need to record and
consider both the objective and subjective aspects of human life, for

to study the institutions, customs, and codes or to study the behavior

and mentality without [also considering] the subjective desire of
feeling by which these people live, of realizing the substance of their
happiness, in my opinion, [is] to miss the greatest reward which we
can hope to obtain from the study of man [sic]. (1922, 25)

Ethnographic research thus became a field-based programme designed to

identify and record the entirety of any given society’s material and affective life.
This reorienting of anthropology is still influential today. For example, on their
website the American Anthropological Association defines ethnography as

the description of cultural systems or an aspect of culture based

on fieldwork in which the investigator is immersed in the ongoing
everyday activities of the designated community for the purpose of
describing the social context, relationships, and processes relevant
to the topic under consideration. (2004)

As the European Association of Social Anthropologists explains, ethnographic

research is also time-intensive in addition to being immersive, with particular
attention to detail and nuance not found in other research methods (2015).

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Article · McGranahan

Currently, anthropological ethnography is an embodied, empirical, experiential

field-based knowledge practice grounded in participant-observation. We often
use the term ‘fieldwork’ interchangeably with ‘ethnography’. Both refer to our
research, specifically to the longstanding anthropological practice of immer-
sion into a community. Anthropologists live with, in, or near the communities
of their research for long periods at a time, measured over months or years
or even decades. An initial period of fieldwork that unfolds over several years
provides an ethnographic base for shorter periods of research in the future, as
is so often the case, as a scholar moves through different stages of their career.
Anthropological fieldwork involves living one’s life in the field; research and
personal life are thus interwoven in that they take place in the same domain,
whether it is a shared neighborhood or city or region, or in new 21st-century
shared online communities which approximate the ethnographic space of
in-person fieldwork. We participate in, rather than only observe daily life in a
community, and do so over an extended period of time. Key to anthropological
ethnography is ‘being there’ (Borneman and Hammoudi 2009) as a cultivated
practice, one that requires discipline and commitment not easily visible to
someone not trained in ethnographic methods.

Ethnographic research is usually a very low-tech endeavor. Little is required

other than a means of recording data – pen and paper, a laptop, a mobile phone,
a camera – and the ethnographer themselves. Learning and knowing is not
outsourced to technology, but instead is incumbent upon the ethnographer,
and is both all-encompassing and demanding. One definition of ethnography
that captures this is

the attempt to understand another life world using the self – as much
as it of possible – as the instrument of knowing … [that is] as much
an intellectual (and moral) positionality – a constructive and inter-
pretive mode – as it is a bodily process in space and time. (Ortner
2006, 42)

As an individual, the ethnographer is as crucial to the research process as are

the people with whom the study is being conducted. Ethnographic research is
a commitment to interpersonal relations as the base of knowledge. Given that
much of this research takes place across cultural or other sorts of structural
or hierarchical divides, ethnography rests on trying to know the life world of
another, be it a different social or cultural group, or others within a group to
which the ethnographer belongs. Anthropologist Alpa Shah captures this with
her definition of participant-observation as centering ‘a long-term intimate en-
gagement with a group of people that were once strangers to us in order to know

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and experience the world through their perspectives and actions in as holistic
a way as possible’ (2017, 51, italics in original). As such, ethnographic research
is attentive to the actual conditions of life, rather than to laboratory-produced
or predicted conditions. It traffics in stories rather than numbers, and in the
contingencies and rules of socio-cultural life. As the oeuvre of anthropologist
Anna Tsing shows so beautifully (1993, 2005, 2015), ethnographic detail also
scales up, enabling us to ask and address questions about universals through a
grounding in the sometimes messy specificity of actual life rather than through
‘self-fulfilling abstract truths’ (2005, 2).

One of the key concepts non-anthropologists often use from our ethnographic
toolbox is ‘thick description’. Infamously introduced in his 1973 book The In-
terpretation of Cultures, Clifford Geertz explains that the key to ethnography
is the conceptual force that informs it:

From one point of view, that of the textbook, doing ethnography is

establishing rapport, selecting informants, transcribing texts, taking
genealogies, mapping fields, keeping a diary, and so on. But it is not
these things, techniques, and received procedures that define the
enterprise. What defines it is the kind of intellectual effort it is: an
elaborate venture in, to borrow a notion from Gilbert Ryle, ‘thick de-
scription’ or to articulate a discourse of and about humanity, … [of]
a species living in terms of meaning in a world subject to law. (p.6)

To ask how people give their world meaning is thus to ask an ethnographic
question. To push to the limits of that question can thus never be only a meth-
odological enterprise. In that ethnographic research is grounded in participant-
observation, and supplemented by other particular methods as needed – e.g.,
in addition to those listed by Geertz above, others might be interviews, video,
focus groups, para-sites, oral history, joint writing projects, participatory pho-
tography, and so on – the power of this methodology lies in the intellectual
energy animating one’s understanding of ethnography. Without a conceptual
understanding of the ethnographic, the method is empty of the very mean-
ing it ironically is uniquely designed to appreciate. It becomes just another
qualitative method.

Life without dance: a conclusion

Sonam didn’t like to talk in detail about her life as a girl in Tibet. When she
did share them, her narrations were often staccato and unexpected, told at
times when we were discussing something else. Her narrations were often

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Article · McGranahan

fragmentary and disjointed. They did not unfold over time; her stories did not
grow. Not everyone knows how to narrate their life as a story (McGranahan
2010b). Instead, over the twenty-odd years we have known each other, dating
back to my first summer of anthropological research with the Tibetan refugee
community in Kathmandu in 1994, Sonam seemed to live mostly in the present.
Dismissing the past as behind her in a wistful sense, and framing her future
tense almost entirely in the form of prayer, her present revolved around practi-
cal, day-to-day needs. On rare days, however, something would come to mind
that she wanted to share. One such a day, we were sitting in the altar room in her
home close to the Boudha stupa, where each morning and evening we would
go for kora, circumambulating the stupa as a form of walking prayer. As the
rays of the late afternoon sun filtered in through gauzy curtains, and we got
ready to head to Boudha, Sonam began to tell me about monks and dancing.

‘There were no monks in Tibet’, she said. ‘When I was a girl, my parents and
other old people would talk about the fantastic dances the monks used to do.
They would talk about how wonderful they were. But there were no monks and
there were no monasteries. I didn’t know what they were talking about. I saw
the dances for the first time when I came to Nepal. As a girl, I didn’t know what
they were like. I didn’t know what a monk looked like’. She shook her head, and
clucked her tongue. ‘I didn’t see the dances until I came to Nepal’.

Sonam told me this apropos of nothing, or so it seemed. We hadn’t been talk-

ing about monks or dancing nor was my research about these topics nor had
we discussed them before. However, my research was about refugee memory,
mostly in the context of the citizen’s army formed to defend the Dalai Lama
against invading Chinese communist troops (McGranahan 2010a). In this
context, Sonam’s memories were a part of what I am referring to as the ethno-
graphic. They were part of the fabric of life, of connections individuals made
across experiences and encounters on any given day, of feelings they had toward
loss and hope, and of the moments as well as the structures that make up our
days and our worlds and how we live them. In order to understand what Sonam
meant, you would need to know that she grew up in Tibet during the Cultural
Revolution, a time when monasteries were closed and monks were all killed,
imprisoned, or sent home. In contrast, in the exile community, and in historic
Tibet prior to the Chinese invasion and occupation, monks were a ubiquitous
part of everyday life. Her sense of missing something, of not being able to
understand or imagine what she was being told, and of her own much later
viewing of monks dancing in Kathmandu is an example of a cultural barometer
in geographic, historic, and political flux. As her circumstances changed with
her escape from Chinese-ruled Tibet to life as a refugee in Nepal, so too did

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her grounding in the world. Monks appeared, and her memory shifted to a
new sort of possible knowledge.

An ethnographic sensibility is what makes ethnography matter. It is attention

to the conditions and experiences of life as actually lived. It is an attunement to
worlds shared via participant-observation that extend beyond the parameters
of a narrowly defined research question. It is an understanding that the nar-
row view can only be understood via the wide angled one, and vice versa. An
ethnographic sensibility requires depth and time; it is a theoretical commitment
as well as a methodological practice. In that people’s lives are a combination of
the predictable and the uncertain, so too does ethnography, as a way of know-
ing about people’s lives, tell us things that are also both predictable and not; it
exceeds questions and answers, and its unique contribution is in that space of
excess, of telling us more than we knew to ask.

As Kirin Narayan explains, ethnography brings about transformative knowledge

of the self, both individually and collectively, as much as of another; she offers
that we should turn to ethnography

for the discipline of paying attention; for becoming more respon-

sibly aware of inequalities; for better understanding of the social
forces causing suffering and how people might somehow find hope;
and most generally, for being perpetually pulled beyond the limits
of one’s own taken-for-granted world. (Narayan in McGranahan
2014b)

These limits are the frontiers of ethnography. Getting beyond them is to get
to the ethnographic, to push on our ability to listen and know and act. Some-
times we have no way of understanding what we learn. And yet, these stories
and knowledge stay with us, and inform who we are. As our situation and
our subjectivities transform, so too will our ability to receive such stories and
knowledge, just as happened for Sonam. There were no monks in her village
during the Cultural Revolution. It was not a time for dancing. And it was not
until much later that this memory became knowledge, became something to
ponder, something to tell, something to be.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thank you to Sita Venkateswar for the invitation to contribute to this special
issue of Sites. Two anonymous reviewers provided sharp but generous critiques
that I greatly appreciated and did my best to address. My continuing gratitude

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Article · McGranahan

to Sonam for her friendship over the decades, and for all she has taught me
about ethnography, life, and loss.

notes

1 Carole McGranahan is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of

Colorado at Boulder.
Email: carole.mcgranahan@colorado.edu

2 Two examples are: (1) a special Correspondences section on the Cultural Anthro-
pology website in April–May 2016 devoted to the 2014 article, with contributions
by Joanna Cook, Susan MacDougal, George Marcus, and Andrew Shryock; and,
(2) the May 2017 issue of HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory included a Debate
Collection of essays responding to Ingold’s 2014 article. Contributors included
Rita Astuti, Maurice Bloch, Giovanni Da Col, Signe Howell, Tim Ingold, Thorgeir
Kolshus, Daniel Miller, and Alpa Shah.

3 On epistemological problems with ethnography outside of anthropology, see

Howell 2017.

REFERENCES

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raphy and Institutional Review Boards’. Accessed 18 April 2017 from
http://www.americananthro.org/ParticipateAndAdvocate/Content.
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Borneman, John, and Abdellah Hammoudi. 2009. Being There: The Fieldwork
Encounter and the Making of Truth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

da Col, Giovanni. 2017. ‘Two or Three Things I Know About Ethnographic Theory’.
HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 7 (1): 1–8.

da Col, Giovanni, and David Graeber. 2011. ‘Foreword: The Return of Ethnographic
Theory’. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 1 (1): vi–xxxv.

European Association of Social Anthropologists. 2015 (October 15). ‘Why Anthro-

pology Matters’. Accessed 13 July 2017 from https://www.easaonline.org/
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Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

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Howell, Signe. 2017. ‘Two or Three Things I Love About Ethnography’. HAU: Journal
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 ———. 2014. ‘That’s Enough About Ethnography!’ HAU: Journal of Ethnographic

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 ———. 2017. ‘Anthropology Contra Ethnography’. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic

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McGranahan, Carole. 2010a. Arrested Histories: Tibet, the CIA, and Memories of a
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 ———. 2010b. ‘Narrative Dispossession: Tibet and the Gendered Logics of History’.
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 ———. 2014a. ‘What is Ethnography? Teaching Ethnographic Sensibilities without

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 ———. 2014b (February 3). ‘Ethnographic Writing: An Interview with Kirin Naray-
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 ———. 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in
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