International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4.

7) (2018) 458-462

International Journal of Engineering & Technology

Website: www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/IJET

Research paper

Understanding the Meaning of Triangular Shape in Mosque

Architecture in Indonesia
J. Jamaludin1*, Purnama Salura2
1
Interior Design Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung Indonesia
2
Department of Architecture, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung, Indonesia
*Corresponding author E-mail: jamal@itenas.ac.id

Abstract

This paper discuss the formal and symbolical meaning of triangular shape of contemporary mosque architecture in Indonesia, with case
study the mosques designed by Ridwan Kamil in Jakarta and in rest area Km 88 toll road between Jakarta and Bandung. There was a
question in the public whether the triangular shape was adequate to be used as a mosque building. This paper propose answers with the
analitical descriptive to understand the symbolical meaning of triangle shape used Sundanese community culture, one of Indonesian ethnics
as representation. The paper used comparation and interpretation method to reveals the meaning of triangle shape in local culture and to
find the connection to triangle shape in contemporary mosques architecture. The vernacular mosques in Indonesia known with their pyramid
shape stacked roof with pointed roof in the peak. The pointed roof derived from the mountain that believed as the sacred place and used as
symbol in the form of stacked roof of mosque. The finding of this paper is that triangular form can be accepted as mosque architectural
form for the symbolical meaning derived from Sundanese culture. In the two mosques, this triangle shape enlarged and become praying
room and as bridge to the God realm. The shape then achieved two purpose, as symbol of holy place and also fullfiled the function of
praying room.

Keywords: triangular shape, mosque architecture, meaning

UC at Berkeley, he worked in Skidmore, Owing and Merril (SOM),

1. Introduction the prominent architecture office in USA, and when returned to
Indonesia he opened design office Urbane Indonesia. He designed
In present day, the development of new mosques in Indonesia show various building such as house, high rise office, campus, including
the significant progress. From observation during short travels to mosque. One of his work is Al Irsyad mosque in Kota Baru
some cities and Lombok island with its slogan the thousand Parahyangan West Bandung. He used box style without dome or
mosques island, the architecture style of new mosques mostly dom- tropical roof with three wall decorated by callygraphy of Syahadat
inated by Arabic or mid-east style. Middle Eastern architectural in large size. This mosque immediately attracted public attention
style is generally characterized by the presence of domes and min- because of its unique and different design.
arets. If distinguished by the roof model, generally mosques in He also designed West Java great mosque in Bandung that sur-
Indonesia are divided into three typologies.. First, mosque rounded by lake and now under construction. There are two other
architecture that use the mid-east style, second that use the local or mosques with different form that used A-frame construction or tri-
vernacular style. The most striking difference is on the roof. Middle angular shape-base. These two contemporary mosques invite ques-
east style generally uses domes on the roof, while local or tropical tions from the public about whether a triangle or A-frame is a proper
styles use a tropical roof in the form of a four-sided sloping roof or form for a mosque building. At first, the mosque management re-
pyramid hip roof in simple style and pyramid-shape stacked roof in jected the design because it doesn't use a dome roof but instead a
more advance style. triangular shape. Ridwan Kamil explained his design concepts that
The third is an architectural style appears that does not resemble the the roof was imitated the tropical roof and the mosque management
two, but is a mixture of various contemporary ideas produced by accepted the design [2]. The second, when the mosque was
architects in their search for new modern ideologies of mosque ar- completed, there were local resident refused to use the mosque
chitecture. One of the architect with this approach was the late because for them it looks like a church. The mosque management
Achmad Noe’man with his work Salman mosque in front of ITB then explained that the architect of the mosque is Ridwan Kamil,
campus Bandung. This mosque stand alone, it doesn’t used dome who also designed mosques in other places. This explanation made
of arabic style or roof as tropical identity. However, Achmad the local resident accepted and use it for worship purposes [3].
Noe’man placed one modern minaret (tower) in the south-east of The case above shows that the problem of meaning of triangular
mosque. This tower is the most of visible aspect of mosque [1]. shapes on mosque architecture has not been widely understood by
One of the architects today that uses this approach in a more ad- many people. The community still considers that the roof of the
vance creativity can be said is Ridwan Kamil. He graduated from mosque must be dome-shaped, even though there are no rules about
Department of Architecture ITB and took master degree in Urban
Design, University of California at Berkeley. After graduated from

Copyright © 2018 Jamaludin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre-
stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 International Journal of Engineering & Technology 459

it. Thus the triangle shape in the mosque must receive in-depth at- For the convenience of air, the mosque is equipped with air
tention and research to get an explanation that can be understood by conditioner. The form concepts of Al Safar derived from traditional
the public. Sundanese headband but also consists of diamond cut shape [4].
This paper aim is to unveil the symbolic meaning contained in the
A-Frame shape or triangle shape in mosque architecture in Indone-
sia. With this analysis, it is expected that there will be benefit in
form of an understanding of the triangular shape applied in the form
of a mosque building, both architectural and interior design. By un-
derstanding the meaning of triangular shapes in mosque buildings,
in addition to the community can understand the wealth of symbolic
elements in mosque buildings, also the opportunity is wide open for
architects to make mosque designs in various forms according to
cultural diversity in Indonesia.

2. Materials and Methods

The case study of this paper is two mosques architecture designed Figure 3: Exterior and interior of Al Safar mosque. Wall composed by tri-
by Ridwan Kamil. One of the mosques is Jami’e Darussalam in Ko- angle composition using ACP. The mihrab area with day light comes from
tabumi Ujung street, Kebon Melati, Central Jakarta, the second is left and right side window
in a rest area km 88 of toll road Cipularang, between Bandung and
Jakarta (see figure 1) both in west part of Java island. Darussalam To reveal the meaning of triangle shape in Darussalam mosques and
mosque building consists of two floors, the ground floor used for Al Safar mosque in Indonesian cultural context, comparation
management and commercial space and the upper floor is used as a method used between Indonesian vernacular mosque with
mosque. The mosque used triangle shape that in architecture called Darussalam and Al Safar mosques. The aim of this method is to find
A-frame construction for the all entire building and creates the isos- similarities and differences between the model of the mosques.The
celes triangular prism interior of the mosque. At the end of the west main goals of design is the aesthetic. There are two kind of aesthetic,
side (qibla direction) there is a painted white frame to mark the area formal and symbolic. Formal aesthetic is the study of structure of
of the mihrab. forms, and the symbolic aesthetics in the study of human responses
The mihrab wall decorated by kufic style callygraphy and the rest to the content of forms [5,6]. In architecture, formal aesthetics is
cover up with glass framed with triangle shape composition. Day- mainly focused with the appreciation of the forms, shapes, rhythms,
light comes in from tilting window glass parallel to the A-frame complexities, composition of objects, and sequences of the visual
construction of steel. This windows glass is decorated with callig- world.
raphy. In the facade there are circular and square shape composed Symbolic meaning generally refers to the image and associations
shape filled by calligraphy. that come to mind in regard to an object. Object can act as symbols
for humans, providing personal meaning and communicating the
owner’s personal characteristics to others The meanings that we at-
tach to products play an essential role in how we feel about them
and evaluate them[7]. A symbol is something that stands for some-
thing else[8]. It may do this as result of an association, a convention.
A symbol is the result of a cognitive process whereby an object ac-
quires a connotation beyond its instrumental use. An object may be
an environment. Its meaning are derived from what an observer im-
putes to them [9].
To understand the aesthetic meaning of the object, this paper used
Figure. 1: Left, location of Al Safar mosque, in rest area Km 88 toll road the method of interpretation. According to Robert Stecker [10], the
between Jakarta and Bandung; Right, location of Darussalam mosque, method of interpretation of art is the effort to understand or appre-
Kebon Melati, Central Jakarta ciate a work of art or to increase the level of understanding and ap-
preciation. Some views in the interpretation method used in this
study is the actual intentionalism and the meaning of the work. Ac-
tual intentionalism is the view that the proper interpretation of a
work of art can identify the artist's expression goals in his work,
both semantically and symbolically. The steps to interpretate of this
case that is to find the same or similarity shape in vernacular
mosque architecture in Indonesia and to find the meaning of the
triangular shape in the Indonesian ethic culture connected to
triangular shape in Darussalam and Al Safar mosques. The
Sundanese ethnic culture will be used as representative of
Indonesian ethnic culture due to the location of mosque is in West
Java, where the Sundanese ethnic live.

Figure. 2: Exterior and interior of Darussalam mosque with A-frame con- 3. Results and Discussion
struction that is triangle shape. A-frame construction created isosceles trian-
gular prism interior.The cantilever box is mihrab area.
To trace the source of the triangular shape in Darussalam mosque
and Al Safar mosque, a study of the theoretical framework on the
For Al Safar mosque, Ridwan Kamil composed of triangle shape to
concept of Indonesian mosque form was conducted, and used to
form the sloping wall of the building with Aluminium Composite
find out the relationship between the concept of architectural forms
Panel (ACP) rectangular module. The interior of this mosque is gra-
of the two mosques and the concept of triangular shape in
dation forms from reactangular to triangle form or A-frame in the
Indonesian with Sundanese ethnic culture as representative.
west end or mihrab. There is no window except in the left and right
sloping wall of mihrab there are tall vertical windows to let day light
entering the room and creates bright ambiance of the imam area.
 460 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

pyramid hip roof style imitated the mountain shape and can be eas-
3.1 The Origin of Triangle Shape in Architecture ily connected to the mountain because of the same shape. The
Javanese mosque was derived from mount form [15]. The meaning
The description below is a way to understand the triangle shape in of triangle shape or pyramidal roof in tiered roof of in Indonesian
building. In art, architecture and design, shape defined as two di- vernacular mosque is regarded as the representative of meru, a
mensional and form is three dimension. In other word, shape is a sacred mountain.
flat two-dimensional area enclosed by lines and form is a three-di-
mensional area enclosed by a surface [11]. Triangle shape in term
of art consists of two dimensional shape that is in architecture
generally called A-frame construction. It derived from letter “A”
and performed triangle with the same leg or called isosceles triangle
[12].
Isosceles triangles, which have two equal sides, are also found in
architecture throughout the world, mainly in traditional house. The Figure. 6: The mountain is a reference to nature for a triangle
triangle's use in vernacular architecture dates back more years than
other common architecture shapes such as the arch, dome, and cyl- Javanese mosque generally have two to five stacked roofs. Five
inder. tiered roof levels as found in Banten great mosque featured moslem
faith as follows: the bottom level is the largest roof represent all
moslem (islam), the second level is faithful (mukminin), the third
represents benefactor (muhsinin), the fourth represents sincere
(muhlisin) and the fifth roof represents the cautious (muttaqin) [16].
In Java island, the most common mosque is three stacked pyramidal
roofs, it represents trilogy of islam treatise, those are faith (iman),
surrender (islam), good deeds (ihsan). The basic shape of stacked
roof is triangle and formed pyramidal form in three dimensional
form.
Figure 4: Isosceles in three dimension created isosceles triangular prism
(A-frame)

The A-frame in house construction, is not a new approach and it has

a long history. According to Chad Randl [13], A-frame buildings
are an old form that can be found in some region in the world such
as Europe, China, and the South Pacific islands. This A-frame were
simple structures used for utilitarian purposes until the 1930s. Chad
Randl explained that "A" is the architectural letterform of leisure
building and popular in postwar America. The A-frame is an easy
and affordable home to construct in retreat area such as mountain Figure 7. Indonesian vernacular mosque with the pyramidal stacked roof.
and lakeside, its steeply sloping triangular roof distinctive and easy
to maintain. This construction featuring steeply-angled sides (roof- 3.3 The Meaning of Mountain in Indonesian Culture
line) that usually the two wall of triangle begin at the foundation
line, and meet at the top in the shape of the letter A. The mountain plays an important role in the history of ethnics in
Indonesia, in particular because of the various megalithic sites and
sacred tombs commonly found on the mountain. Wessing [17] fur-
ther reveals the Hidding research (1933 and 1935) that mountains
are the boundary between the settled area and the foreign territory
where human life ends and other lives begin.
According to Moh. Ali Fadillah [18] a number of sacred, especially
in the form of a tomb, although not on the top of the mountain but
is a representation of mountain or imagined as a mountain. Fadillah
using the example of Sharif Hidayatullah tomb in a hill called Sem-
bung in Cirebon West Java, the community called it Sunan Gunung
Jati. This also mentioned by Claire Holt [19] that the top of a
Figure 5: A-Frame house (pinterest.com) mountain peak in Indonesia is widely believed to be the abode of
the gods and ancestral spirits. Also the volcanoes are considered to
From description above it is clear that triangle shape or A-frame have their own life and spirits, adored and respected. The mountain
shape is a common form of house and did not derived from church is considered a bridge or gate from the world to the god realm, from
but it is also applied in any other building including church life to the hereafter, from mortal to immortal life, therefore the
architecture. What Ridwan Kamil has done was created isosceles places of worship established in high places or made to imitate the
triangular prism room was he applied the form into mosque that can form of mountain (gunungan) such as punden staircases and tem-
be used by congregation for praying. ples and pyramid as transcendental bridge between the underworld
(human world) and the upper world (God realm). In the Hindu-Bud-
3.2 Tiered Roof of Vernacular Mosque Architecture in dhist view, the mountain is considered to play a role in stabilizing
Indonesia the universe, supporting the heavens and the earth, neutralizing evil
forces, chaos, instability and disorder. The mountain is the symbol
In Indonesia, the roof of traditional or vernacular mosque generally of supreme power and as a binder of the universe [20].
composed by tiered roof or pyramid-shaped form stacked roof [14]. This piramidal shape is taken from mountain in three dimensional
This is common form mostly in main island such as Java and Su- form and triangle shape in two dimensional view. As symbol of sa-
matera island and becomes one of typology of Indonesian vernacu- cred place, the mountain miniatured in the peak of the mosque.
lar mosque architecture. Referring to nature, the pointed shape is
the common shape of the mountain. This mean that pointed roof or
 International Journal of Engineering & Technology 461

Figure 8: Mountain is understood as a holy place, abstracted in the form of

a triangle and interpreted as a holy place
Figure 9: Triangular shape meaning in Sundanese culture, as space between
3.4 Meaning of Triangle Shape in Sundanese Culture or gate of two realm

In Sundanese language, the triangle shape can be found in the 3.5. Comparation Study: The Meaning of Triangular
phrase bale nyungcung (building with pointy roof) and Buana Shape in Indonesian vernacular mosque and Darussalam
Nyuncung (pointy realm). Bale Nyungcung is another name for the Mosque and Al Safar
holy building, which is mosque. In old days, sentence in Sundanese
ka bale nyungcung (go to the mosque) in everyday conversation What distinguishes the two mosques designed by Ridwan Kamil
means “to hold the marriage ceremony”, which is generally done in from the shape of the vernacular mosque's roof top, is that the two
the mosque. Bale nyungcung pointed to the model of the roof of the mosques are abstraction from the shape of a mountain into an A-
mosque that uses a gunungan (mountain-look shape) or meru piled frame construction, taken from the shape of triangular shape. By
with tiered roof with pyramid-shaped on top composed of four tri- magnified the shape as seen in the two contemporary mosques, the
angular shapes. triangle shape not merely symbolic but also become functional and
In the Sundanese cosmology adopted by the Kanekes community, formalism [24].
according to the Carita Parahiyangan script is called Jatisunda The triangle shape that applied in the form of tiered roof in the ver-
realm is divided into three types[21], they are: nacular mosque merely symbolical form. The triangle shape in piy-
(1) Buana Nyungcung, or Buana Jatiniskala the place where God ramidal form of stacked roof in vernacular mosque used merely as
resides, which is located at the top, symbol, in Darussalam mosque and Al Safar mosque also created
(2) Buana Panca Tengah or Buana Sangkala a place where human as space to pray. Ridwan Kamil enlarged the symbol into the isos-
and other creatures live, located in the middle, celes triangular prism so that in addition to being a symbol of holy
(3) Buana Larang, or Buana Niskala which is the place of people place, the triangular shape also plays as formal form for the func-
who have passed away. tional object as space.
The term Buana Nyungcung is the zenith universe, a term in Sun- Two mosques designed by Ridwan Kamil do not used stacked roof
danese cosmology for god’s place [22]. Pointy buildings and as implimentation of the triangle symbol but he used the triangle
pointed realm are interpreted as sacred buildings not because of shape into the space and the mihrab form. From description above,
their sharpness but because the pointed part is pointing upwards. it is became obvious that two mosques designed by Ridwan Kamil
The upward direction is interpreted as a place of omnipotence, the also have a connection with this tiered or stacked roof meaning, but
place of God. The term nyungcung used to explain the highest in contemporary implementation in the form of isosceles form.
place, the place that only suitable for God and thus it can be under-
stood that nyungcung means holy place. The pointed shape symbol-
ized by a triangle with one of the pointed sections located at the top
and it real world it is mountain.
Mountain used as symbol as holy place for its function as the space
between world and sky. In other world a space between real life in
the world and the afterlife or realm of God that believed exist in the
sky as heaven. Heaven is understood as an almighty place, which is
why when praying people raise their hands up with open fingers.
The other meanings about triangle was told by Ajip Rosidi [23]. He
explained that the triangle shape (in Sundanese called juru tilu) is
also used as a symbol of the vagina or yoni, the gate or door for Figure 10: The different approach on using the triangular shape between
human birth. It seems that the symbol is in the form of an inverted Indonesian vernacular mosque and Darussalam and Al Safar mosques.
triangle or one of the corners is located below. This triangle shape
is opposite position with the mountain shape. The two triangle 3.6. Aesthetic Approach The Meaning of Triangular
shapes abstracted from mountain and vagina then can be understood Shape of Darussalam and Al Safar Mosque
as the space beetween. Mountain is space between real life in the
world and the afterlife or realm of God. The vagina is space between The A-frame construction of Darussalam mosque building which
the nature of womb and the real life in the world. From the descrip- then creates the isosceles triangular prism interior of the mosque,
tion above, it becomes clear that the triangle has an important role and triangle shape composition in the exterior and in mihrab area in
in human life, because it acts as a connecting space between the two Al Safar mosque, can be understood as the adaptation the symbol-
worlds a place of transformation from the previous world to an- ical interpretation from local culture into the mosque contemporary
other. architecture. Ridwan Kamil enlarged the triangle shape into an
isosceles triangular prism created space that can be used by
congregation for praying. It does not only as a symbol but is mani-
fested into buildings. In the vernacular mosque the triangular form
is only placed at the top of the mosque, by Ridwan Kamil the trian-
gular shape turns into a space for worship activities.
The meaning of triangle form in Darussalam mosque and Al Safar
are quite the same. They are simbolised the holy place and also the
space between life and god realm as the stacked roof in Indonesian
vernacular mosque.
 462 International Journal of Engineering & Technology

[11] Mary Stewat, Launching the imagination: a comprehensive guide to

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