Mon Taj Induced Polarization

montaj Induced Polarization
Induced Polarization and Resistivity Processing

Extension for Oasis montaj 6.4
TUTORIAL and USER GUIDE
www.geosoft.com
The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license.
Manual release date: 07/09/2007.
Written by, Nancy Whitehead and Chris Musselman. Please send comments
or questions to info@geosoft.com
Copyright © Geosoft Inc. 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this

publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in
any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, reading, or
otherwise, without prior consent from Geosoft Inc.
Program Copyright© Geosoft Inc. 2007. All rights reserved.
Geosoft and Oasis montaj are registered trademarks of Geosoft Inc.

GEOSOFT, Oasis are trademarks of Geosoft Inc.
Windows®, and Windows NT™ are either registered trademarks or

trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Geosoft Incorporated
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Tel: (416) 369-0111
Fax: (416) 369-9599
Web Site: www.geosoft.com

E-mail: info@geosoft.com
Contents
Geosoft License Agreement 1
Finding Help Information 3
Contacting Technical Support 3
Chapter 1: System Capabilities and IP Concepts 4
What Does the Induced Polarization System Do? 6
Processing Sequence 6
Additional System Specifications 7
What You Need to Know to Use the Induced Polarization System 8
Spreadsheet and Profile Panes 8
Array Channels 9
Array Channel Masking 10
Database Channels 10
IP Quality Control Tool 11
IP/Resistivity Theory and Survey Techniques 15
IP and Resistivity Theory 15
IP and Resistivity Survey Techniques 15
Chapter 2: Quick Start Tutorials 17
Before You Begin 18
Tutorial 1: Getting Started 19
Creating a Project in Oasis montaj 19
Loading the IP Menu 20
Setting the montaj Induced Polarization System Defaults 21

Tutorial 2: Working with Time Domain Data 24
Importing Time Domain Data 24
Saving Database Changes 26
Performing Quality Control 27
Creating a Windowed IP Channel from an Array Channel 29
Recalculating Database Channels 30
Adding Topographic Information 30
Closing Current Database 32
Tutorial 3: Working with Frequency Domain Data 33
Importing Frequency Domain Data 33
Saving Database Changes 35
Editing Distant Electrode Positions 35
Performing Quality Control 36
Averaging Duplicate Samples 38
Tutorial 4: Plotting Your Results 40
Creating Pseudo-section Plots 40
Creating Stacked Section Plots 51
Creating 3D Views of Stacked Section Plots 56
Tutorial 5: Exporting IP Data 58
Exporting IP Data to IPDATA Format 58
Exporting IP Data to IPRED Format 59
Exporting Data to Scintrex Geophysical Data Format (SGDF) 60
Exporting IP Data to Interpex I2X Format 61
Exporting IP Data to UBCDCINV2D/IPINV2D Format 62
Exporting IP Data to New X,Y Databases 64

Appendix: Sample IP Dump and Input Data Files 67
Instrument Dump Files 67
Iris Elrec-2 (Time Domain) 67
Iris Elrec-6 (Time Domain) 67
Iris SYSCAL-R2 (Time Domain) 67
Scintrex IPR11 (Time Domain) 68
Scintrex IPR12 (Frequency Domain) 68
Phoenix V4-V5 (Frequency Domain) 68
Zonge Import Data Formats 68
Zonge FLD Format 68
Zonge AVG Format 69
References 70
1
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2
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3
Finding Help Information

There are several functions included in the basic Oasis montaj help system that may
be useful to your work. The entire documentation for the system is available through
the online help system. This electronic library of information enables us to constantly
update the information and provide you with the most up-to-date information
available.
The best way to find information in this system is to use the Search tab to perform a
full-text search across all help topics. If you still cannot find the information you are
looking for, the Online Books help system contains complete Geosoft manuals and
tutorials in Adobe PDF format.
Contacting Technical Support

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the world.
North America Europe and North Africa

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4 Chapter 1: System Capabilities and IP Concepts
Chapter 1: System Capabilities and IP Concepts

Induced Polarization (IP) and apparent resistivity data play a key role in mineral
exploration. To apply data effectively to exportation problems, the IP and resistivity
(further commonly addressed as “IP”) interpreter must employ the various strategies
to deal with the following:
• Different types of data (time and frequency domain)
• Different instruments and survey configurations
• Data reduction from instrument formats to standard IP parameters
• Manipulation and visualization of complex multi-point data (time domain
windows and multi-frequency samples)
• Duplicate samples
• Topographic variations that can distort estimated depth and other interpretation
parameters
• Presentation of data in standard formats (pseudo-sections and stacked pseudo-
sections).
The montaj Induced Polarization extension is designed to assist users of IP data,
including contractors and in-house geophysicists, in addressing the above challenges.
Specifically, the system enables users to import, process, visualize, and present IP
data derived from both time and frequency domain surveys.
The inherent differences between time domain and frequency domain are minimized
in the montaj Induced Polarization system by providing a common database
environment and processing tools for both survey types. This means that interpreters
can perform the same import and quality control procedures regardless of the type of
data. By processing and presenting data in a similar way, it is possible to reduce the
time required to learn the system and produce results.
The montaj Induced Polarization system imports data from a variety of instrument
dump files, IP files, and array configurations, including:
IP File Types: Instrument Dump Files: Array Configurations:

• Zonge FLD Format • Iris Elrec-2 • Dipole-Dipole
• Zonge AVG Format • Iris Elrec-6 • Pole-Dipole
• Scintrex Geophysical • Iris Elrec-10 • Pole-Pole
Data Format • Iris Elrec-Pro • Gradient
• Interpex 12X • Iris SYSCAL-R2
• Geosoft IPDATA • Scintrex IPR11
• Geosoft IPRED • Scintrex IPR12
• Phoenix V2
• Phoenix V4-V5
Raw IP data are simplified by extracting standard types of information –such as IP

average, apparent resistivity, “N” value, and metal factor – from the instrument data.
The montaj Induced Polarization system extracts this information automatically as
it imports raw instrument data into a database.
Multiple values obtained for the same measurement point (time windows or
frequency responses) are displayed as a curve (array) in a single cell of the database.
This way, the system handles data channels containing both single values and value
arrays.
Data values for duplicate samples can be edited interactively for each line and station
in the database. The Quality Control tool in the montaj Induced Polarization system
enables you to visualize the relative values for each sample and to specify which
samples are used for calculations, export, and plotting. The system uses a channel to
identify the status of each sample, so the original data are not modified.
If you want to add topography information to IP data, the montaj Induced

Polarization system can import elevation information from an existing grid or ASCII
file. This topographic information can be plotted on pseudo-section maps.
The montaj Induced Polarization system enables you to produce pseudo-section

and stacked pseudo-section plots from your IP data. You can produce pseudo-section
maps for each line of your database in one step.
What Does the Induced Polarization System Do?

The montaj Induced Polarization system is designed for importing, performing
basic quality control, processing, and outputting data derived from IP surveys. The
system capabilities include:
• Processing time-domain and frequency-domain data from dipole-dipole, pole-
dipole, pole-pole, and gradient survey configurations
• Handling different instruments and arrays
• Reducing raw IP data
• Performing interactive quality control
• Adding topographic information
• Plotting values in pseudo-section format
• Plotting stacked pseudo-sections
Processing Sequence
The general processing steps for time domain and frequency domain data are the
same. The following diagram identifies the main processing tasks and describes what
the software does during each step. The procedures for these tasks are described in
Chapter 2: Quick Start Tutorial on page 17.
Additional System Specifications

• Reduces and filters up to 2048 readings at a time.
• Data entry can be performed in any order; data can be appended to the previously
entered data.
• One of the five pant-leg or triangular filters can be applied to the data, and the
weighting of the filter can be varied as a function of the plotted depth.
• Up to eight pseudo-sections can be plotted in a single map, displaying sections of
IP, Metal Factor, Self-Potential, and any selected slice from the IP decay curve.
Also, up to six data profile windows can be plotted in a map.
• Optional contours may be drawn on industry standard logarithmic base at levels
1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, etc., or linearly at a user-specified interval.
What You Need to Know to Use the Induced

Polarization System
This section introduces you to the elements of the spreadsheet and profile panes, and
describes the essential concepts that are important for understanding the montaj
Induced Polarization system.
Spreadsheet and Profile Panes
The following image identifies the elements of the IP spreadsheet and profile panes
for a database containing time-domain survey data on an N-S line.
Single channel of windowed Apparent
Station Station Position
Line Number data (from array channel IP) Metal Factor Resistivity
Number (calculated) (same as X)
(N-S line Survey QC flag
(N-S line IP Average Induced
direction) Elevation Receiver
direction) Current
Survey Line Time Window Positions Self-Potential
“n” value
Number (array channel)
Fiducials
(survey
reading Spreadsheet
numbers) Pane
Duplicate
samples
Profile Data
Range Profile
Pane
Currently
Selected
Channel
Graphic representation Channel Cell Array channel

Fiducial increments
of data in an array cell profile lines
The spreadsheet displays a database containing all the survey data. The spreadsheet
organises information for a survey line using rows and columns. The current survey
line number is located in the top left cell of the spreadsheet. For IP data, each
spreadsheet row contains a fiducial number. The fiducial number is incremented for
each survey station where a reading was taken.
Spreadsheet columns can contain different types of information. The second and third
columns contain location information. For IP data, these columns contain line and
station numbers. Data in columns of a spreadsheet are usually referred to as channels.
A channel is a column of data that contains measurements or values for each location
along a survey line.
An IP spreadsheet also contains special columns called array channels. Array

channels appear as profile curves in certain cells of a database. Array channels
contain multiple columns of single channel data. At each reading in an IP survey,
several different time windows or frequencies are recorded in separate channels. An
array channel represents all these values or value windows by a curve.
Profiles are displayed in the Profile pane for the channel selected to be profiled. In the
sample image above, the Profile pane displays the IP array channel in red. The
selected data point or cell in the spreadsheet is indicated by a square in the Profile
pane. The numbers at the left indicate the range of data values. By changing these
numbers, you can modify the scale of the profile pane and alter the appearance of the
profile lines.
Array Channels
Array channels enable you to store multiple time-windowed or frequency

measurements in a single cell of the database. It is essential to understand how array
channels work.
The first thing you will notice about an array channel is that each cell in the
spreadsheet column contains a curve instead of a number. The reason for this is that
an array channel contains more than one channel or column of data. For example, in
an IP time domain survey, a curve in a spreadsheet cell of an array channel would
represent a decay curve for a single survey location.
By representing data in an array channel, all the readings for a single location can be
put into one column of the spreadsheet instead of having several channels for the
multiple readings at each survey location. The array channels do not display the data
numerically, but represent the data as a curve. The numerical data stored in an array
channel may be displayed in sub-channels. For example, if the decay curve contains
256 time slices, you have the option of looking at any slice of that curve in its own
sub-channel.
Important! As with all cells in the database, when a cell in an array channel is
selected (highlighted), pressing a key overwrites the data.
Array Channel Masking
You can create a mask channel for any single array channel or a pair thereof. This
enables you to turn “off” individual data window values in the Average duplicate
samples dialog (IPDUP GX). The dialog creates a “mirror” array channel of type
“byte”, with the same number of columns as the selected channel. By default, all
these values are “1”, which indicates that all the values are selected to be used. IP QC
Tool recognizes that an array channel has been assigned a mask channel, and checks
the Mask check box. You can edit the database array channel mask values using
virtual channels. For instance, if the array mask channel is named IP_MASK, typing
IP_MASK[2] in the channel header would display column 2 (numbered from 0) of
the IP_MASK array mask channel, and then the individual mask values can be edited.
Two channels can be selected to use the same mask channel. This is useful, for
instance, for frequency domain systems where channels typically occur in pairs for
In-Phase and Quadrature, or Amplitude and Phase. Normally, if one of these values is
bad, the corresponding value in the other channel is also bad, and both will be
disabled at the same time. At present, the array mask channels are only used in the
Average duplicate samples dialog. They have no effect on plotting or windowing
functions. The QC channel still defines whether any single row of data is included.
Database Channels
The table below provides a list of the IP database channels you will find in the
columns of the Spreadsheet pane. The channels in this list may vary depending on the
instrument used to collect the data. You may not see some of these channels, or may
have imported other channels not listed here.
Channel Description
X Line number Note: This example assumes an E-W line direction. For a
database with an N-S line direction, these channels
Y Station
are swapped.
Z Estimated depth (plotted depth).
IP Time window (an array channel). For information on array channels, see
Array Channels on page 9. Note that the scale of the curve in each array
channel cell is unique.
IP_Avg IP Average (calculated by the Induced Polarization system during import).
N The “n” value, which is not defined for pole-pole or gradient surveys
(calculated by the Induced Polarization system during import).
I Transmitted Current.
MF Metal Factor.
QC Flag created using the IP|Quality Control The flag values are:
1 Accept: The value is used in calculations and plotted.
2 Flag: The value is not used in calculations, exports, and averaging, but
is plotted with square brackets on pseudo-sections if no “better” values
exist for the same station.
* Reject: The value is not used for calculations, export, or plotting.

R1X; R2X Receiver positions. For N-S line directions, these channels are labelled as
R1Y, R2Y.
T1X; T2X Transmitter positions. For N-S line directions, these channels are labelled as
T1Y, T2Y.
ResCalc Apparent resistivity. This number is calculated during data import, taking into
account the distant electrodes. This calculation uses all 4 potential and
transmitting electrodes.
Sp Self Potential.
Stn Station position along the survey line.
Type Type of reading: 0 indicates a single reading, 1 is an averaged reading. When
plotting, the averaged readings take priority over single readings.
Vp Primary voltage.
IP Quality Control Tool
The screenshot below depicts the IP Quality Control dialog – the GUI element
through which you perform the IP QC operations.
The data are represented graphically in right-hand section. The above example shows
data from a magnitude array channel in a frequency domain survey dataset from the
CRPD132.FLD sample file.
The following table describes the elements of the IP Quality Control dialog.
Element Description
Select a regular or array channel from the drop-down list.
Data are displayed for a single line. Select a line from the
drop-down list.
For the given line and channel, the data are sorted, first by the
station value (taken from the “Stn” channel) and then by the
N value (taken from the “N” channel). If the N value is
undefined, the data are sorted by the station number only.
Use the arrow keys to move through the data, one (Station, N)
value at a time.
The double arrow buttons go to the first and last (Station, N)
values.
Only “raw” data values (the value in the Type channel is 0)
are displayed. “Averaged” data values (the value in the Type
channel is 1) are not displayed. However, the average of the
currently displayed channel with the Accept status is
displayed in green in the data section.
Displays the number of rows of data sharing the current
(Station, N) values, and the number of the sample currently
highlighted in red in the data section.
Use the arrow buttons to step through the samples.
The Acceptance option buttons are linked to the QC channel
values as follows:
• Accept – QC = 1 – Values are used in all calculations and
export operations.
• Flag – QC = 2 – Values are ignored in calculations and
export operations but are plotted as labels on pseudo-
sections, enclosed in square brackets (if there are no
“accepted” values at their (Station, N) position).
• Reject – QC = * (dummy) – Values are always ignored in
plotting, averaging, and export.
Check the check boxes to display samples of the given QC

type in the data section. This plot flag has nothing to do with
pseudo-section plotting. Following is an example of how this
option can be useful:
Begin with a number of duplicate readings at the same
(Station, N) position, all with the QC flag set to Accept. Set
the checks to plot just the Accept samples.
As one or more samples are selected (either using the mouse
or with the sample selection buttons), and the QC flags set to
Reject (by selecting the Reject option button), the
corresponding sample disappears from the data section. The
remaining values are re-scaled to best fit in the section, and a
new average value is computed. Check the Reject Plot check
box to view the rejected samples.
Shows which data window is currently selected. For regular
channels this is 1, but for array channels it gives the window
number, from 1 to the number of windows. Note this is not
the same as the array index in the database, which begins at 0.
Check the Mask check box to enable “masking out”
individual window values in an array channel data, so that
they are not included when averaging duplicate samples.
When the Mask check box is checked, the average (green)
curve is adjusted to not use this point, and the current array
sample displays differently.
Displays the value of the current window of the current
sample. The value is editable. Note that, once the line or
channel is changed, changes are committed to the database,
even if the [Cancel] button is subsequently used to exit the IP
Quality Control dialog.
The data section The data section provides a graphic representation of the data
for the selected channel. Each square represents the value of a
data point. In regular channels, only one data point is shown
for each sample. In array channels, data values for the same
sample are connected with a line.
The crosshair cursor indicates the currently selected

data point. To select another data value, click the left mouse
button on the point.
The colour of the sample line indicates the acceptance status
of the sample. The colours are:
• Accept – Black
• Flag – Blue
• Reject – Grey
• Average – Green
The currently selected sample is highlighted in red, with
larger squares showing the individual data values. The mouse
may be used to select individual samples and windows.
Data value ranges These values, plotted to the left of the data section beside the
top and bottom edges, display the current range of data values
plotted. These are for display purposes only and are not
... editable.
IP QC Tool recognizes the following hot keys:

• [CTRL + LEFT ARROW] and CTRL + [RIGHT ARROW] – Changes the current
Station/N value
• [CTRL + SHIFT + LEFT ARROW] – Goes to the first station
• [CTRL + SHIFT + RIGHT ARROW] – Goes to the last station
• [CTRL + UP ARROW] – Cycles through samples in decreasing order
• [CTRL + DOWN ARROW] – Cycles through samples in increasing order
• [CTRL + A], [CTRL + F], and [CTRL + R] – Accepts, flags, and rejects samples,
respectively
IP/Resistivity Theory and Survey Techniques

The montaj Induced Polarization software is very specialized, and it is assumed
that you are familiar with the IP theory, survey methods, and interpretation
techniques. This chapter provides a brief review of the IP theory and methods. For a
more detailed description, see, for example, Luo and Zhang, 1997 or Sumner, 1976.
IP and Resistivity Theory
The time domain (transient) IP method identifies areas in the ground where the
voltage decay takes a noticeable period of time after the current is removed. This
technique measures the bulk or average polarization of a volume of rock. Polarization
is the ability of the ground to store electrical energy, similar to a galvanic battery.
The frequency domain (or variable frequency) method uses the magnitude and
phase shift of the frequency to calculate the apparent resistivity, which is the bulk or
average resistivity of a volume of rock. The resistivity value of a rock mainly depends
on the porosity and salinity (that are translated to resistivity) of the solution filling the
pore spaces. The method is used to search for areas where the resistivity of the rocks
decreases with the increase of the frequency of the applied current.
The relationship between the frequency domain and the time domain methods is
defined by the following equation (the LaPlace Transform theory):
fe
m= ≅ fe ,
I + fe
Where the Chargeability parameter (m) measured in the time domain method is
exactly equivalent to the frequency effect parameter (fe) used in the frequency
domain method, and the current is represented by I.
IP and Resistivity Survey Techniques
IP surveys require two pairs of electrodes to introduce electric current into the ground
and then measure the response voltage. The current electrode pair introduces current
into the ground. The potential electrode pair measures the potential difference at
regularly spaced positions along each survey line. The distance between the potential
electrodes is generally represented by “a”. As this distance increases, the survey
depth also increases, meaning that a greater volume of rock is sampled. The “n” value
is an integer that refers to the distance and order of the potential electrodes. The n
value increases with the distance of the potential electrodes from the current or
transmitting electrode. The greater the n value, the deeper the penetration and the
larger the sample location (in general).
In most array configurations, the IP and resistivity results are plotted as profiles along
a measurement line. For each survey line, a mathematical model is used to match
each reading to a theoretical position below the surface. The data (actual readings)
represent the true path of the current projected onto the surface. The model projects
these data to a probable path and assigns a new location for each data point. The
result is a two-dimensional vertical slice of data for each survey line, referred to as a
“pseudo-section”. The vertical scale increases downwards, and represents the “n”
value – a rough measure of depth.
The resulting data points describe the relative positioning of anomalies inherent in the
data. A sense of depth to individual anomalies is conferred by the vertical axis. This,
however, is not a true measure of depth. Data inversion is necessary to obtain a more
realistic depth measurement.
IP field measurements (voltage or resistivity values) are directly proportional to

polarization (the ability of the rock to hold a charge). A geometrical factor must be
applied to the raw data to convert to measurements of resistivity. If we study the
curve of instrument readings in time after the current is turned off, the time constant,
Tau, and the spectral polarisation can be derived as well. The two parameters are
collectively known as the Cole-Cole parameters.
Field surveys use the different electrode arrays. The montaj Induced Polarization
system supports four array types for both time domain and frequency domain
surveys:
• Dipole-Dipole
• Pole-Dipole
• Pole-Pole
• Gradient
Chapter 2: Quick Start Tutorials

This chapter guides you through tasks you perform in the montaj Induced
Polarization system. The software procedures in this chapter are divided into
common procedures that you use every time you work with the program, and specific
procedures related to the survey domain and array type. The chapter is divided into
five tutorials:
• Tutorial 1: Getting Started – Using projects, setting defaults, etc.
• Tutorial 2: Working with Time Domain Data
• Tutorial 3: Working with Frequency Domain Data
• Tutorial 4: Plotting Your Results
• Tutorial 5: Exporting IP Data
This chapter explains how to:
• Create a project
• Set IP defaults
• Import survey data
• Perform interactive data quality control
• Convert data to standard IP parameters (using the IP processing utilities)
• Add topographical information
• Create pseudo-sections, stack plot sections, and 3D stacked sections
• Export IP data
18 Chapter 2: Quick Start Tutorials
Before You Begin

This tutorial uses sample data provided on the Oasis montaj CD and installed in your
C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\ip\ directory. Before you begin the
tutorial, you need to create a working directory to store all your data.
The system enables you to access files anywhere but it is a good strategy to carefully
organize your data (project information and files) before carrying out any processing.
To start this tutorial, create a working directory called D:\Tutorial. A general rule to
follow while working with Geosoft applications is to avoid working in the Geosoft
directory. In the tutorials, we follow this rule by keeping all the working data, found
in C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\ip\, in your working directory
D:\Tutorial.
The time domain examples are based on dipole-dipole survey data in the 1P6.DMP
file. This file is an instrument dump file from an Iris Elrec-6 IP instrument.
All the frequency domain examples in this tutorial are based on the data from a
pole-dipole CRPD132.FLD data file (in the Zonge FLD format).
Other sample data from different instruments are also included. You can use the
sample files to try the various processing scenarios with the system. A description of
each sample data file is provided in the Appendix: Sample Data. The descriptions
include the instrument/file type, survey domain, and array configuration for each file.
Tutorial 1: Getting Started

You need to perform the procedures in this tutorial before you can process your IP
data. Once you have created a project and loaded the IP menu, you can try subsequent
tutorials. If you want to learn how to process time domain data, try Tutorial 2. If you
want to learn how to process frequency domain data, try Tutorial 3. Tutorial 4
shows you how to plot your results. Tutorial 5 shows you how to export both types of
data.
Creating a Project in Oasis montaj
Work in Oasis montaj requires an open project. An Oasis montaj "project"

encompasses every item in your working directory: the data files in your project
(databases, maps, and grids), tools used (including auxiliary tools such as histograms,
scatter plots, etc.), and the project setup including the menus you have loaded, map or
profile as a processed entity, and the state in which you left this entity the last time
you used it.
The project also controls your working directory. Projects are saved as (*.gpf) files. If
you open an existing project from a directory, the system assumes that all your
project files are located in the same directory. To streamline your work, as well as to
keep it organized, make sure that your project file is in the same directory as the other
files you want to use. We recommend that each project you work on have its own
project (*.gpf) file. If you use a number of applications or add-on tools in Oasis
montaj that have different menus, you can use the project to display only the menus
you require.
The Project Explorer tool enables you to browse and open project items. The Project
Explorer pane has two tabbed sections. The Data section displays all data files
included in the project, and the Tools section organizes and maintains the project
tools. To access the Tools section, you click the Tools bar at the bottom of the Project
Explorer pane. To return to the Data pane, you click the Data bar at the top of the
Project Explorer pane.
TO CREATE A PROJECT :
1. Start Oasis montaj.

2. From the File menu, select Project > New.
The New Project dialog is displayed.
Note: Oasis montaj assumes that your data is in the directory containing this project
(D:\Tutorial).
3. Specify a name and directory for the project. For example, name the project IP
and place it in the working directory D:\Tutorial.
4. Click the [Save] button.
The system saves the project and indicates that it is open by adding menus to the
menu bar, adding buttons to the toolbar, and by displaying the Project Explorer
pane. These are visual clues indicating that you are ready to start working with
the system.
Loading the IP Menu
Before you can start working with the montaj Induced Polarization system, you
have to load the IP menu in your project. If you require more detailed information on
setting menus, refer to the Oasis montaj Online Help System (Help >Help Topics).
TO LOAD THE IP MENU :
1. From the GX menu, select Load Menu or click the Load Menu icon ( ) on the
toolbar.
The Load Menu dialog is displayed.

2. From the list of files, select “ip.omn” and click the [Open] button.
The system displays the IP menu on the main Oasis montaj menu bar.
Setting the montaj Induced Polarization System Defaults

Note: This procedure is optional.
You can specify many of the default processing and mapping parameters used in the
montaj Induced Polarization system by selecting the IP Defaults option from the IP
menu. This menu option displays a series of dialogs that enable you to specify default
settings for the system. Note that most of these settings can be modified from other
dialogs in the system. If you modify a parameter in another dialog, this parameter is
modified at the project level. The IP Defaults menu option (and related dialog boxes)
is provided so that you can modify a number of survey parameters without going
through the processing or mapping sequence to change a specific parameter.
Important: For the majority of survey data, you do not have to change the IP
default settings. Only modify these settings if you encounter problems
importing or processing your data using the normal menus and
defaults.
TO SPECIFY SEFAULT SURVEY PARAMETERS :
1. From the IP menu, select IP Defaults.

The Survey Parameters dialog is displayed.
2. Specify the Measurement Domain, Array Type (configuration), Line Direction,

Line Sense, Station number multiplier, Line number multiplier, and Distance
Units defaults.
Note: X is the East-West direction and Y is the North-South direction. For example,
if you selected survey line 1000N, and specified an E-W line direction, all the
X values would be 1000.
3. Click [Next].
The <Survey Type> Survey dialog is displayed.
4. Define Dipole Separation.
5. Click [Next].
The Derived Channel Calculations dialog is displayed.
6. Specify Windows for Averaged Total IP, Resistively Units, Metal factor formula,
Metal factor multiplier, Minimum N spacing, Maximum N spacing, N spacing
increment, Pseudo-section filter, Filter weights and Adjust app. res. for
topography? defaults.
7. Click [Next].
The Map Annotations dialog is displayed.
8. Create a “boilerplate” text that is plotted on all maps you produce using the
montaj Induced Polarization system.
9. Click [Finish].
Tutorial 2: Working with Time Domain Data

This tutorial explains how to import IP survey data, perform interactive quality
control on the data, convert data to standard IP parameters (using the IP processing
utilities), and add topographic information to the database.
Importing Time Domain Data
Before you can process data, you must create a database and import the data into it.
The montaj Induced Polarization system can import data from instrument dump
files directly into an Oasis montaj database. In this example, we import an
instrument dump file from an Iris Elrec-6 IP instrument (1P6.DMP).
TO IMPORT A TIME DOMAIN IP FILE :
1. From the IP menu, select Import > IP Data.
The Create New Database dialog is displayed.
2. Specify a new database name (for example, iptime).

Warning! If you have a database open, the new data is imported into that
database overwriting any existing data.
3. Click [OK].
The new database (iptime) is displayed in the background. The Import IP Data
dialog is displayed.
4. From the Import from drop-down list, select the format of the file to import (in
this example, “Instrument Dump File”).
5. From the Import mode drop-down list, select the import mode (in this example,
“Overwrite”).
Note: If you select "Overwrite", all existing data are deleted from the database
before the import is performed. If you select "Append", the newly imported
data are appended to the existing data, line by line.
6. Click [OK].
The Import IP Data from Dump File dialog is displayed.
7. Using the […] button, locate the Data file to import (IP6.DMP).
Note: You may need to change the Files of Type in the Data File dialog to (*.dmp),
then choose the file to import (1P6.DMP) and click [Open].
8. From the IP Instrument drop-down list, select the instrument as “Iris Elrec-6”.
9. Click [OK].
The Iris Elrec-6 Parameters dialog is displayed. Note that the dialog varies based
on the selected IP instrument.
10. Accept the default parameters and Click [OK] to continue.

The data are imported into the database and displayed in the spreadsheet pane.
Saving Database Changes
After importing data into a database, it is always a good idea to save your changes to
avoid having to import the data again if something goes wrong.
TO SAVE DATABASE CHANGES :
1. From the Data menu, select Save Database Changes or click the Save Database
Changes button ( ) on the main toolbar.

The Save Changes dialog is displayed.
2. Click [Yes].
Note: To revert back to the last saved version of the database, you can use the Data
> Discard Database Changes menu option or click the button on the
main toolbar.
Performing Quality Control
IP Quality Control Tool provides an interface for quality control operations on “raw”
samples in the current IP database. With this tool, you can evaluate duplicate samples
by navigating through the data by station and line number.
The data in the database are not changed during the quality control (QC) process.
Instead, the process sets the value of the QC channel to a number that indicates which
data points to include when plotting, exporting, and averaging duplicate samples.
Quality control can be performed on both single-value and array channels.
The following procedure guides you through the process of evaluating duplicate
samples for the IP array channel of a time domain database. The procedure uses the
iptime.gdb database you created earlier, in the Importing Time Domain Data
section.
TO PERFORM QUALITY CONTROL ON TIME DOMAIN DATA:
1. From the IP menu, select Quality Control.
The IP Quality Control dialog is displayed. For description of the dialog

elements, see IP Quality Control Tool Window Components, on page 11.
2. From the Channel drop-down list, select “IP”.
3. From the Stn drop-down list, select “262.5”.
Since the IP channel is an array channel, the data appears in the data pane as a
connected series of data values.
Each data point represents the value of the data for a specific time window. The
connecting line shows the signal decay over time. For details, see the IP Quality
Control Tool section.
4. Select the different data values by clicking the squares representing the values in
the data pane. Optionally, modify the individual data values by entering a new
value for the selected data point in the Data Value field. For example, to change
data value for window 8 of 10 at station 262.5, first select the data point with the
cursor. In the Data Value field, replace the number 13.3 with 7 and press [Tab]
on the keyboard. A new data point is displayed with a value of 7.
5. To specify which data sample you would like to use for calculation, use the
Acceptance option buttons.
6. To switch between the duplicate samples, use the Sample arrow buttons. For
example, to reject the second sample for station 262.5, switch to sample 2 of 2
and select the Reject option button.
7. Click [OK].
Chapter
apter 2: Quick Start Tutorials 29
In the QC channel of the database, an asterisk (*) indicates a dummy value for the
second sample at station 262.5.
This sample will not be used in any calculations, exports, or plots. You can also
edit the acceptance status of the data points directly by changing the numbers in
the QC channel.
Creating a Windowed IP Channel from an Array Channel
Use the windowing utility to create a new channel of IP values to store one or more of
the time windows in an array channel column. This utility is useful when you want to
plot a single channel (from an array) in a pseudo-section.
When plotting an array channel, the system averages the channel values and creates a
new channel with the averaged values.
Note: For time domain array data, multiple channels are summed using a weighted
average based on the width of each time window. For frequency domain data,
values are simply averaged.
TO WINDOW AN ARRAY CHANNEL :
1. From the IP menu, select Window IP.
The Create Windowed IP Channel dialog is displayed.

2. From the Array Channel drop-down list, select the channel to window (“IP”).
3. In the New channel name field, type the name of the channel for the windowed
values as (“IP_Window”). Note that, if this channel exists, the existing data will
be overwritten.
4. In the Windows/Frequencies to include field, enter the range of the time windows
to be averaged in the new windowed channel as “0:9”.
Ranges are allowed, indicated with a "-" or ":", and individual windows are
delimited with commas or spaces. If the field is left blank, all the windows are
used. If there are N windows, the first window is "0" and the last is "N-1". To
specify multiple channels, use the following notations:
0-3,5-6,8,10 Channels 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 10
0:9 All windows from 0 to 9
0-9 All windows from 0 to 9
3- Windows 3 and up
-5 Windows up to and including 5
<Blank> All windows
5. Click [OK].
A new channel is created in the database containing the average of the windowed
values you specified.
Recalculating Database Channels
TO RECALCULATE ALL THE CALCULATED CHANNELS IN THE DATABASE :
From the IP menu, select Recalculate.
You use this option after adding new data to a database.
Adding Topographic Information
You can display topographic information related to the survey readings on your maps.
The topographic elevations are displayed as offsets next to the survey readings.
Adding topographical information does not affect any of the data in the IP database or
any derived calculations – the elevations are for display only. In the montaj Induced
Polarization system, topographical information can be imported either from a grid or
from an ASCII file. If no topography information is defined or imported, the
topography for all survey points is assumed to be 0.
TO IMPORT TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FROM A GRID FILE :
1. From the IP menu, select Import > Topography > Grid.
The Import Topography from a grid file dialog is displayed.
2. Using the […] button, select the grid file (“topo.grd”).

Note: Topography values are interpolated from the input grid. If the required
location lies outside the grid, the returned value is a dummy.
3. Click [OK].
The surface elevation for each survey point is imported into a new database
channel called Topo. Values in the Z channel are recalculated as follows:
⎛ n×a⎞
z = Topo − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
4. Save changes you made to the database. For procedure, see the Saving Database
Changes section.
TO IMPORT TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FROM AN ASCII FILE :
1. From the IP menu, select Import > Topography > ASCII File.
The Import Topography from ASCII File dialog is displayed.
2. Using the […] button, select the ASCII file. The selected ASCII (CSV) file must
contain topographic information with either commas or spaces separating values.
It must have three columns of values.
3. Click [OK].
The surface elevation for each survey point is imported into a new database
channel called Topo. Values in the Z channel are recalculated as follows:
⎛ n×a⎞
z = Topo − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Changes section.
Closing Current Database
If you are ready to import data into a new database, you can close your current
database.
TO CLOSE CURRENT DATABASE :
1. From the Data menu, select Close Database.
2. Click [Yes].
The system updates and closes your database.

Tutorial 3: Working with Frequency Domain Data

This tutorial explains how to import frequency domain IP survey data, perform
interactive quality control on the data, convert data to standard IP parameters (using
the IP processing utilities), and add topographical information to the database.
Importing Frequency Domain Data
Before you can process data, you must create a database and import the data into it.
The montaj Induced Polarization processing system can import data from
instrument dump files directly into an Oasis montaj database. All the frequency
domain examples in this tutorial are based on data from the CRPD132.FLD pole-
dipole data file (in the Zonge FLD format).
TO IMPORT A FREQUENCY DOMAIN IP FILE :
1. From the IP menu, select Import > IP Data.
The Create New Database dialog is displayed.
2. Specify a New database name as “ipfreq”.

Warning! If you have a database open, the new data is imported into that
database overwriting any existing data.
3. Click [OK].
The ipfreq.gdb database is displayed in the background. The Import IP Data

dialog is displayed.
4. From the Import from drop-down list, select the format of the file you want to
import as “Zonge FLD Format”.
5. From the Import mode drop-down list, select “Overwrite”.
Note: If you select "Overwrite", all existing data are deleted from the database
before the import is performed. If you select "Append", the newly imported
data are appended to the existing data, line by line.
6. Click [OK].
The Import Zonge FLD Format File dialog is displayed.
7. Use the […] button to specify the Zonge FLD file to import as “CRPD132.FLD”.
8. From the Station Scaling drop-down list, select the scaling method (“None (1 to
1)”).
9. Click [OK].
The data are imported into the database and displayed in the spreadsheet pane. If
you are importing frequency data with more than one base frequency, an
amplitude and phase channel sre created in the database for each frequency. For
example, in the CRPD132.FLD data file, readings were taken using 3 base
frequencies: 0.125 Hz, 0.016Hz, and 0.063 Hz. From these frequencies, 6
channels are created in the database: F125Amp, F125Phs, F63Amp, F63Phs,
F16Amp, and F16Phs.
Depending on the survey instrument, the survey data might also have additional
specialized channels not listed in the Database Channels table, on page 10.
Saving Database Changes
After importing data into a database, it is always a good idea to save your changes to
avoid having to import the data again if something goes wrong.
TO SAVE DATABASE CHANGES :
1. From the Data menu, select Save Database Changes or click the Save Database
Changes button ( ) on the main toolbar.

2. Click [Yes].
Note: To revert back to the last saved version of the database, you can use the Data
> Discard Database Changes menu option or click the button on the
main toolbar.
Editing Distant Electrode Positions
This utility enables you to edit distant electrode positions for a selected line in the
database.
TO EDIT DISTANT ELECTRODE POSITIONS :
1. To select a line to edit, right-click the top left cell in the spreadsheet, select the
List option from the pop-up menu, and select a line from the list.
2. From the IP menu, select Distant Electrodes.
The Distant Electrodes dialog is displayed.
Two upper (read-only) fields display the current survey line and array type.
3. Specify the following settings (as appropriate for your array type):
• Current Electrode X (T1X, T1Y, T1Z) – Near current electrode positions.
These are requested for Gradient surveys only. If X or Y is left blank, the
electrode is considered to be at infinity for the purpose of calculating apparent
resistivity. If the Z value is left blank, no topographic correction can be
applied for calculated resistivities.
• Current Electrode Y (T2X, T2Y, T2Z) – Distant current electrode positions.
These are requested for Pole-Dipole, Pole-pole, and Gradient surveys. If X or
Y is left blank, the electrode is considered to be at infinity for the purpose of
calculating apparent resistivity. If the Z value is left blank, no topographic
correction can be applied for calculated resistivities.
• Potential Electrode Z (R2X, R2Y, R2Z) – Distant potential electrode
positions. These are requested for Pole-Pole surveys. If X or Y is left blank,
the electrode is considered to be at infinity for the purpose of calculating
apparent resistivity. If the Z value is left blank, no topographic correction can
be applied for calculated resistivities.
4. Optionally, click [Export to lines]. This creates channels for the distant electrode
locations (TX2, TY2, etc.), and fills them with the existing values. From that
point on, the distant electrode values are set in (and taken from) these channels.
This makes it possible to have different distant electrodes for each line.
5. Click [OK].
Performing Quality Control
IP Quality Control Tool provides an interface for quality control operations on “raw”
samples in the current IP database. Using this tool, you can evaluate duplicate
samples by navigating through the data by station and line number.
The data in the database are not changed during the quality control (QC) process.
Instead, the process sets the value of the QC channel to a number that indicates which
data points to include when plotting, exporting, and averaging duplicate samples.
Quality control can be performed on both single-value and array channels.
The following procedure guides you through the process of evaluating duplicate
samples in a frequency domain database. The procedure uses the ipfreq.gdb database
you created earlier, in the Importing Frequency Domain Data section.
TO EVALUATE DUPLICATE SAMPLES IN A CHANNEL ( FREQUENCY DOMAIN ):
1. From the IP menu, select Quality Control.
The IP Quality Control dialog is displayed. For description of the dialog

elements, see IP Quality Control Tool Window Components, on page 11.
2. From the Channel drop-down list, select “F125Amp”.
The F125Amp (array) data are displayed in the data section.
The crosshair cursor in the data section indicates the currently selected data
point. The green line showing the average of all the samples is adjusted to fit the
remaining samples. For details, see the IP Quality Control Tool section.
3. Select the required data value or sample by clicking the left mouse button on
another data point. You can also move through the samples by using the Sample
arrow buttons.
4. To reject a selected sample, select the Reject option button in the Acceptance box.
5. Select another sample. Note that the rejected sample changes to grey to indicate
that it will no longer be used in calculations.
6. Use the Channel, Line, and Station/Transmitter parameters to select other samples
to evaluate.
7. When done, click [OK].
Note: The samples you rejected are indicated with an asterisk in the QC channel of
the database. These samples will not be used in calculations, exports, or plots.
You can also edit the acceptance status of the data points directly in the
spreadsheet pane by changing the numbers in the QC channel.
Averaging Duplicate Samples
Samples are considered duplicates when two or more rows of data exist for the same
station and N value. If N is a dummy value, all rows of data with the same station are
considered duplicates.
The Average Duplicate Samples utility averages every channel in the database except
for the QC and Type channels. The averaged data are used for plotting and exporting
data. If the duplicate samples in a database have not been averaged, the last raw
number is used when exporting or creating pseudo-sections.
The Type channel is used to record whether a sample is raw data (0) or averaged data
(1). Only raw data are used in the duplicate averaging process. In addition, only those
samples whose value is 1 in the QC channel are included in the average.
Averages are performed on all data that share the same X, Y, and N (if provided)
values.
The Average Duplicate Samples utility (the IPDUP GX) runs the IPRECALC GX at
its conclusion, so as not to average values such as those found in the ResCalc channel
but calculate them directly from the averaged I (current) and Vp (initial voltage)
values.
TO AVERAGE DUPLICATE SAMPLES :
1. From the IP menu, select Average Duplicate Samples.
The Average Duplicate Samples dialog is displayed.
2. From the Average drop-down list, select “Selected lines”.

3. From the Mask Channel dropdown list, select “F125Amp” as the channel for
defining the samples to be included. Only those samples where the mask channel
contains valid (non-dummy) data are included in the averaging process. Any
channel may be used as the mask channel.
Tip: This feature is useful (for instance) in frequency domain data where more
than one base frequency is used at a single station. By specifying a
particular base frequency’s “Amp” or “Phase” channel as the mask
channel, you include only the values from that base frequency in the
average sample.
4. From the Output averages dropdown list, select an option for storing the averaged
samples. In this example, select “Append” to add the averaged samples to the end
of each line. The “Overwrite” option would search for previous duplicate samples
with the same station and N value. If found, these samples would be overwritten;
otherwise the new averages would be appended.
5. Click [OK].
The duplicate samples are averaged as requested.

Changes section.
7. Close the database. For procedure, see the Closing Current Database section.
Tutorial 4: Plotting Your Results

In the previous tutorials, you learned how to import and process your data. This
tutorial explains how to visualize and plot these results using the iptime.gdb
database.
The montaj Induced Polarization system creates three types of plots: pseudo-
section plots, stacked section maps, and 3D views of stacked section maps.
Creating Pseudo-section Plots
In most array configurations, the IP and resistivity results are plotted as profiles along
a measurement line. For each survey line, a mathematical model is used to match
each reading to a theoretical position below the surface. The data (actual readings)
represent the true path of the current projected onto the surface. The model projects
these data to a probable path and assigns a new location for each data point. The
result is a two-dimensional vertical slice of data for each survey line, referred to as a
“pseudo-section”. The vertical scale increases downwards, and represents the “n”
value – a rough measure of depth.
The resulting data points describe the relative positioning of anomalies inherent in the
data. A sense of depth to individual anomalies is conferred by the vertical axis.
The following picture presents a sample pseudo-section with explanations of its main
elements.
Channel Cell
Profiles showing
channel values
along the
section line
Legend
Pseudo-sections by channel
You define the appearance of a pseudo-section plot by editing an IP control file

(*.ipi) through a plotting dialog. An example control file, called psplot.ipi, should
satisfy the needs of most users. Advanced users can create their own control files
based on this example file.
Pseudo-section map names are constructed from the line number and the channel
specified in the control file, e.g., L1300_IP_Avg.map.
TO PLOT A PSEUDO - SECTION :
1. To open the iptime.gdb database, double-click it in the Explorer tool.
The iptime.gdb database is displayed in your current project.

2. From the IP menu, select Pseudo-Section Plot.
The Plot Pseudo-Section Map(s) dialog is displayed.
3. If the example IP Plot Control file (psplot.ipi) is not selected, use the […] button
to locate the file in your working directory.
4. In the Map Name Tag field, type “Tutorial”. The map name tag is used to avoid
overwriting previous maps for different pseudo-section plots created from the
same line(s). If no map name tag is specified, the map name is created based on
the line name; e.g., “L1300.map”.
5. From the Plot drop-down list, select the lines to plot as “Displayed line”. A new
map is created for each line that you select.
6. Click the [Modify] button to change the options in the IP Plot Control file.
Note: If you click the [OK] button, the pseudo-section is plotted immediately with
the parameters defined in the IP Plot Control file.
The Pseudo-Section Parameters dialog is displayed. The Section Layout page

opens by default.
The Section Layout page is used to set general pseudo-section plot parameters,
such as Display, Station Scale Line, Label Sizes, and Line and Station Labels.
7. In the Display section, check the Plot colour bars check-box. A vertical color bar
is plotted, based on the color zones detected in the plotted pseudo-section grids.
Note: Space must be defined for the Plot Right Channel Label Space (cm) in the
Horizontal space for labels section on the Page Layout page.
8. Leave the default values in the rest of the fields and select the Data tab.
The Data page is used to select Channel(s) or Grid(s) to plot as pseudo-sections

and Profiles. The selected Channels (IP_Avg, MF, ResCalc, Sp, and Vp) were
defined in the psplot.ipi control file.
9. To define section options for a selected channel/grid, click the channel’s/grid’s
[Define] button in the Section data selection section.
The <Name> channel section parameters dialog is displayed.
10. Define/edit the section parameters as required. For parameter descriptions, click
the [Help] button in the dialog. For this tutorial, leave the default values for all
parameters.
11. Click [OK].
The Pseudo-Section Parameters dialog is re-displayed.

12. To define profile options for a selected channel/grid, click the channel’s/grid’s
[Define] button in the Profiles section.
The <Name> channel profile parameters dialog is displayed.
In this dialog, you can opt to plot the selected channel’s data as a profile using the
Filter, N Value, or SP Profile option. For parameter descriptions, click the [Help]
button in the dialog.
13. Define/edit the profile parameters as required. For this tutorial, leave the default
values for all parameters.
14. Click [OK].
The Pseudo-Section Parameters dialog is re-displayed.

15. Select the Page Layout tab.
This page contains those parameters that determine how the pseudo-sections are
plotted on the map, such as Plot Size, Margins, and Horizontal space for labels.
Most of these parameters use intelligent defaults, so you should not modify them
unless necessary. For example, the scale is determined automatically when
plotting.
16. Select the Profile Layout tab.
On this page, you define parameters for the profiles plotted in a graph above the
pseudo-sections. A profile window is only plotted if a specific data profile has
been assigned to it (see the Data and Additional Profiles pages).
17. For this tutorial, leave the default values in all the fields.
18. Select the Contours tab.
19. Define contouring options that apply to all sections. Contour levels for individual
sections are defined on the Data page by clicking the [Define] buttons.
20. Select the Legend tab.
21. Check the Plot Legend check box to enable parameter editing.
22. Using the [Browse] button, select the MAPPLOT Control File as “C:\Program
Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\etc”. This file contains commands for plotting a
legend, boilerplate, date, company logo, etc.
23. Select the Additional Profiles tab.
On the Additional Profiles page, you can select channels to plot as profiles even if
you are not plotting these channels as pseudo-sections. You can also select grids
as profile data sources. The grid data for the profile are extracted from the grid
along the line path.
24. To define an additional profile:
• From the Channel or Grid drop-down list, select the required channel/grid.
• Click the adjacent [Define] button.
• In the <Name> channel profile parameters or <Name> grid profile
parameters dialog that is displayed, define the additional profile parameters.
For this tutorial, do not define additional profiles.
25. Click [OK].
The requested pseudo-section map is created and displayed in your current

project. The L1300Tutorial.map pseudo-section map for line 1300 should look
as follows:
Creating Stacked Section Plots
The montaj Induced Polarization system enables you to plot “stacked sections” for
a specific. The stacked section map shows a pseudo-section on each survey line for a
specified channel. The distances between the lines are displayed accurately to scale.
The idea of the map is to provide a pseudo cross-section of the survey area.
The stacked section map names are constructed from the line number and the channel
specified in the control file, for example, L1300_ResCalc.map.
TO CREATE A STACKED SECTION MAP :
1. From the IP menu, select Stacked Section Map.
The Plot Stacked Pseudo-Section Map dialog is displayed.

2. From the Channel to plot drop-down list, select “ResCalc”.

3. From the Section spacing drop-down list, select a section spacing option:
• Map based –The sections always plot horizontally or vertically on the map,
with the pseudo-section position scale marking the actual station locations.
The spacing between the sections corresponds to the spacing between the
lines in the survey, based on the scale used along the line for plotting stations.
For instance, if your lines are L0, L100, and L600, two lines will be plotted
close to each other, and one separated by some distance from the other two.
The advantage of this option is that the sections are displayed in a manner that
corresponds to their geographical positions. The disadvantage of this option is
that the sections may obscure or overlap each other if the line-to-line spacing
is small compared to the maximum N-separation plotted, or if there is a mix of
N-S and E-W lines. This problem can be partially solved by setting a vertical
exaggeration to the sections with a value less than 1.0.
Note: Because of the various modifications in the output grids required to
display map-based N-S sections in a rotated format, it is not possible
to create a 3D view from a map-based stacked section map.
• Equal – The spacing between the sections is made constant and large enough
for the full sections to be visible, without the need to resort to a vertical
exaggeration of the sections. Sections are aligned horizontally based on the
station locations.
For this tutorial, select “Equal”.
4. Using the […] button, specify the Output map name as “ipstacked.map”.
5. Using the […] button, select the IP Plot Control file as “ipstak.ipi”.
The ipstak.ipi control file contains the settings that describe how the finished
map will look.
6. To modify the control file settings, click the [Modify] button.
The Edit Stacked Section Control File dialog is displayed.
You can use an existing IP Plot Control file (e.g., ipstak.ipi) or create a new
control file by clicking the [New] button.
7. Click [Next].
The Section parameters dialog is displayed.
The Section parameters dialog contains the parameters that determine how the
sections are plotted on the map. Most of these parameters use intelligent defaults,
so you should not modify them unless necessary. For example, the scale is
determined automatically when plotting.
8. Click [Next].
The Plot dimensions dialog is displayed.
9. Define the dimension parameters for the Stacked Section maps.
10. Click [Next].
The Contours dialog is displayed.
11. Specify parameters that define how the contours are drawn on the sections.
12. Click [Next].

The Line Attributes dialog is displayed.
13. Defines the various line attributes for the default contour and drawing lines.
14. Click [Next].
The Annotations dialog is displayed.
15. Define text to be plotted in the title block of the map. The annotations are saved
in the mapplot control file. The default file for a staked section plot is psstak.con.
16. Click [Finish].
The Plot Stacked Pseudo-Section Map dialog is re-displayed.

17. Click [OK].
The requested stacked section map is created and displayed in your current
project.
Creating 3D Views of Stacked Section Plots
The montaj Induced Polarization system enables you to create 3D views of your
stacked sections. This one-step process enables you to view the individual sections
oriented in real (3D) space. You initiate this process (the IP3DVIEW GX) by
selecting the Create 3D View in Stacked Section Map option from the IP menu.
The process was designed principally for the stacked section maps. It also works on
the single-line pseudo-section maps. However, because each of the sections in those
maps is at the same location, only one is plotted.
A new 3D View will be placed in the centre of the currently displayed map window.
You may move and scale the 3D View just as you would any other view on the map.
TO CREATE A 3D VIEW OF A STACKED SECTION MAP :
1. Select (highlight) a stacked section map (or a single-line pseudo-section map) in

the project workspace. In this example, select ipstacked.map you created in the
previous section.
2. From the IP menu, select Create 3D View in Stacked Section Map.
The Create a3D View from Sections dialog is displayed.
3. Click [OK].
The requested 3D view is created and displayed in your current project.
4. Move, scale, and adjust the 3D view as required using 3D Tool. For procedure,
see the Online Help system and/or the Oasis montaj Quick Start Tutorials.
Tutorial 5: Exporting IP Data

The montaj Induced Polarization system enables you to export your IP data to the
following data formats:
Exporting IP Data to IPDATA Format
The IPEXPIPDATA GX is used to export one or more lines from the current database
to individual Geosoft IPDATA files.
In this section, we will use the ipfreq.gdb database. Make sure this database is open
and selected.
TO EXPORT IP DATA TO G EOSOFT IPDATA FORMAT :
1. Make sure the current database contains the data you want to export.
2. From the IP menu, select Export > Geosoft IPDATA Format.
The Export to Geosoft IPDATA format dialog is displayed.
3. From the Channel drop-down list, select the regular or array channel you want to
export.
4. From the Export drop-down list, select the line or lines to export to individual
Geosoft IPDATA format files. The file names are created in the working directory
from the line numbers with the extension ".dat". One file is created for each line,
for example L1320.dat, L1330.dat, etc.
Note: Previously created files in the working directory with the same names will be
overwritten.
5. In the Title field, type title text to appear as the first line in the IPDATA files.
6. Click [OK].
Exporting IP Data to IPRED Format
You can export pseudo-sections created from the current database to Geosoft IPRED
format files. The IPRED format was introduced for the DOS IP system, and was
produced by running the IPRED program on IPDATA files.
The file names are created from the line numbers, with the extension appropriate to
the user-specified data type. One file is created for each line.
overwritten.
and selected.
TO EXPORT REDUCED IP DATA TO G EOSOFT IPRED FORMAT :
2. From the IP menu, select Export > Geosoft IPRED Format.
The Export Pseudo-Sections to Geosoft IPRED format dialog box is displayed.
3. From the Export drop-down list, select the line or lines to export to individual
Geosoft IPRED files. One file is created for each line.
4. In the Title field, type title text to appear as the first line in the IPRED files.
5. From the Channel drop-down list, select the regular or array channel you want to
export.
6. In the Filename suffix (type) field, type an extension for the resulting IPRED files.
7. From the Filter type drop-down list, select “Pant-Leg”.
8. In the Filter weights field, type the filter weights to apply to each N expansion
starting with n=1. Filter weights must be listed in the w1,w2,w3... format,
separated with spaces or commas. Weights for separations greater than the N for
the last specified weight are set to 1.0. If this field is left blank, all weights are set
to 1.0.
9. Specify positions for the first and last stations. If the first station is left blank, the
minimum will be used; if the last station is left blank, the maximum will be used.
If both are left blank, the entire range is used (default setting).
10. In the Maximum n spacing field, type the maximum array expansion factor to
include in a pseudo-section. The default is 10.
11. Click [OK].
The data for each line are exported to individual files.
Exporting Data to Scintrex Geophysical Data Format (SGDF)
This export option enables you to export lines from the current database to a Scintrex
Geophysical Data Format (SGDF) file.
and selected.
TO EXPORT DATA TO A SGDF FILE :
2. From the IP menu, select Export > Scintrex Geophysical Data Format.
The Export to Scintrex Geophysical Data Format dialog is displayed.
3. Use the […] button to specify the name of the export file you want to create.
4. From the Export drop-down list, select the line(s) you want to export.
5. From the IP/Amplitude Channel drop-down list, select a channel to export:
• For time domain data, select the channel containing the IP data
• For frequency domain data, select the amplitude channel
6. For frequency domain data, from the Phase Channel drop-down list, select the
phase channel. If this field is left blank, the phase is not included in the output.
For time domain, this field must be left blank.
7. Click [OK].
Exporting IP Data to Interpex I2X Format
This option is used to export one or more lines from the current database to individual
Interpex I2X files. The file names are created from the line numbers with the
extension ".i2x". One file is created for each line.
overwritten.
and selected.
TO EXPORT IP DATA TO I NTERPEX I2X FORMAT :
2. From the IP menu, select Export > Interpex I2X Format.
The Export to Interpex I2X format dialog is displayed.
3. Using the drop-down lists, select the data channels to export.

4. Click [OK].
The selected data is exported to an Interpex I2X format file.
Exporting IP Data to UBCDCINV2D/IPINV2D Format
This option is used to export data in the format required by the UBCDCINV2D and
UBCIPINV2D inversion programs developed at the University of British Columbia.
In this section, you use the ipfreq.gdb database. Make sure this database is open and
selected.
TO EXPORT IP DATA TO UBCDCINV2D/IPINV2D FORMAT :
2. From the IP menu, select Export > UBCDCINV2D/IPINV2D Format.
The UBC IP Export dialog is displayed.
3. From the Data type drop-down list, select “RES” for DCINV2D or “IP” for
IPINV2D.
4. For the “RES” data type, from the Voltage channel drop-down list, select the
channel that stores the initial voltage.
5. For the “RES” data type, from the Current channel drop-down list, select the
channel that stores the current values.
6. For the “IP” data type, from the IP channel drop-down list, select “IP”.
7. From the Line selection drop-down list, select “Selected”, “Displayed”, or “All”.
By default, the export files are written to the project directory.

8. To change the output directory, use the […] button next to the Output directory
field.
9. To output an export control file for (INP) each output line, check the Create
control files check box.
10. To define RES-specific or IP-specific export parameters, click [More].
The following section is appended at the bottom of the dialog.
11. For the “RES” data type, on the RES page, define parameters for the DCINV2D
control file.
12. For the “IP” data type, select the IP tab and define parameters for the IPINV2D
control file on the IP page.
13. Click [OK].
The selected data are exported to the following files:

• RES:
• L<No>_RES.DAT – Observations for DCINV2D
• L<No>_RES.INP – Optional control file for DCINV2D
• L<No>_TOPO.DAT – Topography for DCINV2D
• IP:
• L<No>_IP.DAT – Observations for IPINV2D
• L<No>_IP.INP – Optional control file for IPINV2D
• L<No>_TOPO.DAT – Topography for IPINV2D
Exporting IP Data to New X,Y Databases
This export option enables you to subset your data based on the various criteria
including displayed channels, all channels, a list of channels, or a masking channel.
The process automatically creates and displays a new database that includes the the X
and Y channels, as well as the selected channels.
and selected.
TO EXPORT IP DATA TO A NEW XY DATABASE :
2. From the IP menu, select Export > New X,Y Database.
The Create New X,Y Database dialog box is displayed.
3. Use the […] button to specify the Output Database as “IP Data.gdb”.
4. From the Channels to output drop-down list, select an option to specify whether
you want to export all channels, displayed channels, or selected channels in a list.
5. From the Lines to output drop-down list, select the line(s) to export.
6. Optionally, from the Mask channel drop-down list, select a mask channel to
restrict the data you export. For procedure used for creating a mask channels, see
the Oasis montaj Quick Start Tutorials or the Oasis montaj Online Help system.
7. In the N value field, type the N value to use. Depending on the N value you enter,
the program will function as follows:
• If the field is left blank (default), all the data are copied to the new database.
• If an N value of 0 is entered, instead of copying rows directly to the new
database, the pseudo-section function is called to calculate the Fraser-filtered
values of the requested parameters. The filter and its weights are taken from
the IP Default settings.
8. Click [OK].
If you selected the “Selected channels” option, a dialog appears showing 5 fields
for channel selection channels.
9. Select the required channels.
10. Click the [More] button to select more channels. The X and Y channels are
automatically included and do not appear in the list.
11. Click [OK].
The Create a New Database dialog is displayed with the name of the database to
be created.
12. Optionally, change the size of the database.
13. Click [OK].

The new database is created, and the selected data are copied to the new database.
Appendix: Sample IP Dump and Input Data Files

This appendix describes the survey parameters for each sample data file in the
montaj Induced Polarization system. These data files are installed in your
“C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\ip” directory.
The IP data directory contains a collection of files from a variety of instruments and
data formats. Some formats can be imported directly into an Oasis montaj database.
Others require some preparation involving setting default parameters, because the
files do not contain all the information required during import. For the default setting
procedure, see the Setting the montaj Induced Polarization System Defaults section.
If you do not edit the system default settings, the default values will be used (Dipole-
dipole array, E-W line direction, distant electrode locations are assumed to be at
infinity).
Instrument Dump Files

Iris Elrec-2 (Time Domain)
Parameters to pre-set: Array Type, Line Direction

• IP2DPDP.DMP: Dipole-dipole data
• IP2GRAD.DMP: Gradient data
• IP2PLDP.DMP: Pole-dipole data
Iris Elrec-6 (Time Domain)
Parameters to pre-set: None

• IP6.DMP: Dipole-dipole
Note: This file is useful to demonstrate the pseudo-section and stacked pseudo-
section plots because it contains a well-populated data set with four lines of
data.
• IRIS6A.DMP: Dipole-dipole – V9.1 format
Iris SYSCAL-R2 (Time Domain)
Parameters to pre-set: Line Direction

• SDPDP.DMP: Dipole-dipole data
• SGRAD.DMP: Gradient data
• SPLDP.DMP: Pole-dipole data
68 Appendix: Sample IP Dump and Input Data Files
Scintrex IPR11 (Time Domain)
Parameters to pre-set: Line Direction

• IPR-11.DMP
Scintrex IPR12 (Frequency Domain)

• IPR-12.DMP
Phoenix V4-V5 (Frequency Domain)

• V4.DMP
Zonge Import Data Formats

The montaj Induced Polarization system supports import for two Zonge data
formats: FLD and AVG. The FLD format is produced by running the Zonge program
SHRED on the instrument dump files. The AVG format is produced by running the
Zonge programs TDAVG (for time domain data) and CRAVG (for frequency domain
data) on FLD format files. Both TD (time domain) and CR (complex resistivity, or
frequency domain) versions exist for both the FLD and AVG files.
Station numbering in Zonge files does not always correspond directly to station
position in meters. In many cases, however, the station numbers may be converted
directly into locations by multiplication with the A-spacing. For example, if A = 50,
and the stations are numbered in Zonge as 0, 1, 2, and 3, the actual station locations
will be 0, 50, 100, and 150. The conversion method is specified during the import
process. Failure to set the conversion correctly results in nonsensical "N" and
ResCalc (calculated resistivity) values in the database.
Zonge FLD Format

• CRDD921.FLD: Frequency Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• CRPD132.FLD: Frequency Domain; None; Pole-dipole
• SAMCR.FLD: Frequency Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• SAMTDIP.FLD: Time Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• TDIPDPDP.FLD: Time Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• TDIPGRD.FLD: Time Domain; None; Gradient
• TDIPPDP: Time Domain; None; Pole-dipole
Zonge AVG Format
Parameters to pre-set: Array Type, Line Direction

• CRDD921.AVG: Frequency Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• CRPD132.AVG: Frequency Domain; None; Pole-dipole
• SAMTDIP.AVG: Time Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• TDIPDPDP.AVG: Time Domain; A-Scaling; Dipole-dipole
• TDIPGRD.AVG: Time Domain; Factor = 3.26 (see note below); Gradient
• TDIPPDP.AVG: Time Domain; None; Pole-dipole
Note: The distance units in the database are taken from the $ ASPACE line. If you
want to use meters, convert the value in feet to the one in meters. For instance,
in the TDIPGRD.AVG file, the A-spacing is given as 15 ft, but the station
numbering is based on meters. To get correctly scaled station positions in feet
the station numbers must be multiplied by 3.26. If you want to use meters, edit
the AVG file, and change the "$ ASPACE= 15.ft" line to "$ ASPACE=
4.6m", and use "None" for the station-position conversion.
70 References
References
John S. Milsom, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, Metal factor. Field Geophysics, Third
Edition, p.122.
Yanzhang Luo, Guiqing Zhang, 1997, Theory and Application of Spectral Induced
Polarization. Society of Exploration, 171 pp.
J.S. Sumner, 1976, Principles of Induced Polarization for Geophysical Exploration.

Developments in Economic Geology, 5,
Elsevier, 278 pp.

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montaj Induced Polarization

Induced Polarization and Resistivity Processing

TUTORIAL and USER GUIDE

Manual release date: 07/09/2007.

Copyright © Geosoft Inc. 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this

Program Copyright© Geosoft Inc. 2007. All rights reserved.

Geosoft and Oasis montaj are registered trademarks of Geosoft Inc.

Windows®, and Windows NT™ are either registered trademarks or

Web Site: www.geosoft.com

Geosoft License Agreement 1

Finding Help Information 3

Contacting Technical Support 3

Chapter 1: System Capabilities and IP Concepts 4

What Does the Induced Polarization System Do? 6

Additional System Specifications 7

What You Need to Know to Use the Induced Polarization System 8

Spreadsheet and Profile Panes 8

Array Channel Masking 10

IP Quality Control Tool 11

IP/Resistivity Theory and Survey Techniques 15

IP and Resistivity Theory 15

IP and Resistivity Survey Techniques 15

Chapter 2: Quick Start Tutorials 17

Before You Begin 18

Tutorial 1: Getting Started 19

Creating a Project in Oasis montaj 19

Loading the IP Menu 20

Setting the montaj Induced Polarization System Defaults 21

Importing Time Domain Data 24

Saving Database Changes 26

Performing Quality Control 27

Creating a Windowed IP Channel from an Array Channel 29

Recalculating Database Channels 30

Adding Topographic Information 30

Closing Current Database 32

Tutorial 3: Working with Frequency Domain Data 33

Importing Frequency Domain Data 33

Saving Database Changes 35

Editing Distant Electrode Positions 35

Performing Quality Control 36

Averaging Duplicate Samples 38

Tutorial 4: Plotting Your Results 40

Creating Pseudo-section Plots 40

Creating Stacked Section Plots 51

Creating 3D Views of Stacked Section Plots 56

Tutorial 5: Exporting IP Data 58

Exporting IP Data to IPDATA Format 58

Exporting IP Data to IPRED Format 59

Exporting Data to Scintrex Geophysical Data Format (SGDF) 60

Exporting IP Data to Interpex I2X Format 61

Exporting IP Data to UBCDCINV2D/IPINV2D Format 62

Exporting IP Data to New X,Y Databases 64

Instrument Dump Files 67

Iris Elrec-2 (Time Domain) 67

Iris Elrec-6 (Time Domain) 67

Iris SYSCAL-R2 (Time Domain) 67

Scintrex IPR11 (Time Domain) 68

Scintrex IPR12 (Frequency Domain) 68

Phoenix V4-V5 (Frequency Domain) 68

Zonge Import Data Formats 68