6/27/2011

AGRICULTURAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Prepared by:
Ronaldo B. Saludes, PhD
Assistant Professor 6
AFSD IAE CEAT UPLB

PSAE REGION 4
AE Board Exam Review

What is Pollution?
Pollution means such alteration of the physical,
chemical and/or biological properties of any water
and/or atmospheric air of the Philippines, or any
discharge of any liquid, gaseous or solid substance
into any of the waters and/or atmospheric air of the
country as will or is likely to create or render such
waters and/or atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or
injurious to public health, safety or welfare, or to
domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
recreational or other legitimate uses, or to livestock,
wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life. (RA 3931 – act
creating the National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission)

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Potential soil, water and air water pollution that can result from agricultural
activity related to livestock production

Source: Burton and Turner

(2003)

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RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Air Quality Management

RA 8749-Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Solid Waste Management

RA 9003- Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES,
DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

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RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE

PHILIPPINES
Water Quality Management
RA 9275-Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER
QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

DAO 90-34
REVISED WATER USAGE AND CLASSIFICATION/WATER
QUALITY CRITERIA AMENDING SECTION NOS. 68 AND 69,
CHAPTER III OF THE 1978 NPCC RULES AND REGULATIONS
DAO 90-35

REVISED EFFLUENT REGULATIONS OF 1990, REVISING

AND AMENDING THE EFFLUENT REGULATIONS OF 1982

RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Other environmental laws

RA 9367 Biofuels Act of 2006

AN ACT TO DIRECT THE USE OF BIOFUELS, ESTABLISHING FOR
THIS PURPOSE THE BIOFUEL PROGRAM, APPROPRIATING
FUNDS THEREFORE, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

RA 10068 Organic Agriculture Act of 2010

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION
OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES

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Waste Management System for Dairy Cattle

Production

Source: Burton and Turner

(2003)

MANURE versus WASTE

Manure refers feces and urine

Waste refers to manure with added

bedding, hair, feather, rain, water, soil, etc.

Litter refers to poultry waste (with bedding

materials such as wood shavings)

“As excreted manure” refers to feces and

urine prior to any changes due to addition of
water, drying, volatilization and other
processes

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WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
dictates the design of treatment, storage, transfer,
and utilization of agricultural wastes

How Manure Consistency Affects the

System

MC > 96 % 90% < MC < 96 % 80% < MC < 90 % MC < 80%

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WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Physical properties of solid manure

Total Solids
(dry matter)
Fresh
Weight

Moisture
Content

ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Physical properties of solid manure

Volatile
Solids
Total
Solids
Fixed
Solids
(Ash)

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ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Physical properties of liquid manure

Volatile
Dissolved
Solids
Dissolved
Solids Fixed
Dissolved
Solids
Total
Solids
Volatile
Suspended
Solids
Suspended
Solids
Fixed
Suspended
Solids

ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

TS = TDS + TSS
= = =
TVS VDS VSS
+ + +
TFS FDS FSS

Matrix showing how various measurements of

solids in aqueous sample can be related

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Problem no.1
1. A 300 gram- cattle manure sample is oven-dried for 24
hours at 105°C. After oven drying, the sample weighs 200
grams. The dried sample is then heated at 600 °C. After
this heating, 75 grams of sample remain. Carbon Nitrogen
Ratio of manure sample is 15:1.

Calculate the following:

a. Moisture Content of manure (% db)
b. Total Solids Content of manure (% db)
c. Volatile Solids Content of manure (%db)
d. Fixed Solids Content of manure (%db)
e. Total Nitrogen Content (%db) . Use equation
C=0.55xVS. Where C is carbon content (%db) and VS is
volatile solids content (%db)

Problem no. 2
A student collects 150 ml-samples of swine wastewater in a piggery farm
located in Lipa City, Batangas. One sample is placed in as drying dish
(tare weight = 0.50g ) and then placed in an electric oven at 105°C until
all the moisture is removed. The weight of dried dish is 0.625 g. Another
150 ml sample is filtered and the liquid that passes through the filter is
collected and placed in the drying dish (tare weight = 0.50 g). The sample
is dried at 105°C and the dried dish is recorded as 0.586 g. The final
weight of dried dish after incineration at 600°C is 0.542 g.

Calculate the following:

a. Total Solids Concentration (g/ml)
b. Total Dissolved Solids Concentration (g/ml)
c. Total Suspended Solids Concentration (g/ml)
d. Volatile Dissolved Solids Concentration (g/ml)
e. Fixed Dissolved Solids Concentration (g/ml)

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ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Chemical properties of animal manure

NO3-N
NH3-N
Total Ammoniacal
Nitrogen Nitrogen
Total
Kjeldahl NH4-N
Nitrogen
Organic
Nitrogen

ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Chemical properties of animal manure

elemental
phosphorus
(P)
soluble
Total reactive
Phosphorus phosphorus
(SRP)

P2O5

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ANIMAL WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

Chemical properties of animal manure

BOD5 COD
•Biochemical oxygen •Chemical oxygen demand
demand of sample •rapid laboratory procedure
incubated for 5 days at using chemical oxidants and
20°C heat to fully oxidize organic
•standard test for components of waste
measuring pollution
potential of waste

Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen in BOD bottle

Dissolved
Oxygen Probe
(self-stirring)

Dissolved
Oxygen
Meter

BOD bottle

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PROCEDURE FOR SETTING UP BOD TEST

BOTTLES
FOR UNSEEDED DILUTION WATER

Waste sample (w/

air, essential dilution organic matter and
nutrients (N,P,K, water adequate no. of
etc.), and other bacteria
additives

Unseeded
dilution water

Glass BOD bottle filled with test

Container sample and unseeded dilution
water (unseeded test sample)

PROCEDURE FOR SETTING UP BOD TEST

BOTTLES
FOR SEEDED DILUTION WATER
Waste sample
Air, essential (w/ organic
nutrients, dilution matter and no
and other water bacteria or
additives limited no. of
bacteria
Bacteria
(seed)

Seeded
dilution
water
Glass BOD bottle filled BOD bottle filled with
Container with seeded waste sample and
dilution water seeded dilution
(seeded blank) water (seeded test
sample)

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BOD DETERMINATION

when dilution water is not seeded

D1 − D2
BOD =
P
when dilution water is seeded

( D1 − D2 ) − ( B1 − B2 ) f
BOD =
P

D1 dissolved oxygen of diluted sample

before incubation, mg/L
D2 dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after
incubation (e.g. 5 days at 20°C), mg/L
P decimal volumetric fraction of sample
used
B1 dissolved oxygen of seed control before
incubation, mg/L
B2 dissolved oxygen of seed control after
incubation, mg/L
f ratio of seed in sample to seed in control
(% seed in D1 / % seed in B1)

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Modelling BOD

The BOD exerted (oxygen consumed)

at any time t can be modeled as:

− k Lt
yt = Lo (1 − e )
yt BOD exerted at time t, mg/L
Lo ultimate BOD, mg/L
kL BOD reaction rate coefficient, day-1
t time, day

BOD reaction rate coefficient (kL)

• measures the biodegradability of waste
• varies with type of waste and with
temperature

Arrhenius Equation

(T2 −T1 )
k L T2 = k L T1θ
kLT1 reaction rate coefficient at temp T1
kLT2 reaction rate coefficient at temp T2
θ dimensionless temperature coefficient

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Problem No. 3

Table 1. Changes in Dissolved Oxygen with time of

swine wastewater sample
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L
Time, day Diluted Seeded
Sample Control
0 7.98 8.25
1 5.05 8.18
2 4.13 8.12
3 3.42 8.07
4 2.95 8.03
5 2.60 7.99

Problem no.3 (continuation)

Using Table 1, calculate the daily BOD values of

the wastewater sample (e.g. BOD0, BOD1, BOD2,
…….). The wastewater sample is diluted by a
factor of 1/20 using seeded dilution water. Ratio of
seed to sample and seed to control is 1.0.

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Problem no. 4
Determine the BOD of a waste sample incubated
for 5 days at 20°C. The ultimate BOD and reaction
rate constant are 295 mg/l and 0.23 day-1,
respectively.
Problem no. 5
Assuming reaction rate constant at 20°C is 0.2
day-1, calculate the BOD520°C of a wastewater if the
BOD310°C is 100 mg/l. Use θ = 1.047.

ANIMAL WASTE TREATMENT

• reduces the pollution potential of the waste

using physical, biological, and chemical
processes

• treatment reduces nutrients, destroy

pathogens, reduce total solids, and
sometimes reduces the volume of waste
and odor

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Common Animal Waste

Treatment Methods

a. waste treatment lagoons (aerobic or

anaerobic)
b. anaerobic digestion
c. composting
d. solid/liquid separation
e. drying/dewatering
f. constructed wetlands

Composting

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Composting as Biological Treatment of

Animal Waste
Important Features:
a. Biological stabilization of waste by decomposition of
organic matter using oxidation (aerobic) process
b. Removal of unpleasant odorous organic compounds
(methane and hydrogen sulfide) through oxidation and
producing carbon dioxide and water
c. Heat generation resulting to pasteurization
d. Nitrification and denitrification activity
e. Improved waste consistency (due to moisture loss)
f. Increased availability of some plant nutrients (improved
fertilizer value)

Understanding the Composting

Process

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Temperature as indicator of compost

activity

STOICHIOMETRY
Organic matter degradation in the compost substrate
can be presented by the following equation:

 4a + b − 2c − 3d   b − 3d 
Ca HbOc Nd +  O2 → aCO2 +  H2O + dNH3 + Qh
 4   2 

where a, b, c and d are molar fraction of carbon,

hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the organic part of
the substrate, and Qh is the amount of heat
generated

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Heat generation during Composting

Amount of heat generated is expressed as:

Qh= [(395.253 *no. of moles of O2) + (286.391* no. of

moles of H2O) + 45.638] /N

Qh heat generated, kJ/kg substrate

N molecular weight of substrate, kg

Problem no. 6

Calculate the amount of heat generated during

aerobic composting of manure with a chemical
formula of C5H7O2N.

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KEY FACTORS AFFECTING

THE COMPOSTING PROCESS

Moisture Content Carbon-

Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio
• supply water to maintain • carbon provides energy for
microbial growth metabolism and synthesis of new
• optimum MC range is 50%-60% cells
by weight • nitrogen is used for cell growth and
function
Oxygen • Optimum C:N ratio is 30:1
• essential for metabolism and
respiration of aerobic pH
microorganism • affects microbial activity and
• used for oxidizing organic ammonia emission
component of waste • pH during composting varies
• optimum oxygen concentration from 5.5 to 8.5
is greater than 10% • Final pH is between 6 to 8

COMPOSTING METHODS
Aerated Static Piles Windrow Composting

In-vessel composting

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Getting the right compost mixture

Moisture Content of a Mixture of Compost
Materials

(W1 x M 1 ) + (W2 x M 2 ) + ....

G=
W1 + W2 + ....

G moisture content of compost mixture, % wet basis

Wn mass of material n (wet weight),kg
Mn moisture content of material n, % wet basis

Note: G must be between M1 and M2, otherwise add H2O if

G is very high or add dry matter if very low

Getting the right compost mixture

Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio of a Mixture of Compost
Materials

W1 [C1 x(100 − M 1 )] + W2 [C2 x(100 − M 2 )] + .....

R=
W1 [N1 x(100 − M 1 )] + W2 [N 2 x(100 − M 2 )] + .....

R Carbon-Nitrogen Ratio of mixture, decimal

Wn mass of material n (wet weight), kg
Cn % carbon of material n
Nn % nitrogen of material n
Mn moisture content of material n , % wet basis

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Problem no. 7
Material MC (%wb) %C %N
Poultry Manure 80 35 9
Saw dust 30 52 1.5
Answer the following:
1. Calculate the relative amounts of materials shown in the
table above to achieve a composting mixture with an initial
MC of 60% wb.
2. If the poultry manure has an initial MC of 50% wb, how
much water should be added to achieve a 60% wb
compost mixture?
3. How much sawdust should be added to attain a compost
mixture with C/N ratio of 30:1?

Composting Design: FORCED AERATION

Three functions of Aeration

1.Oxygen supply (stoichiometric demand)
2.Heat removal (control process temp)
3.Moisture removal (drying demand)

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Calculation of Aeration Requirements

1. Based on Oxygen Demand

 4a + b − 2c − 3d   b − 3d 
Ca HbOc Nd +  O2 → aCO2 +  H 2O + dNH3 + Qh
 4   2 

no. of moles of O2 x 32 m o2
mO 2 = Va =
N *1000 (0 .232 ) x ρ a
mO2 weight of oxygen required, kg O2/kg substrate
N molecular weight of substrate, kg
Va volume of air, m3/kg substrate
ρa air density, kg/m3

Calculation of Aeration Requirements

2. Based on Heat Removal Demand

 4a + b − 2c −3d   b −3d 
Ca HbOc Nd +  O2 →aCO2 + H2O+ dNH3 + Qh
 4   2 
 Qh  m 
ma =   Va =  a 
 2 1
h − h  ρa 
Qh quantity of heat removed , kJ/kg substrate
ma mass of air, kg air/kg substrate
h2 enthalpy of exhaust air, kJ/kg da
h1 enthalpy of ambient air, kJ/kg da
ρa air density, kg/m3
Va volume of air, m3/kg substrate

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Calculation of Aeration Requirements

3. Based on Moisture Removal Demand

Metabolic water production

• from stoichiometric reaction

 4a + b − 2c − 3d   b − 3d 
Ca H b Oc N d +  O2 → aCO2 +   H 2O + dNH 3
 4   2 

Calculation of Aeration Requirements

Total moisture
(no . of moles of H 2 O ) x 18  MC wb 
m H 2O = +  
N * 1000  1 − MC wb 
 m  m 
ma =  H 2O  Va =  a 
 w2 − w1   ρa 
mH2O total amount of moisture to be removed, kg H2O/kg substrate
N molecular weight of substrate, kg
MCwb initial MC (wet basis) of substrate, decimal
ma mass of air, kg air/kg substrate
w2 humidity ratio of exhaust air, kg H2O/kgda
w1 humidity ratio of ambient air, kg H2O/kgda
V volume of air, m3/kg substrate
ρa air density, kg/m3

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Problem no. 8

Calculate the aeration requirements to

supply oxygen, remove heat, and
remove moisture from manure
composting (C5H702N). Assume inlet
air condition of 30°C, 50% RH, and
exhaust air of 50°C and 100% RH.
Initial MC of manure is 60% wet basis.

Anaerobic digestion

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Anaerobic Digestion as Biological Treatment

of Animal Waste

Important Features:
a. Good conversion of organic carbon (to
methane) thus reducing the organic matter
b. Nitrogen and phosphorus are retained in the
end product
c. Energy source (biogas)
d. Low power requirement (no aeration system)

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Typical Heating
Value:21,453 kJ/m3

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Covered Lagoon Digester Plug Flow Digester

Complete Mix Digester Attach Film Digester

Overview of Anaerobic Digestion Options for

Livestock Manure

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DIGESTER DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)

• the average time the substrate remains in the digester
• establishes the quantity of time available for bacterial
growth and subsequent conversion of the organic
material to gas

V 
HRT =  
Q
HRT hydraulic retention time, day
Q daily manure inflow, m3/day
V digester working volume, m3

DIGESTER DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
describes the amount of organic material (volatile solids) which is fed daily per
cubic meter of digester working volume

 VS   VS 
OLR =   =  
 V   Q * HRT 
OLR organic loading rate, kg VS/m3-day
Q daily manure inflow, m3/day
VS volatile solids concentration, kg VS /day
V digester working volume, m3
HRT hydraulic retention time, days

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Retention Time, VS Loading rate, and biogas production

of selected livestock manure

Manure Concentration Retention Daily VS Biogas

Source of Input Slurry Time Loading Production per
(%TS) (days) Rate unit digester
(kg VS/m3) volume
(m3/m3)

Dairy 6-20 10-30 2-11 0.7-2.0

Cattle
Swine 2.5-11 10-30 1.2-5 0.1-2.0
Poultry 7-14 20-50 1.8-3.4 0.01-0.9
Source: Persson et al, 1979

Procedure for calculating digester volume

a. Calculate the weight and volume of manure to be handled
Total daily weight of manure excreted (kg/day) = ?
Total daily volume of manure excreted (m3/day)=?
b. Calculate the total dry matter (solids) to be handled
Total daily weight of dry matter = ? (kg dm/day)
c. Calculate the weight and volume of influent or slurry
that will enter the digester
Influent (slurry) = excreted manure +added water
Total daily weight of slurry = ? kg/day
Total daily volume of slurry = ? m3/day
d. Calculate the working volume of digester for a specified
retention time (assume 20 days of HRT)

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Procedure (continuation)
e. Calculate the organic loading rate
daily total VS = ? kg VS/day
organic loading rate = ? kg VS/m3-day
f. Calculate the diameter and height of the digester

specify D:H ratio

include freeboard of 1foot or more for additional

storage in case of stoppage in digester outlet

add 10 to 20 % of total volume of digester for biogas

collection (or a separate gas holder tank can be
constructed)

Problem no. 9
Design Information:

Digester type: Continuous feed

No. of animals: 100 dairy cows
Manure Production: 50 kg/day-head , 0.05 m3/day-head
Manure Properties: TS = 15%, VS = 85%, density = 993kg/m3
Digester condition: TS of influent (slurry) =13%, HRT = 14 days

Using the information above, determine the size

of a cylindrical digester assuming diameter and
height are equal

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Methane Emission from Manure

Source: IPCC 2006

For VS(M) values:

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For Bo(M) values:

For MCF(S,K) values:

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Problem no. 10

Estimate the annual methane emission of a

200 head- dairy cattle farm. Assume that
manure from the farm is treated using
lagoons.

WASTE UTILIZATION
Primary Uses of Animal Wastes

a. Source of Plant Nutrients (Compost)

b. Source of Animal Nutrients (Feed ingredient)

c. Alternative Source of Energy

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WASTE UTILIZATION

ANIMAL MANURE: a valuable fertilizer

1.Source of phosphorus for rice production
2.Excreted manure is rich in organic N (slow
release) but can advantageous during
periods of high rainfall
3.High OM content improves soil structure
and water holding and cation exchange
capacity

WASTE UTILIZATION

Animal Manure : a Feed Ingredient

1.High nutritive value - source of protein and
phosphorus
2.Nutritive value depends on (a) kind and age
of animal, (b) management factors,
(c) feeding regimen
3.Health-related issues – presence of harmful
agents (e.g. pathogens, chemical residues,
and heavy metals)

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Animal Manure as an Alternative and

Renewable Energy Source

• Direct combustion
direct burning of manure in furnace to generate heat and electricity
• Gasification
incomplete combustion of manure to produce useable gas(synthesis gas)
• Pyrolysis
manure is heated at high temperature in the complete absence of oxygen
producing combustible gas, oil, and charcoal
• Anaerobic digestion
biological treatment of manure in the absence of oxygen to produce
biogas

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