Dr. G.S.Tomar Dr. O.P.

Kashyap
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Rural Agricultural/Horticultural
Work Experience Programme

PRACTICAL MANUAL
For
B.Sc. (Agri./Horti.)

Dr. G.S. Tomar, Dr. O.P. Kashyap

Professor & RAWEP, Coordinator Dean, Faculty of Agriculture
IGKV, Raipur
 College of Agriculture
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

COMMITTEE FOR PREPARATION OF RAWEP MANUAL

1. Dr.O.P.Kashyap, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture-Chairman.

2. Dr.S.S.Shaw, Dean Student's Welfare-Member.
3. Dr.J.S.Urkurkar, Director of Extension Services-Member.
4. Dr. M.P.Thakur, Dean College of Agriculture, Rajnadgaon-Member.
5. Dr.A.K.DaveDeputy Registrar (Academic)-Member.
6. Dr.G.S.Tomar, Prof.(Agro.) and Coordinator (RAWE)Member Secretary

NB : The rules and regulations mentioned in this Manul is as per the decision of Academic Council,
IGKV, Raipur. Hence, rules, regulation and procedure laid down herein are strictly adhered while
implementing RAWEP/RHWEP by different constituent as well as affiliated private
Agriculture/Horticulture colleges of C.G.
 bafnjk xka/kh Ñf”k fo’ofo|ky; Phone : 91-771-2443419 (O)
Fax : 91-771-242302, 2442131
Ñ”kd uxj jk;iqj 492 012 ¼Nrrhlx<+½ Hkkjr e-mail : vcigkv@gamil.com,
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA spatil_igau@yahoo.com
Website : www.igau.edu.in
Raipur 492 012 (Chhattisgarh) India

MkW- ,l-ds- ikVhy

dqyifr
Dr. S.K. Patil
Vice-Chancellor

FOREWORD

Agricultural education is a dynamics one, which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to
meet the need of the society. The students of agriculture are taught well on basic and applied issues of
science and technology, however, they do not possess adequate self-confidence in taking farming as a
business. To meet these requirements and on the directives of ICAR, our university introduced the unique
programme of Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) in 1993. Under this programme, the students
are exposed to natural setting of the village situations, works with the farm families, identify their problems
and make use of various extension tools for transferring the latest agricultural technologies. The students
also get opportunity to study the various on-going schemes related to agriculture and rural development and
participate in their implementation. In fact, RAWE is a learner-centered approach of exposing
undergraduate by using principles of “learning by doing” and “seeing is believing”. Earlier, RAWE
programme was offered during 8th semester and from 2013-14 session, we have decided to run this
programme in 7th semester coinciding with the monsoon season where in all the teachers in different
discipline will be involved for improving the learning capacity of the students in typical village situation.
In order to understand and effectively implement such programme , a Practical Manual is essential
which may serve as a guide for not only the students but also for the faculties involved and also to bring
uniformity in activities.
I hope RAWEP-Manual would guide the students in achieving cherished objectives of the
programme and the designated RAWE teachers will also be benefited in implementing the RAWEP
successfully as per the new syllabus of 4th Dean's Committee of ICAR.
The earnest efforts made by Dr.G.S.Tomar,Coordinator,and Member Secretary,RAWEP is highly
appreciated for compiling and presenting the first RAWE-Manual of IGKV. I congratulate Dr.O.P.Kashyap,
Dean Faculty of Agriculture,Dr.S.S.Shaw,DSW,Dr.J.S.Urkurkar,DES,Dr.M.P.Thakur, Dean, CoA,
Rajnandgaon and Dr. A.K.Dave, Deputy Registrar, IGKV for the success of their timely endeavors.
 bafnjk xka/kh Ñf”k fo’ofo|ky;
Ñ”kd uxj jk;iqj 492 012 ¼Nrrhlx<+½ Hkkjr
INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA
Raipur 492 012 (Chhattisgarh) India

Dr. O.P. Kashyap

Dean
Faculty of Agriculture

PREFACE

In changing agricultural and rural development scenario, attaining sustainable development is a

great challenge. Indian agriculture has drastically changed from subsistence to commercial production,
which has seen the use of modern technology and knowledge. Now more number of students having urban
background are seeking admission in agricultural universities. These developments have necessitated the
need for a course like Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWEP) to build professionalism
in Agricultural Education. This innovative programme was first introduced to the final year students of
B.Sc.(Ag) in the year 1993. In the first three years, the students receive class room teaching and practical
training in laboratory and research farms. In the final year they are exposed to RAWE programme which
provides them an opportunity to have a feel of real rural life situations. They are also attached to Research
Station/KVK's and Agro-based industries in order to exposed them to research, extension and industrial
activities. In order to conduct RAWEP activities systematically Hon'ble Vice Chancellor Dr.S.K.Patil
desired to publish RAWEP-Manual consisting of rules, regulation and methodologies to implement this
programme more effectively in all the Agricultural/Horticultural Colleges of Chhattisgarh state.
RAWEP, being entirely a practical oriented course, detailed course manual serves as a guide to
students and designated RAWEP teachers. In this regards, an attempts have been made to introduce all the
regulation, concept and practices, which are essential for professional skill development. The manual is the
outcome of timely and dedicated efforts of Dr.G.S.Tomar, Coordinator of RAWE programme & Member
Scretary of Manual preparation committee. The suggestion and help extended by other member especially
Dr.S.S.Shaw, Dean Students Welfare Dr.J.S.Urkurkar, DES, Dr.M.P.Thakur, Prof & Head (Plant pathology)
and Dr.A.K.Dave, Deputy Registrar for the preparation and publication of this manual is appreciated.
I extend my best wishes to the students and teachers for the grand success of RAWE/RHWEP.

Dr. O.P. Kashyap

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is matter of happiness that IGKV has been able to successfully attain the goals it had
fixed from time to time for the upliftment of the students and farmers as per the responsibility
entrusted to it. The publication of first RAWEP-Manual would not be possible without the
guidance, help and generous support of Dr.S.K.Patil, Hon;ble Vice Chancellor, IGKV. On
behalf of Committee members, I gratefully extend our sincere gratitude and thanks to him. I
extend my cordial thanks to Dr.O.P.Kashyap, Chairman and Dean faculty of Agriculture and
other members of RAWE manual preparation committee for help and suggestion extended
by them for timely publication of the first RAWE Practical Manual. I hope the present
RAWEP-manual will be very useful documents which will guide our students and subject
matter specialists/teachers involved in the implementation of the programme. I wish to
acknowledge the help and support received from various sources for compilation and
publication of this manual. Since, this is a first RAWE-manual, there might be some mistakes
and omission of some of the information, your valuable suggestions will be helpful and
guide us to prepare and present next better edition. Your efforts in this direction will be most
appreciated. I am sure this manual will help the students of B.Sc.(Agri./Horti) to acquire the
skill and confidence that will prepare them to face the real life situations.
I wish all the best to the students of RAWE/RHWE Programme.

Dr. G.S. Tomar

Professor (Agronomy) &
RAWEP-Coordinator
 CONTENTS

S. No. Subjects Page No.

1. Introduction 01-02
2. Registration, guidance and evaluation 03-06
3. Components of RAWE/RHWE 07-10
4. Programme of Work for B.Sc.(Agri.) Student 11-13
5. Programme of Work for B.Sc.(Horti.) Student 14-16
6. Schedule of work during village stay for B.Sc.(Agri.) 17-21
7. Schedule of work during village stay for B.Sc.(Horti.) 22-24
8. Annexures related to RAWE/RHWE programme 25-66

Knowing is not enough, We must apply,

Willing is not enough We must do.
 Chapter-I
Introduction

Agricultural education is a dynamics one, which is undergoing change in a very rapid manner to
meet the need of the society. All the wealth of the world cannot help one little Indian village if the people are
not taught to help themselves. The students of agriculture are learning well on basic and applied issues of
agricultural science and technology which include laboratory exercises and field practical training and
acquisition of skills, however, they do not possess adequate self-confidence in starting their own
commercial farming or agri-business.
In order to further sharpen the knowledge and skills of agricultural students, Rural
Agricultural/Horticultural Work Experience Programme (RAWE/RHWE) is offered in final year of the
B.Sc. (Agri/Hori) degree programme which includes, training, demonstration, observation, practice and
participation in purposeful activities, and to orient our agricultural graduates for participation in various
rural developmental programme. In fact this programme is for providing work experience to the students in
rural setting. Someone very rightly pointed out that “Tell me, and I will forget. Show me, and I may
remember, involve me, and I will understand" (Confucius, 450 BC). This experiential system in agricultural
education has a strong potential to prepare a better agricultural technocrats with high level of skill in
combination with the modern out-look and management capacity. RAWE is one of the best means to
produce well trained agricultural graduates with broad based knowledge and techniques to meet the
emerging challenges.
In India, Randhawa Committee of ICAR (1992) recommended the Rural Agriculture Work Experience
(RAWE) Programme for imparting quality, practical and productive oriented education for the agriculture
degree programme. Getting do how practical hands-on training during higher education towards self
employment, is very essential. It provides significant hands - on experience in acquiring skills, which are
mainly aimed at creating a product or providing a service to those who demand. In fact, RAWEP/RHWEP is
basic to develop graduate competence as a teacher, researcher and extension specialist. In IGKV, Rural
Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWE/RHWE) for under graduate students begins in 1994 and
was offered during 8th semester. As per the new syllabus and guidelines provided by 4th Deans Committee of
ICAR, RAWEP/RHWEP begins from 2004 in 8th semester and now it will be offered in 7th semester
corresponding to monsoon season. Under this programme, every student is expected to work in the village
along with farmers and visit nearby KVK's or Research Station and Agro/Horti-based industries. This is a
unique opportunity for the students to work with the farmers at their farms and identify various production,
protection and marketing constraints. In addition, RAWEP develops competency in the areas of
technological, managerial and communication skills among the students.

Objectives of RAWEP/RHWEP
1. To provide an opportunity to the students to understand the life situations in the villages, rural
institutions, socio-economic conditions and constraints faced by the farming community.
2. To get the students familiar with the socio-economic conditions of the farmers and their problems with
reference to agricultural development.

1
3. To impart diagnostic and remedial practical training and skills in crop production/horticulture/plant
protection through work experience.
4. To develop the understanding regarding agricultural technologies being followed by farmers and to
prepare alternate farm plans according to the local situation in consultation with the farmers.
5. To help the students to acquaint with on going thrust on rural development and programmers related to
transfer of technology (TOT) programme related to agriculture and allied aspects..
6. To provide an opportunity to work with KVK's/Research Stations and Agro/Horti-based industries.
7. To develop the communication skills, confidence and competence among the students to interact with
the farmers so as to prepare Project Reports on “Village Development Plan”.

Principles of RAWE/RHWE Programme

l Go to the people and live with them
l Learn from them and Serve them
l Work and plan with them
l Start with what they know.

Expected Outcome of RAWE/RHWE Programme

1. Personality development
2. Art of listening and art of negotiation
3. Confidence building
4. Develop skill of joint effort (community management)
5. Developing art of creative thinking
6. Effective decision-making
7. Life's real experiences
8. Time and relationship management
9. Observe problem and possible solution (crisis management)
10. Understanding and practicing local (ITK) and scientific methods
11. Working of local institution/organization

2
 Chapter-II
Registration, Guidance and Evaluation

1. Registration and Eligibility

As per the provision of academic rules approved by IGKV from time to time, students are eligible
for promotion to 7th semester shall register for RAWE/RHWE programme. Once the students are registered
for RAWE/RHWE programme, they will not be allowed to register for any other courses. The registration
of RAWEP/RHWEP courses shall be done at the respective colleges within three days. At least two senior
subject matter specialist (course teachers) of the below mentioned subjects will be designated and time table
of RAWE/RHWE programme be notified well before the date of registration. Besides, course teachers,
Dean/Principal should also designate one Programme Officer and one Coordinator preferably from
Agronomy/Horticulture and Extension discipline as the case may be for overall supervision and monitoring
of the programme as per the Manual. The students shall register for the following subjects (20 credits) of
RAWEP/RHWEP in the first semester from 2013-14 session coinciding with the monsoon (kharif) season.

(A) The distribution of Courses for RAWE programme for B.Sc.(Agri) degree
Sr.No. Course No. Name of the Course Credits T P
1. AGRO 421 Field Crop Production 4 0 4
2. AHORT 421 Horticultural Crop Production 3 0 3
3. ACPT 421 Crop Protection (Entomology and Plant Pathology) 4 0 4
4. AEC 421 Rural Economics 3 0 3
5. AEXT 421 Extension Programme 3 0 3
6. ARAS 421 Research Station / KVK/ DAATT Centre Activities 3 0 3
and Attachment to the Agro-based Industries

(B) The distribution of Courses for RHWE programme for B.Sc.(Horti.) degree
Sr.No. Course No. Name of the Course Credits T P
1. HORT 421 Horticulture Crop Production 5 0 5
2. HPHT 421 Post Harvest Technology & Placement 3 0 3
3. HCPT 421 Horticulture Crop Protection (Entomology 3 0 3
and Plant Pathology)
4. HEC 421 Rural Economics 3 0 3
5. HEXT 421 Extension Programme 3 0 3
6. ARAS 421 Research Station / KVK/ DAATT Centre 3 0 3
Activities and Attachment to the Horti-based
Industries
T = Theory, P = Practicals, KVK = Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
DATTC = District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Center

3
 After orientation programme at College, the students along with teachers shall proceed to the
respective villages/KVK's to which they are allotted. Participation in orientation programme is mandatory
and compulsory to each students, failing which they will not allowed to proceed further in RAWE/RHWE
programme.

2. Attendance
The attendance of a student shall be maintained by the concerned Subject Matter Specialist (Course
Teachers) of the RAWE/RHWP and particulars are furnished to the Programme Officer (Coordinator) after
every fortnight who will in turn communicate to the Dean/Principal of the college concerned. The minimum
attendance required for this programme is 85 percent. The students registered under RAWEP/RHWEP are
not allowed to leave the placement (village/KVK etc) on official/personal work or on account of illness or
unforeseen reasons without the written permission from Dean/Principal/Programme Officer. They may be
permitted only in case of serious illness duly certified by Government Doctors. However, such students
should make up the curricular requirement for the period of absence and to make up the days lost by doing
extra work.
Attendance particulars of students shall be displayed in the notice board by the Programme Officer
under intimation to the Dean/Principal of the college. The student shall be eligible to appear for the final
evaluation/ examination, only if attendance requirement is met with. The period of stay in the
village/attachment to KVK/RS/ABI shall never be extended to make up the shortage of attendance.
In the event of falling short of attendance, the student has to register the RAWEP/RHWEPcourses
when offered next. However, during the period of next registered semester, the student shall not be eligible
for RAWEP/RHWEP stipend.

3. Student discipline
All students should maintained good harmony with farmers/villagers/workers during their stay or
attachment to village/KVK's/RS/ABI. No other persons/friends or relatives are allowed to stay in the
village/KVK's along with RAWEP/RHWEP students. The students shall maintain good discipline during
RAWE/RHWE activities and prove as worthy students of Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur.
Students whose activities are prejudicial to the interest of the programme /village/institution or subject to
indulging in any unethical practices/malpractices shall be suspended from RAWEP/RHWEP. The students
so withdrawn shall not be paid stipend any more. Such students shall not be permitted to register
RAWEP/RHWEP courses further in any semester until the stipend is recovered.

4. Supervision and Guidance

The designated RAWEP/RHWEP course teachers of the college are responsible to monitor,
supervise and guide the students as per the procedure laid down in this Manual and directives of the
Dean/Principal/Programme Officer. Each designated teacher shall reach the village in time as per scheduled
time table to help the students and supervise the work. It is mandatory for all the teachers offering
RAWEP/RAWEP courses to stay in the identified RAWEP/RHWEP village along with students as per the

4
weekly schedule (Time Table) fixed by the Dean/Principal. In case of illness or any other reason, the Head of
the concerned department will make the alternate arrangement of teacher to attend the subject. The
Programme officer and or Assistant programme officer will visit and stay in the village once in a week
preferably on Saturday/Sunday to guide and resolve the student's problem, if any. Students will submit their
work diary for their weekly remarks and signature.

5. Evaluation
Records
Student shall maintain daily record of work in the form of Work Diary based on daily field
observation and got verified the work done by concerned course teachers and later submitted to Programme
Officer (Coordinator) for further certification (Annexure-l). The student may use printed typed
material/photographs in the preparation of RAWEP reports. The report shall be duly verified and certified by
the designated teachers and RAWE Programme Officer (Coordinator).

Evaluation Procedure
The students shall be evaluated by internal as well as an external evaluation committee.

i) Internal
This will be done by the subject matter teachers based on the performance of the students
periodically by observing the student when he/she is in the field work, in the collection of data, in the
organization of various extension activities, as per the schedule. If the student is lagging behind, this should
be indicated in the concerned observation book every week. Each student will present their work report
before the Advisory Committee and course teachers.

ii) External
The external evaluation committee nominated by the Director Instruction, IGKV consisting of
senior teachers from each of the discipline of Agronomy, Horticulture, Economics, Extension Education
and Entomology/ Pathology who shall evaluate the records submitted by the students. External teacher shall
evaluate the RAWEP records submitted by the students. The average of the marks secured shall be checked
and countersigned by the Programme Officer.
A student shall obtain a minimum of 50% of marks in internal evaluation and 50% of marks in
external evaluation for successful completion of the programme in each course. The student who records a
grade point less than 5.0 or who secured grade point of 5.0 and above but obtained below 50% of marks in
internal/external evaluation in any of the course(s) shall be deemed to have failed in .the course(s) and 'F'
shall be indicated in the grade report. The student who had failed has to register the course(s) when offered
next by paying the prescribed fee. However, if the External teacher feels that the student can improve the
standard of the failed course(s), he/she can submit the record again by re-writing. The resubmission should
be done before the last working day of the next semester. Such students shall be required to pay re-
examination fee as prescribed in the Academic Regulation of IGKV.

5
 (A) The distribution of credit load and marks allotment for RAWEP
Sl No Course Title Credits Internal External Total
Evaluation Evaluation(Marks) Marks
(Marks)
1 Crop production 04 25 75 100
2 Horticultural Crop 03 25 75 100
Production
3 Crop Protection(Entomology 04 25 75 100
& Pathology)
4 Rural Economics 03 25 75 100
5 Extension programme 03 25 75 100
6 Research Station activities 03 10 40 50
Total 20 135 415 550

(B) The distribution of credit load and marks allotment for RHWEP
Sl No Course Title Credits Internal External Total
Evaluation Evaluation(Marks) Marks
(Marks)
1 Horticulture Crop production 05 25 75 100
2 Post Harvest Technology & 03 25 75 100
Placement
3 Horticulture Crop Protection 03 25 75 100
(Entomology & Pathology)
4 Rural Economics 03 25 75 100
5 Extension programme 03 25 75 100
6 Research Station / 03 10 40 50
KVK/DAATT Centre *
Activities & attachment to the
Horti-based industries
Total 20 135 415 550
* District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centers
6. Stipend
All the students undergoing RAWE/RHWE programme in the constituent colleges are eligible for
receiving stipend as per the norms of ICAR and or as decided by the state Government. The amount received
by the state Government for the purpose will be used as contingency at the disposal of Dean for monitoring,
evaluation and implementation of RAWE/RHWE. The students, who have re-registered for RAWE/RHWE
shall not be eligible to receive the stipend.

6
 Chapter-III
Components of RAWE/RHWE Programme

The Academic Council in its 76th Meeting held on 14th June 2012 approved the offering of Rural
Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)/Rural Horticulture Work Experience (RHWE) vide notification
No.ACD-I/ACM(76.03)/2012/ dated 5/7/2012..
1. The RAWE for B.Sc. (Ag.)/RHWE for B.Sc. (Hort.) programme will be offered during 7th semester to
coincide with the main cropping season of Chhattisgarh i.e. Kharif season.
2. It will be mandatory for the students to stay in the Village for 12 weeks and to complete other
requirement as give below :-

S.No. RAWE Model-I Duration (20 Weeks)

1 On campus orientation of RAWEP/RHWEP 01
2 Village Stay/Attachment 12
3 Exposure to KVK's/RS/NGO's 02
4 Attachment/Placement in Agro/Horti-Based Industries/ 03
Enterprises and Educational Tour
5 Preparation of detailed project report (DPR)/Evaluation and Examination 02

Advisory Committee
There will be an Advisory Committee for successful organization of RAWE/RHWE. The committee
will have following members :
1. Dean/Principal of the College -Chairman
2. Programme Officer/Coordinator RAWEP-Member secretary
3. Programme Coordinator/Principal Scientist of KVK/RS-Member
4. Subject matter Specialist as per the courses-Member
5. Representative of the Department of Agriculture/Horticulture (ADO/SADO)-Member
The Chairman of the Advisory Committee shall be vested with the responsibility of formulating the
Rural Agricultural/Horticultural Work Experience Programme for students and its implementation and
evaluation assisted by Programme Officer (Coordinator) and other members of the Advisory Committee.
The Advisory Committee shall meet as often as necessary or at least twice in a month by
synchronizing with the visit of the Programme Officer to the village to review the progress made by the
students in the implementation of the programme, and to evaluate and suggest mid-course corrections, if
any. At the last meeting of the Advisory Committee, the entire progress of the student shall be reviewed and
evaluated.
The performance of the students shall be evaluated by the Subject Matter Specialist in consultation
with Programme Officer in the manner prescribed.

7
Details of RAWE/RHWE Components

A. Orientation of Students
This phase is meant to introduce the RAWE/RHWE to the faculty and the student and to sensitize
them towards the changed attitude required in the whole programme. The Dean/Principal of the respective
college shall organize orientation programme for the students registered for RAWE/RHWE programme.
The Chairman, Programme Officer, NSS Coordinator, Subject matter specialist (Course Teachers) and
Heads of the concerned departments will participate in orientation programme. During the orientation
programme Programme Coordinator of concerned KVK's/RS and Deputy Director Agriculture of
concerned district and nominees from Rural Development Department will be invited to provide the feed
back information related to agriculture and rural development. During the orientation programme, the
following aspects shall be explained.

Objectives and aims of

l RAWE/RHWE programme.
l Organizational aspects of the programme
l Location of the villages and help in case of emergencies
l Programme of work in the Village/KVK's/ABI, etc.
l The data/information to be collected course wise
l Vocational training and Demonstrations to be carried out in respective courses
l Daily work diary and records to be maintained course wise
l Attendance requirement and discipline to be maintained
l Weekly and other reports to be submitted by the students to the Programme Officer.
l Methods of evaluation/examination.
The general and subject wise orientation of students and finalization of the village should be
completed within one week after registration.

B. Stay Arrangement of Students at the Village/KVK/ABI

The Dean/Principal of the college and the Programme Officer will facilitate in arranging suitable
accommodation (boarding and lodging) in consultation with Village Panchyat (Sarpanch) to the students
during their stay in the Village/KVK/ABI. However, the students will have to make their own arrangement
for lodging and boarding and bear all the cost therof. Students will have to make their own arrangement of
conveyance from village to farm fields. Students are expected to use Bicycles for local movements in place
of Scooters/Motor cycle. Students will have to stay only on the designated place in the village. Stay in other
places and late hours movements in the village is strictly prohibited.

C. Dress Code
There will be common dress code for all the students offering RAWEP. They will have to bear white
apron and white cap with IGKV mono. The 50 % of the cost of Apron will be borne by university for the
students of constituent colleges. The rest of the cost will be borne by students themselves.

8
Village Stay/Placement/Attachment
The village stay programme is one of the most important components of the RAWE/RHWE. This
programme will helps the students to know the issue based organizations and make them committed to the
rural mass and to their profession The village stay programme envisages study of real rural situation-village
settlement pattern, demography, climate, land utilization pattern, resource inventory, infrastructural
facilities, rural institutions, organizations, groups, customs, beliefs and value systems. The students shall
have to make their own arrangements for boarding and lodging in the village. The students of constituent
(Government) Agri/Horticulture Colleges will be paid a stipend as per rule during the programme. A 10-12
weeks stay in village to work along with farm families is compulsory to all students in all
constituent/affiliated private colleges. The village stay will develop the ability to plan out strategy to work in
villages. It will provide real field experience. It will also provide an opportunity to understand real-life
situation. Students will learn and understand the gap between the rural and urban people. The village stay
programme enables the students to compare what they have learnt with what does really exist in the village.
After completion of this programme, each students will play the roles of “individual farm planner” as well as
“village development planner”. They will develop village model/improvement plan for the farm and the
village. There will be feasibility plans that could be implemented with the available resources and to tackle
problems of labour and migration. Students are required to collect information prescribed in the Manual or
advised by the teachers through interaction with the selected farmers individually and also perform
extension activities in the village/farmers fields. A team of experienced specialists supervises and guides
their activities during the stay/attachment.

Criteria for Selection of Village

The RAWE/RHWE Programme Officer/Coordinator and subject matter teachers nominated by
Dean/Principal of the College will submit the list of villages to the Dean/Principal of the College for
finalization of the village. Stay or attachment with private farm houses is strictly prohibited. Village to be
selected should be well connected by road preferably within the radius of 25-30 KM of the college. There
should be at least 75-100 farm families in the village. The village to be selected should have minimum
middle School, Panchyat Bhavan and Primary Health Center. Village should be capable of providing safe
lodging and boarding facilities to the students. The village so selected should have as many enterprises as
possible, viz. crop production, horticulture, dairy, goat rearing, poultry, fishery, sericulture, mushroom
farming, apiculture, etc. Village should be changed after two year.

Placement of Students in Villages

On completion of orientation programme at the respective college a batch of 20-25 students shall be
allotted by the Programme Officer (Coordinator) to the selected village with due intimation to the
Dean/Principal of the college. Normally one student shall be attached to one identified host farmer in the
village with whom he has to work for the entire stay programme.

9
Selection of Host Farmers
The host farmers are the contact farmers with whom the students of RAWE/RHWE programme are attached
for studying various aspects of agricultural/horticultural activities and farm enterprise. Such farmers should
be intellect to understand issues, identify problemb, cooperative, willing to work as host farmers for
RAWE/RHWE programme and ready to work unselfishly with other farmers. He should be educated,
reliable, innovative and willing to try out new ideas/technologies. He should be trusted and liked by his
fellow farmers. Contact farmers should grow at least two major crops of the region and should have
maximum number of enterprises on their farms. They should allow the students to observe the farm
operations, take part in carrying out the agricultural/horticultural operations and provide all the requisite
information to the students. Progressive farmers shall be selected as host farmers in each village by the
students in consultation with Programme Officer/Coordinator and course teachers with the intimation to the
Dean/Principal of the college. However, as far as possible very big farmers should not be selected as host
farmers. The Programme Officer in consultation with Teachers shall submit the village wise list of the host
farmers to the Dean/Principal of the College within a week after the orientation programme.

10
 Chapter-IV
Programme of Work for B.Sc.(Agri) Students

A. During Village Stay/Attachment (12 weeks)

The Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme for B.Sc.(Agri.) students includes following
courses equivalent to a load of 20 credits including Research Station activities. The detailed outline of the
work to be carried in each subject during Village stay/attachment period is as follows:
1. AGRO 421 (Field Crop Production): 0 + 4 credits
l The student will involve themselves in actual day-to-day Agricultural operations along with their
adopted farmers.
l A calendar of operations for the entire semester will be prepared in consultation with the host farmer ,
course teacher and Programme Officer.
l The course teacher will provide the recommendations for major crops grown in the village and in turn the
students will compare these with farmer's practice and get opinion about improved technology.
l The students will maintain a record of daily work done in the prescribed proforma..
l Each student shall cover a minimum of three corps, preferable from among cereals, oilseeds and pulse
crops.
l If such crop diversification is not available, the student shall collect information on any three crops either
with the host farmer or other farmer in or near by village.
l Observation on crop growth and yield attributes shall be recorded as per the proforma.
2. AHORT-421 (Horticultural Crop Production): 0 + 3 credits
l The student will involve themselves in actual day-to-day horticultural operations along with their
adopted farmers.
l For this purpose, a calendar of operations for the entire semester will be prepared in consultation with the
adopted farmer and the member of the advisory committee.
l The advisory committee will provide the recommendations for major horticultural crops grown in the
village and the turn the student compare these with farmer's practice and get opinion about improved
horticultural technology.
l The students shall maintain a record d of daily work done in the Performa given to them by the
department of Horticulture.
l Each student shall cultivate/plant a minimum of three corps, preferable one from fruits like Mango,
Papaya , Lime , Guava and two from vegetables like Cabbage / Cauliflower / tomato / brinjal/Chilli or
any other seasonal vegetables.
3. ACPT-421(Crop Protection-Entomology and Plant Pathology) : 0 + 3 credits
l The students get an opportunity to work with the farmers in the field and acquainted with various plant
protection problems of the standing crops.
l They collect data on pest damage every week.
l They shall maintain record of plant protection work undertaken in the prescribed Performa given to them
by the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology for this purpose.

11
The student will also conduct a survey on adoption of recommended plant protection measures and the
l
incidence/occurrence of different diseases and insect pests on different crops in the village.
l Students shall submit 15 herbarium specimens each of insect damage and plant disease symptoms for
any of the crops grown in the village.
l Information on other plant disorders, nematode problems, bird and rodent damage if any, shall also be
mentioned in the plant protection recorded separately.
l The students will also demonstrate preparation of fungicidal / insecticide spray fluids for important plant
protection measures.
3. AEC 421 (Rural Economics) : 0 + 3 credit
l Each student will take up an agro-economic survey of allotted village (including surrounding villages)
as per questionnaire issued for this purpose by the Department of Agril. Economics.
l Each students shall collect data on economic conditions of the village, population, vital statistics,
cropping, patterns, irrigation facilities, resources endowment and its utilization, labour problems and
employment and other economic aspects covered in the schedule/questionnaire. The student will also
conduct a farm holding survey as per proforma given to him by the department.
l Students has to work out the cost of cultivation of principal crops grown by the host farmer and two
other farmers.
l Students has to develop alternate farm plans in consultation with farmers and extension staff for re
organization of the farm business for higher income.
l Identification of various marketing constraints of agricultural produce.
l The students shall record family budgets of the adopted farmers and two other farmers families (one
Agricultural laborer and one rural artisan).
4. AEXT 421 (Extension programme): 0 + 3 credit
The students will be involved in conducting the following programmers
l Identification of Agricultural problems of the village through participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
techniques. Showcases the Modern Agricultural Technology and maintenance of Information corner in
the village.
l Laying out and conduct the method demonstrations.
l Organization of field visits and group discussion with farmers.
l Organization of farmers training programme.
l Participation in village social service work.
l Visit to village institutions to study their role in development programme and extension work.
Organization of need based training programme for rural youth.
l Identification of communication media in transfer of technology.
l Study of on-going central/state sponsored rural development and extension programmes.
l Identification of extension approaches in the rural development programmes.
Note : The data pertaining to all the courses of RAWE programme are to be recorded regularly in the
student's daily dairy, duly verified by concerned course teachers has to be submitted to Programme Officer
once in a week. The data given in the weekly diaries and observation notebook shall be incorporated in

12
respective RAWEP reports to be submitted at the time of final evaluation/examination.
B. Research Station / KVK/ DAATT Centre Activities and Attachment to the Agro-based Industries
(ARAS-421)-0 + 3 credits.
1. Attachment with KVK's/RS
The students will be attached to nearby Krishi Vigyan Kendra's/Research Stations of Indira Gandhi
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. The students shall be given an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the various
research and extension activities / programmes of the KVK's/RS concerned and also the agro-climate zone
in which it is located. The students shall attached to nearby KVK/RS under the sole supervision of PC/ADR
of the Center and RAWE Programme Officer. Tentative dates for students stay may be intimated to the
concerned KVK/RS and request may be made in advance for boarding and lodging arrangement for
students. The cost of boarding/lodging will be borne by students.
In this component of RAWEP, the principles and methodologies involved in conducting different
types of demonstrations/ experiments, collection and analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm
records etc., shall be explained to them by PC/ADR/SMS. The students will observe closely different
aspects of ongoing research and extension activities in the KVK's/RS. They shall maintain a record of the
titles, objectives and outcome of each programme in diary. They must also record all the items of work either
carried out by them or shown to them.
2. Attachment with Agro-based Industries (ABI)
The students will be attached to anyone of the following for a period of one week.
l Seed production farms/Processing units
l Biotechnological industries (Tissue Culture labs)
l Bio pesticides/fertilizer industries
l Commercial Nurseries of Horticulture/Forest Department
l Food processing units
l Sugar factories/Rice mills/Daal mills
l Dairy/Poultry/Fishery units
l Agric-Clinic and Agri-Business Cell/Agro-Service Center
l Cool chain/storage units
l Agricultural finance institutions/Banks/Credit Societies etc.
l Non-Government organizations related to agriculture and rural development.
During the attachment of students to the identified agro-based industries (one or two depending upon
the availability of the facilities), the students are given an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the
organizational set up, functioning, infrastructure available, records maintained and financial, technical and
marketing aspects. The students must record all the items of work either carried out by them/shown to them
during the period of attachment to the ABI.
At the end of the attachment period the students shall submit a project report which includes all the
aspects pertaining to the infrastructures facilities, organizational set up, financial and technical aspects. In
addition, the students shall also describe in their report the operational and market constraints / problems
faced by the industry.

13
 Chapter - V
Programme of Work for B.Sc.(Horti) Students

A. During Village Stay/Attachment (12 weeks)

The Rural Horticultural Work Experience Programme for B.Sc.(Horti.) students includes following
courses equivalent to a load of 20 credits including Research Station activities. The detailed outline of the
work to be carried in each subject during Village stay/attachment period is as follows:
1. HORT-421 (Horticulture Crop Production): 0 + 5 credits.
l The student will involve themselves in actual day-to-day Horticultural operations along with their
adopted farmers.
l A calendar of operations for the entire semester will be prepared in consultation with the host farmer,
course teacher and Programme Officer.
l The course teacher will provide the recommendations for major fruit, vegetables and floricultural crops
grown in the village and in turn the students will compare these with farmer's practice and get opinion
about improved technology.
l The students will maintain a record of daily work done in the prescribed proforma given by concerned
teachers.
l Each student shall cover a minimum of three corps, preferable from among fruits, vegetables and
floricultural crops.
l If such crop diversification is not available, the student shall collect information on any three crops
either with the host farmer or other farmer in or near by village.
l Observation on crop growth and yield attributes shall be recorded as per the given proforma.
2. HPHT-421 (Post Harvest Technology & Placement): 0 + 3 credits.
l The student will involve themselves in local or near by any small/marginal fruit or vegetable
preservation cottage industry. They should involves in storage, grading and packing activities of fruit
and vegetables market/cold storage. Aware the farmers regarding post harvest losses of horticultural
produce.
l Study of indigenous techniques and structures of storage and processing of horticultural crops.
l Methods demonstration of value addition techniques of Horticulture commodities at farmer field. For
this purpose, a calendar of operations for the entire semester will be prepared in consultation with the
concerned teachers and programme officer.
3. HCPT-421 : Horticulture Crop Protection (Entomology and Pathology) : 0 + 3 credits.
l The students get an opportunity to work with the farmers in the field and acquainted with various plant
protection problems of the standing crops.
l They collect data on pest damage every week.
l They shall maintain record of plant protection work undertaken in the prescribed Performa given to
them by the concerned teachers for this purpose.
l The student will also conduct a survey on adoption of recommended plant protection measures and the
incidence/occurrence of different diseases/insect pests on different horticultural crops in the village.

14
Students
l shall submit 15 herbarium specimens each of insect damage and plant disease symptoms for
any of the crops grown in the village.
l Information on other plant disorders, nematode problems, bird and rodent damage if any, shall also be
mentioned in the plant protection recorded separately.
l The students will also demonstrate preparation of fungicidal / insecticide spray fluids for important plant
protection measures.
4. HEC-421:Rural Economics 0 + 3 credit.
l Each student will take up an Horti-economic survey of allotted village (including surrounding villages)
as per questionnaire provided for this purpose by the concerned teachers.
l Each students shall collect data on economic conditions of the village, population, vital statistics,
cropping, patterns, irrigation facilities, resources endowment and its utilization, labour problems and
employment and other economic aspects covered in the schedule/questionaire. The student will also
conduct a farm holding survey as per proforma given to him by the course teacher.
l Students has to work out the cost of cultivation of principal horticultural crops grown by the host farmer
and two other farmers.
l Students has to develop alternate farm plans in consultation with farmers and extension staff for re
organization of the farm business for higher income.
l Identification of various marketing constraints of horticulture produce.
l Study of fruit, vegetable and floriculture markets of local village and nearby town.
l The students shall record family budgets of the adopted farmers and two other farmers families (one
hor.ticultural laborer and one rural artisan). Questionaire for this purpose will be given to the student by
concerned course teacher.
5 HEXT 421 : Extension programme 0 + 3 credit.
The students will be involved in conducting the following programmers.
l Identification of horticultural problems of the village through participatory rural appraisal (PRA)
techniques. Showcases the Modern Agricultural Technology and maintenance of Information corner in
the village.
l Laying out and conduct the method demonstrations.
l Organization of field visits and group discussion with farmers.
l Organization of farmers training programme.
l Participation in village social service work.
l Visit to village institutions to study their role in development programme and extension work.
l Organization of need based training programme for rural youth.
l Identification of communication media in transfer of technology.
l Study of on-going central/state sponsored rural development and extension programmes.
l Identification of extension approaches in the rural development programmes.
Note : The data pertaining to all the courses of RHWE programme are to be recorded regularly in the
student's daily dairy, duly verified by concerned course teachers has to be submitted to Programme Officer
once in a week. The data given in the weekly diaries and observation notebook shall be incorporated in

15
respective RHWE reports to be submitted at the time of final evaluation/examination.
B. Research Station / KVK/ DAATT Centre Activities and Attachment to the Agro-based Industries
(ARAS-421)-0 + 3 credits.
(i) Attachment with KVK's/RS
The students will be attached to nearby Krishi Vigyan Kendra's/Research Stations of Indira Gandhi
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya. The students shall be given an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the various
research and extension activities/programmes of the KVK's/RS concerned and also the agro-climate zone in
which it is located. The students shall attached to nearby KVK/RS under the sole supervision of PC/ADR of
the Center and RHWE Programme Officer. Tentative dates for students stay may be intimated to the
concerned KVK/RS and request may be made in advance for boarding and lodging arrangement for
students. The cost of boarding/lodging will be borne by students.
In this component of RHWE, the principles and methodologies involved in conducting different
types of demonstrations/ experiments, collection and analysis of experimental data, maintenance of farm
records etc., shall be explained to them by PC/ADR/SMS. The students will observe closely different
aspects of ongoing research and extension activities in the KVK's/RS. They shall maintain a record of the
titles, objectives and outcome of each programme in diary. They must also record all the items of work either
carried out by them or shown to them.
ii) Attachment with Horti-based Industries (HBI)
The students will be attached to anyone of the following for a period of one week.
l Seed production farms/Processing units
l Biotechnological industries (Tissue Culture labs)
l Bio pesticides/fertilizer industries
l Commercial Nurseries of Horticulture/Forest Department
l Tissue culture (Bitechnology) Laboratory
l Floriculture Farm
l Fruit/Vegetable processing units
l Agric-Clinic and Agri-Business Cell/Agro-Service Center
l Cool chain/storage units
l Agricultural finance institutions/Banks/Credit Societies etc.
l Non-Government organizations related to agriculture and rural development.
During the attachment of students to the identified horti-based industries (one or two depending
upon the availability of the facilities), the students are given an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the
organizational set up, functioning, infrastructure available, records maintained and financial, technical and
marketing aspects. The students must record all the items of work either carried out by them/shown to them
during the period of attachment to the HBI.
At the end of the attachment period the students shall submit a project report which includes all the
aspects pertaining to the infrastructures facilities, organizational set up, financial and technical aspects. In
addition, the students shall also describe in their report the operational and market constraints/problems
faced by the industry/company/organisation.

16
 Chapter-VI
Schedule of Work to be done during Village Stay/Attachment (RAWEP)
for B.Sc. (Agri) students

During the village stay/placement, the students will develop various communication skills using
different extension teaching methods like general meeting, farm and home visit, group discussion meeting,
method demonstration, result demonstration, farmers training programme, campaigns, exhibition, field
visits, field days and other community work. The concerned course teachers with the consultation of
programme officer/coordinator may reorient the schedule of weekly work as per the syllabus and or local
requirement of the village. Following is the tentative schedule of proposed work to be carried out during
village stay.

Proposed Weekly Work Schedule to be followed during Village Stay

Week No. Day Work to be Performed

1st week Orientation and placement

2nd week 1 Orientation of RAWEP to representative of Gram Panchy at, other village
institutions, and progressive farmers along with RAEO’s and allotment of
host farmers to the students(PO & Course Teachers)
2 Techno-economic survey of village and host farmers(Econ)
3 Techno-social survey of village and profile of host farmers(EXTN)
4 Study of farming situation and cropping pattern of the village and host
farmers(Agron)
5 Preparation of agricultural production plan (Agron and Econ)
6 Training on sustainable crop production in kharif (All subject matter
teachers)
7 Raising of rice nursery in the field of host farmers(Agron)

3rd week 1 Laying out the vegetable demonstration in the field of host farmer(Hort)
2 Collection of soil samples, analysis and reporting recommendation to the
host farmers (Soil Science)
3 Seed treatment with biofertilizers and fungicides (Soil Microbiology and
Patho)

17
 4 Conducting PRA to understand resources, problems, problem access
relationship and training need (Ext)
5 Collection of neem seed for demonstration on neem extract (Ent)
6 Plot-wise history of host farmers and recording cost of cultivation of field
crops based on previous year information (Agron)
7 Recording of cost of cultivation of horticultural crops based on previous
year information (Hort)

4th week 1 Collection of local germ plasm/cultivars (PB)

2 Raising of Rice by transplanting and SRI methods-A demonstration (Agron)
3 Compost making-NADEP/vermin-composting/BGA/Azolla preparation-
demonstration (Soil Science)
4 Maintenance of daily agronomic operation(plot wise/crop wise) carried out
on demonstration plot and host farmers(Agron)
5 Demonstration on preparation of Bordeaux mixture/bordo paste (Patho)
6 Demonstration of engineering tools for preparatory tillage operations and
weed control (Ag Engg.)
7 Scope of study of integrated farming, organic farming in the village and
host farmers (Agron)

5th week 1 Observation on the performance of vegetable and fruit crops(Hort)

2 Record of daily operations(plot wise/crop wise) and demonstrated the
procedure for working out the cost of cultivation(Econ)
3 Demonstration on mechanical weeding-hand hoe/rotary weeder (Ag.Engg.)
4 Demonstration on budding and grafting techniques in horticultural crops
(Hort)
5 Demonstration on lay out of Orchards/Agro-forestry and digging/filling of
pits for plantation crops (Hort)
6 Demonstration on seed germination/viability testing of major kharif crops
(Agron)
7 Preparation of alternative cropping plan/production plan (Agron)

18
6th week 1 Demonstration on seed treatment and application of
BGA/Azolla/Rhizobium/Azotobactor/PSB (Soil Microbiology)
2 Weed survey of the village and host farmers (Agron)
3 Regular observation on agronomical/horticultural crops with respect to
insect-pests occurance and beneficial insect population(Ento)
4 Regular observation on agronomical/horticultural crops with respect to
disease-nematode problems(Patho)
5 Study of existing cultivation practices, technology gaps and problems of
host farmers in adoption of improved package of practices(Ext)
6 Demonstration on IPDM technology for major kharif crops (Ent/Path)
7 Application of contigent crop plan in case of weather
aberration(drought/flood) situation (Agron)

7th week 1 Demonstration on use of micro-nutrients by observing deficiency symptoms

in the field and horticultural crops (Soil Science)
2 Intercultural operations in vegetable crops (Hort)
3 Efficient use of rain water/drainage (Soil Science/Ag.Engg.)
4 Demonstration on preparation of insecticidal/fungicidal spray solution and
spraying in the field.
5 Importance and cultivation of important medicinal and aromatic plants in
kharif (Physiology)
6 Preparation and organization of Agri-Tech Fair and information Center
(Ext/)
7 Organization of group discussion on importance of cropping
plan/production plan (Econ.)

8th week 1 Demonstration on line sowing of important kharif crops (Agron)

2 Agronomic observation on demonstration plot and crops raised by the host
farmer(Agron)
3 Identification of pest/diseases of important kharif crops raised by the host
farmers and assessment of their economic threshold level(Ent/Path)

19
 4 Seed production of important kharif crops
5 Cultivation practices of hybrid and scented rice
6 Training on mushroom production and preservation (Patho)
7 Year round forage production plan for dairy farmers (Agron)

9th week 1 Organization of result demonstration on major crops (Ext)

2 Demonstration on green manuring and Soil testing Kit (Soil Science)
3 Regular observation on agronomical/horticultural crops (Agro/Hort)
4 Organization of Plantation/rodent control/Parthenium campaign
(Agro/Ento)
5 Demonstration on preparation of low cost livestock feed/ration and care of
animals during rainy season (Agro/Vet .)
6 Demonstration on preparation of ridge and furrows (Ag.Engg.)
7 Collection of samples of pest/diseases/weeds of important kharif crops and
preparation of harberium (Ento/Patho/Agron)

10th week 1 Fruit and vegetable preservation of seasonal fruits and vegetable (Hort)
2 Observation on growth and yield attributes of demonstrated crops and crops
raised by host farmers and demonstration of yield estimations (Agron)
3 Studies of post harvest care and grading of horticultural produce for market
(Hort)
4 Market survey for selling of agricultural produce (Econ)
5 Raising of Utera crops-technology demonstration(Agron)
6 Water management in different kharif crops (Soil Science)
7 Insect-pests

11th week 1 Safe handling of insecticides/fungicides/herbicides-precautions in use and

storage(Ento/Patho)
2 Rejuvenation of old orchards (Hort)
3 Role of women in agriculture and organization of need based training to
women farmers.
4 Study of ongoing agricultural development programmes/schemes in village
(Agri.Deptt)
5 Visit and study of rural institution like Cooperatives, Aagan badi’s, Gram
Panchyat, Mandi, Cultural and social clubs, etc.(Econ & Extn)
6 Training on crop diversification and agri-business management (Agro/Econ)

20
 7 Management of small and medium dairy (Animal Husb.)

12th week 1 Identification of stored grain pests and demonstration on their control
measures (Ento)
2 Organization of agricultural technology awareness
rally/campaign/competition of school students/farmers (Extn.)
3 Farmers-Scientist-Students meet-interaction, feedback on the out come of
RAWE-village stay programme (All teachers, Panchyat nominee and ADO)
4 Demonstration on harvesting and threshing equipments (Agr.Engg.)
5 Preparation of Village Development plan for submission to state
government (Extn/Econ/other teachers/ADO)
6 Preparation and demonstration of value added products from
fruits/vegetable/milk (Home Science)
7 Closing Ceremoney (All teachers/HOD’s/Dean/DDA/All students-RAWE
and Panchyat)

N.B. :
1. Weekly/daily schedule of work mentioned above are tentative and flexible. The Advisory Committee
should identify and advocates as many activities, programmes and demonstrations in the concerned
subjects as per the convenience, local situation and requirement of the village/farmers.
2. The records pertaining to all the courses separately shall be submitted at the end of the programme
covering all the aspects of all the courses as per the schedule of work for verification by concerned
teacher and finally by Programme Officer (Coordinator), which will be returned to the students after
varification for final binding under certification.

21
 Chapter-VII
Tentative Schedule of Work to be done during Village Stay/Attachment of
B.Sc.(Horti.) Students

During the village stay/placement, the students will develop various communication skills using
different extension teaching methods like general meeting, farm and home visit, group discussion meeting,
method demonstration, result demonstration, farmers training programme, campaigns, exhibition, field
visits, field days and other community work. The concerned course teachers with the consultation of
programme officer/coordinator may reorient the schedule of weekly work as per the syllabus and or local
requirement of the village. Following is the tentative schedule of proposed work to be carried out during
village stay.

1st week:
Orientation and placement of students in the villages.

2nd week:
1. Study of the existing situation of the village (agro-economic survey).
2. Identification of major Horticultural problems of the village through Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) techniques.
3. Development of suitable extension strategies using Gap Analysis proforma and preparation of action
plan.
4. Collection, preparation and submission of the crop production practices on various crops as adopted by
the farmers in the village.
5. Collection, preparation and submission of the plant protection practices (including nutritional
disorders, weeds and other physiological disorders) on various crops as followed by the farmers in the
village.

3rd and 4th week :

1. Preparation and submission of the calendar of work (crop-wise).
2. Analysis of the situation of the crops of the host farmer and record of comments on the following aspects
as per proforma given by concerned teacher.
a. Cultivation practices of vegetables and fruits undertaken by the host farmer.
b. Comparison of the farmer's adoption on each practice with recommended practices.
c. Post harvest techniques of vegetable and fruit crops.
d. Methods of fruit and vegetable preservation-value addition.
c. Response of the farmer about the recommended management practices.
d. Performance of various crops raised by the host farmer (biometric observations) as perproforma g i v e n
by concerned teacher.

22
e. Practical involvement of the student in various field operations, listing out all crop operations carried out
by the host farmer with deviations from the recommended practices along with reasons.
3. Recording of insect pests, diseases, nutritional disorders, weeds and other physiological disorders in
standing crops of the host farmer along with their symptoms and control measures adopted as proforma.
4. Comparison of the farmer's adoption on each control measure with recommended practices.
5. Response of the farmer about the recommended control measures.
6. Performance of various crops after the adoption of control measures by the host farmer.
7. Collection of information on nematode problems, bird and rodent damage, if any.

5th week:
1. Preparation and presentation of teaching and information materials in the information centre/
information corner.
2. Collection of data on farm holding survey from host farmer.
3. Demonstrations on methods of plant propagation.
4. Demonstration on nursery raising and polybag techniques.

6th and 7th week :

1. Organisation on training programme on vegetable/fruits production and protection and report writing.
2. Collection of herbarium specimens each of insect damage, plant disease, nutritional disorder, weeds
and physiological disorders in the standing crops.
3. Writing the records on
a. Crop production-based on crop-wise collected data.
b. Plant protection-based on crop-wise collected data for pests and diseases separately item wise.
c. Extension programmes - based on previous data collected.
d. Rural economics-village survey, farm holding surveys and family budgets.

8th and 9th week:

1. Organising vocational training on fruit and vegetable preservation to village women and farmers
2. Conducting participatory extension teaching methods - Training Programme.
3. Documentation of indigenous technical knowledge practice (ITKs) for major crops.
4. Study of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and other institutions in the village.
5. Preparation of a new cropping patterns/system or farming system as an alternate farm plan for host
farmer and another farmers based on farm holding survey.
6. Post harvest losses of fruit and vegetables, their packging, transportation and preservation-organizing
workshops/campaign in village school.

23
10th week :
1. Organizing regional workshops (4-5 nearby villages) on importance of fruits, vegetables and
flowers in daily life and economy of the village.
2. Horticulture crop production- based on previous crop -wise collected data
3. Plant protection- based on previous crop- wise collected data
4. Post harvest technology of fruits and vegetables
5. Extension programmes- based on data collected and activities organized item wise
6. Rural economics-Agro economic survey, family budgets, farm holding survey of host farmer and
another farmer including illustrations, alternate farm plants
7. Completion and submission of crop production, plant protection, extension programmes, rural
economics and research station/ activities including project report.

11th and 12th week :

1. Summarization of the work on horticulture crop production and plant protection.
2. Survey on market intelligence information and suggestion to the farmers on new cropping pattern.
3. Organization of horticultural technology awareness rally/campaign/competition of school
students/farmers .
4. Farmers-Scientist-Students meet-interaction, feedback on the out come of RHWE-village stay
programme (All teachers, Panchyat nominee and RHEO).
5. Preparation of Village Development plan for submission to state government (Extn/Econ/other
teachers/RHEO)
6. Preparation and demonstration of value added products from fruits/vegetable/milk (Home Science)
7. Closing function (All teachers/HOD's/Dean/DDA/All students-RHWEP and Panchyat).

Note : The records pertaining to all the courses separately shall be submitted at the end of the programme
preferably when they visit next time covering all the aspects of all the courses as per the schedule of work for
evaluation. The records submitted by the student shall be retained with the Research Station, which will be
returned to the students after completion of the programme for final binding under certification.

Schedule of visits by different functionaries :

1 Programme officer/Coordinator shall visit and stay in the village on each Friday.
2 Dean Representative shall visit the villages thrice i.e., in the first, fifth and tenth week of programme.
3 Subject matter specialist (course teachers) shall visit and stay in the village as per the course
schedule/time table fixed by the Dean/Principal of the concerned college. He will leave the village after
the arrival of next teacher and hand over the charge.
4 Dean/Principal of the college shall visit the RAWE/RHWE village twice during the programme.

24
 ChapterVIII
ANNEXURES
Practical/Demonstrations in RAWE/RHWE Programme
Detailed Guidelines for Conduct of Extension Programme

It is impossible to teach practical extension in the class room. The most effective practical training in
extension education can be imparted if the students are made to stay in the village for a period of at least one
semester, so that they will have opportunities to learn, practice the techniques and methods of extension in
real village atmosphere. During their stay, the students will be required to live in the village and work with
farmers as the field extension workers under the direct supervision of Scientist.
1. Identification of major Agri/horticultural problems of the village through (PRA).
For identification of village agri/horticultural problems, the students as a group allotted to a village
shall collect information from different sections of the farmers using PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal
Techniques)-transect walk, time line, trend analysis resource and social mapping, ,seasonality, ranking
techniques, venn diagram, mobility mapping, wealth ranking, problem tree analysis problem prioritization
etc. Before using these techniques students must buildup rapport with the farmers. They have to clearly state
the purpose of practicing these techniques to the farmers. These techniques will help the students to identify
agril/horticultural problems/constraints/indigenous technical knowledge (ITK)/training needs of farmers
and will be able to prepare Village Development Plan.
2. Development of suitable extension strategies using gap analysis and preparation of action plan.
Each student shall collect information on two major crops from host farmer of the village as per
prescribed proforma. It enables the student to find out the gaps in adoption, reasons for gaps and draw the
extension strategies as proposed by the farmers. Accordingly the student shall prepare action plan for
organizing various participatory extension teaching methods/activities to reduce the gaps in the adoption of
recommended technologies in major crops.
3. Organization of Participatory Extension Teaching Methods.
Based on extension strategies drawn and action plan prepared, the students shall carry at least
participatory extension teaching methods viz., extension talk, method demonstration, group discussion,
field visit, training programme, exhibition etc. under the guidance of Extension Scientist of RAWEP.
a) Presentation of Extension Talk
Extension talk is a verbal explanation (presentation) to a group of people to impart knowledge by
activating the learners. Each student shall plan giving extension talk on a topic identified as a knowledge
gap. The student has to plan thoroughly and the presentation has to be divided into four parts viz.,
introduction, body, summary and questions. The introduction shall attract the audience by way of narrating
quotation, telling a story, telling an experience and or stressing the importance of the topic from the farmers
point of view. Not more than 10-15 percent of the time devoted for this. Body of information is the major part
and subject has to be delivered in detail on essentials, desirables and possible principle and 75 percent of the
time can be given for the body. Summary gives scope for the audience to crystallize important key points and
conclusion shall be given as natural ending and the topic shall not be closed abruptly and 5 percent of time

25
can be given for this purpose. At the end, certain questions have to be asked to the participants. This session
gives for getting feedback whether the participants gained knowledge from the talk or not.
c) Conduct of Method Demonstrations
The students under the guidance of should conduct method demonstrations to teach the farmers
certain new skills and new technologies developed which are necessary in the new adoption of new farm
practices, for example mixing of pesticides with correct dosages, control of insects, pests and diseases,
preparation of raised .seed beds for nurseries etc., depending upon the local problems. By conducting
method demonstrations, lot of interest will be created among the villagers regarding some improved
practices and introduction of new skills, proper mixing of pesticides etc., Many farmers who are motivated
to try new practices naturally required to be trained in certain skills needed and also require demonstration of
new appliances. For this purpose all the students allotted to a village must select 12 farmers at random from
a list of total farmers in the village with proportionate sample from big, medium and small farmers. In this
connection, a record must be maintained by the students with the following details.
Date (s) of conducting method demonstration(s)
Purpose of conducting the method demonstration(s)
Planning aspect of conducting the method demonstration(s)
Methods adopted for publicizing the demonstration(s)
Rehearsal of the method demonstration(s) Procedure followed while .conducting the
demonstrations(s)
Number of farmers attending the demonstration(s)
Reaction of farmers after conducting the method demonstration.
d) Organization of farmers, group discussion
The students shall organize group discussion solve the agricultural problems identified by them.
They must prepare well on some of the selected topics of interest to the farmers in the village and organize
group discussion preferably during evening hours or any convenient time with the help of the host farmers
and other village leaders. The students should prepare teaching aids well in advance based on the topics they
would like to discuss. While preparing for the discussions, they should check up the physical facilities made
available for conducting the discussions and make advance arrangements for informing the farmers as well
as deciding about the place, time and date in consultation with the farmers as well as Scientist. In these
discussions they may distribute some of the leaflets published by IGKV. If the students want assistance of
any specialist for these discussions, a request may be made to the DES/Dean in advance so that
arrangements could be made to depute the required specialist to attend the group discussions and assist the
students. The student speakers should motivate the farmers' attending the meeting by telling the merits of the
discussions in solving their own problem in economic terms.
At the end of the group discussion an appeal be made to the farmers to implement the solution
commonly agreed upon. The students shall write the following in the record.
Date(s) and place (s) of conduct of group discussion.
Problem selected for group discussion and recognition of the problem.
Definition and diagnosis of problem.

26
 Selection of the leader and physical arrangements made.
Solutions offered by the farmers along with farmers names.
Critical analysis of each solution and finally selected solution on consensus basis.
Action plan for implementing the solution.
Farmers reaction on the group discussion.
f) Organization of farmers training programme
In each village, there are good leaders and progressive farmers who are enthusiastic to do some
useful service for the .community. Very rarely their services are used for promoting agricultural/rural
development programmes. If they are given some simple and useful training in the field of
agriculture/horticulture, they could be of considerable use to community. Therefore, the students are
required to organize farmers training programme of one-day duration for such farmers. Students shall invite
the specialists from Agricultural college/KVK's who would deliver the training content and give
clarifications to the queries posed by the farmers.
The students shall write the particulars of title of the training programme, date and place of the
training programme, purpose of the training programme, names of the scientists and topics covered by them.
They should record no. of participant farmers, publicity before and after and reaction of the farmers towards
the training programme.
4. Establishment of Agricultural Information Centre/maintenance of Information corner in the
village.
It is common experience that new farm information rarely reaches the villages farmers. In order to
'provide farm information to the farmers, the students shall establish and maintain one information center at
a commonly accepted place during their stay in the village. The information center shall include village
information, soil types, characteristics, crop varieties and their characteristics, management facilities
followed by farmers, recommended practices, gaps, pests and diseases, nutritional deficiencies, organic
farming, natural resource management, IPM, post harvest management, value addition, market intelligence,
prices of crop produce, cost of cultivation particulars etc. All the students have to contribute in this activity
considerably,. In addition. students shall maintain visitors' register and their feedback.
If sufficient space is not available in the village for establishing the information centre, students need
to maintain information corner in the village. This has to be decided during the first week of the RAWEP
itself in consultation with Programme Officer. Information corner provides an opportunity to students for
communicating modern agricultural technologies and field problems to the villagers in simple and effective
way through well maintained information corner. Students are responsible for maintenance of information
corner. The students will prepare simple teaching aids like charts, poster, and collect specimens relating to
Agri-horticultural problems identified in various activities and field observation. The information corner
should be maintained at a place central to the village where large no of villagers pass by or gather.
A brief .report on the information displayed, date, teaching aids used, number of farmers who visited
the information corner on each day and opinion expressed by them should be maintained and reproduced in
the final project report.

27
5. Study of on-going Central / State sponsored rural development/extension programmes.
The students shall study any of the two on-going Central/State sponsored rural development/agri
extension programmes regarding its background, objectives, year of initiation, salient features of the
programme/scheme, methodology/approach for identification of beneficiaries in the village, financial
details, immediate benefits realized, employment generation, extension approach followed, feedback from
beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, operational problems and suggestions for improving the modalities of
programme/scheme. At the end students shall write their comments on the functioning of these programmes.
7. Visit to village institutions to study of their role in extension work.
The students allotted to each village are required to visit the basic village institutions like Gram
panchayat, school, Aangan badis/Baalbadis, co-operative society, etc. with a particular objective of
understanding their role and responsibilities in promoting agricultural/horticultural programmes in the
village.
8. Documentation of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge Practices (ITKs) for major crops.
Farmers all over the world have developed their indigenous system of farming and have evolved
indigenous techniques for crop production/farming. Each student shall record at least two ITKs adopted by
the farmers in the village. Particulars of name of the practice, purpose, method of application, dosage, time
of application, rationale behind ITK, extent of adoption, constraints in .adoption and opinion of the farmers
towards ITKs are to be recorded. Students must bring these ITKs to the notice of the scientists and record
the scientific reasoning of these ITKs documented.
9. Study of Self Help Groups (SHGs)/Farmers Club in the village.
Each Student shall select at least one SHGs/Farmers Club and record purpose of formation, No. of
members and their names,occupation, activities under taken, frequency of meetings, participation of.
members,cooperation and coordination among the members and benefits due to SHG/Farmers Club
formation. At the end student must mention his own remarks on functioning of SHGs and give suggestions
for effective functioning of SHGs in the village.
10. Gender participation in horticultural activities
Each student shall collect information from farmer families regarding involvement of men and
women in farming practices of three major crops grown by the respective farmers (Annexure –XI (a) and
their pattern of decision- making related to certain farm activities. The information thus collected has to be
analyzed and inferences have to be drawn. In addition, student shall write his comments on this aspect.
11. Documentation of success/failure stories in the village.
Success stories highlight the success being achieved with an involvement of human being. Each
student shall record at least one success story and one failure story of any horticultural technology adopted
by the farmers. Student shall obtain the guideline from Scientist in charge of RAWEP activity for writing
these stories. He/She shall record the name of the farmer, name of the technology, source of information,
interest shown by the farmer, timeliness, technology adoption particulars, factors leading to success/failure,
cost benefit particulars, diffusion of technology in case of success, farmer opinion towards technology,
problems in adoption, suggestions for further improvement of technology and furnish other relevant details.
Success stories should end with an appeal for action.

28
 RAWEP-Extension Programme
Conducting PRA to Understand Resources, Problems, Problem
Assess Relationship and Training/Demonstration Need

Participatory rural Appraisal (PRA) is methodology for interaction with villagers understanding
them and learning from them. It is a means of collecting different groups and evoking their participation and
also opening ways in which intended group can participate in decision making, project design, execution
and monitoring of rural development programme, PRA constitutes a process of involvement with rural
people for indigenous knowledge building exercise. It is a way of learning from and with villagers to
investigate, analyse and evaluate constraints and opportunities to focus attention on people, their livelihoods
and their relationship with socio-economic and ecological factors.
1. Name of village…………………………………………………………………..
2. Purpose of PRA…………………………………………………………………..
3. Resource person contacted prior to conducting PRA…………………………….
4. Activities exercised in PRA
a. Drawing sketch map of village
b. Social map
c. Resource map
d. Mobility map
e. Seasonal calendars
f. Venn diagram
g. Time line
h. Train analysis

Note : Student will identify the agricultural problems and suggest possible solution accordingly.

29
 RAWE-Extension Programme

Identifying Specific Gaps in Adoption.

Adoption is the mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an
innovation to its final adoption. The adoption process is one type of decision making innovation, is a
decision by an individual. He begins using an idea that the innovation replaces.
Name of students:………………………………………..........……ID No……….....................…………..
Name of Village…………………...............…….Name of Host Farmer………….................……………...

A.What is the level of Knowledge of Farmer regarding following package of practices

(Major Kharif crops of village).

Sr.No. Items Crop I Crop II Over all

Actual Recommended Actual Recommended Knowledge
Knowledge Practices Knowledge Practices level (%)
1 Soil type
required
2 Proper time of
sowing
3 Improved
varieties
4 Preparatory
tillage
5 Seed rate
6 Methods of
sowing
7 Spacing &
optimum plant
population
8 Manure &
Fertilizer
9 Methods of
fertilizer
application
10 Irrigation
scheduling

30
 11 Intercultural
operations
12 Weed control
13 Insect control
14 Disease control
15 Time of
harvesting
16 Method of
harvesting and
Threshing
17 Storage &
Marketing
1.Identifying Specific Gaps in Adoption
Name of the Crop…………………………
Sr.No. Particulars of Practices followed by Extent of gaps Constraints in Action
Recommended farmers as per in adoption of adopting oriented
Practices (100 %) recommendation recommended recommended suggestions
(25%,50%,75%,100%) technology technology
1 Soil type required
2 Proper time of
sowing
3 Improved
varieties
4 Preparatory
tillage
5 Seed rate
6 Methods of
sowing
7 Spacing &
optimum plant
population
8 Manure &
Fertilizer
9 Methods of
fertilizer
application
10 Irrigation
scheduling
11 Intercultural
operations

31
 12 Weed control
13 Insect control
14 Disease control
15 Time of
harvesting
16 Method of
harvesting and
Threshing
17 Storage &
Marketing

2. Sources of Information for Improved Farm Technology applied by Farmer during Innovation
Decision Process

Sr.No. Sources Stages of Innovation Decision Process Confirmation

Knowledge Persuasion Decision Implementation Adoption Rejection

1 Radio
2 TV
3 News Paper
4 Megazine/
Bulletins
5 Progressive
Farmers
6 Friends/
Relatives
7 RAEO/ADO

8 Sarpanch/
Leader
9 FLD/OFT
10 Krishi Mela
11 Scientists
12 Students
13 Agro-dealer
14 Any other

32
 RAWEP/RHWEP-Extension Programme-Survey
General Problems Related to Agriculture/Horticulture

Name of Social/ Infrastructural Technical Health Institutional Any

Problem Cultural Other
Village
problems
Problems
at farmers
levels
Note: After recording the problems students will give possible solution to overcome them on a separate
sheet.
RAWEP-Extension: Schedule
Techno-Social Survey of Village and Host Farmers
(Refer format given in the section of Rural Economics)
DIARY OF THE STUDENT
Each students has to maintain a Work-Diary and record their day-to-day activities carried out in
RuralAgricultural/Horticultural work Experience programme (RAWEP/RHWEP) as per the given format.
Report for the week from …………...to …..……….. Date………………
1 Name of the Student :
2 I.D. No. :
3 Name of the college :
4 Name of the Village:
5 Name and address of the host farmer :
6 Abstract of work : (Indicate in brief the activities of week)

Week Days Abstract of Work done

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday

Note : Period of absence from work…………....… Reasons for absence…………………………….....

Date of receipt of the diary by the Programme Officer…………………
Comments and Signature of the Programme Officer

Signature of the Student

33
 RAWE/RHWE SCHEDULE (Agronomy/Horticulture)

A. Plot Wise History of Host Farmers Including Cropping Scheme.

1. Name of the Student ....................................................................................................................................
2. Major two crops of the Village……………………………………...……………………..........................
3. Name of the Host Farmers……………………………………..………………………….........................
4. Survey (Khasra) No……………………….............Plot No. 1
Plot No. 2
Plot No. 3
5. Area (ha)………………………………Topography………...……………………….............................
6. Soil Properties (a) Soil Type…………………………….(b) Texture…………………...........................
(c) Depth of soil (cm)-Shallow/medium/deep….……….(d) Soil pH…………………...........................
(e) Drainage.………………………………………………………………….................................…
(f) Initial fertility status of soil : Organic Carbon……….…N………P………K……….........................
7. Irrigation available to the field: Source……………………Area irrigated…….………...........................
8. Previous Cropping History: Kharif…………………..Rabi……………Summer………........................
9. Special land development work performed, if any………….…………………….......................……….
B. Cropping Scheme (Previous Year………………..) Details of Inputs and Output.

PlotNo. Area Crops Field Manure Irrigation Yield Value Cost of Net
(ha) & Preparation & Fert. & Plant obtained of Culti. Profit
Variety Protection (q/ha) Produce (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)

C. Proposed Cropping Scheme (Current Year………) Details of Recommended Practices.

34
Plot No. Proposed Field Manure, Sowing Irrigation Yield Estimated Net
& Area Crops/Var. Prep. Fertilizers time, & Plant (Grain & cost of Profits
seed rate, Protection Straw) Cultivation (Rs/ha)
seed Kg/ha (Rs/ha)
treatment
and
sowing
methods

D. Calender of Agronomic Operations (Any major two crops).

Name of the Day and Name of the operation to be performed (Attach a separate
Crop Date sheet, if necessary

E.Agricultural Production Technology : Daily Record of Operations Season-Kharif

Kh. Area Crop/Var. Operations Name & Observations Participation Yield Constraints
No. (ha) Performed Quantity viz.,germination of students (Kg/ha) while
of Input , flowering, on field performing
used pests/disease/ work agri-operations
weeds
occurrence

Signature of Students Signature of Host Farmer Signature of Teacher

35
 RAWEP/RHWEP- Schedule
Maintenance of daily agricultural/horticultural operations
carried out by farmers/students

Name of Students……………………………..………………….ID No…………………….......................

Name of College…………………………….………………………………………………........................
Name of Village and Host Farmer……………..…………………………………………….........................
Plot Khasara No…………….……..Crop and Variety……………………………………............................
Area……………………..Irrigation………………Previous Crop…………………………........................

Date Name of Inputs Used F.Labours H.Labours Total Labour Costs (Rs) Grand Total
Operation (Col.5+15+16+17)
Name Qty Value M F M F M F M F Machine
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18

F = Family Labours, H = Hired Labours

36
 RAWEP/RHWEP- Schedule
Cost of cultivation for all crops

Name of Students……………………………………………….ID No……………………........................

Name of College……………………………………………………………………………........................
Name of Village and Host Farmer………………………………………………………….........................
Name of Crop and Variety……………………………………....Area……………………..........................

Sr.No. Items Unit Inputs per Inputs per Total cost

Unit hectare per ha
(Rs.)
1 Hired male labours
2 Hired female labours
3 Bullocks
4 Machinery charges
5 Seed
6 Manure
7 Fertilizers
8 Irrigations
9 Insecticide/Fungicides
10 Land revenue/Cess and
Taxes
11 Depreciations on
implements and farm
building
12 Expenses on acquisition on
inputs and misc.
13 Interest on working capital
14 Rental value of land
15 Family male labours
16 Family female labours
17 Total Cost per ha.
18 Supervision charges 10 %
of total cost
19 Yield per ha………………..Grain……………….Straw
20 Price Grain @ Rs………per quintal, Straw @ Rs…………per quintal
21 Total Value Rs./ha………………………….
22 Net Profit= Col.21-(Col.17+Col.18)

37
 RAWE/RHWE Schedule-Agronomy/Horicultural
Survey of weeds in crop fields and other habitats

Name of Students………………………....……………Location………....…………………….................
Each students should conduct survey of weeds in different habitats as well as survey of weeds in crops and
cropping systems. Data should be recorded in the table given below.

S.No. Common name Scientific name Propagation A/B/P

1

10

11

12

13

14

15

Conclusions:

38
 Estimation of critical period of crop-weed competition under field condition

In the life cycle of a crop during the early seedling days, presence of weeds may not pose much yield
reduction. In other words, competition may not have started as the immediate supply of the resources is well
above the combined demand of crop seedlings and weed seedlings. However, after a certain period,
competition starts and if weeds are kept uncontrolled, yield reductions may occur. This period usually end
when the ground is completely covered by the crop canopy. Any weeding given after this stage will not
compensate for the losses already occurred. This period between the early and later stages of a crop when
the crop is sensitive to competition from weeds in known as the critical period of weed competition.
In the beginning, there is no yield reduction. Weeding during the pre-critical period is not necessary,
as it makes the cultivation of crops less profitable. In the end of crop life, by keeping the weeds not removed,
there is no yield reduction. In other words, there is no need to remove weeds after the “critical period of weed
competition” (CPWC). Weeds emerging after CPWC do not compete with the crop plants to the exten of
reducing crop yield, but they create problems at harvest and replenish weed seeds to the seed bank of soil. To
determine the extent of weed competition and yield losses of crop in field, experiment may be conducted
with the following treatments.
Exercise : Prepare 12 plots Select a crop of about 75 days duration and arrange the treatments as follows.

Weedy for the x days Weed free for the x days

T1 – 0 Days T7 – 0 Days
T2 – 15 Days T8 – 15 Days
T3 – 30 Days T9 – 30 Days
T4 – 45 Days T10 – 45 Days
T5 – 60 Days T11 – 60 Days
T6 – 75 Days T12 – 75 Days

The treatments are to be imposed in the field duly observing the randomization, replication, local
control. The recommended packages of practices for the crop selected are to be followed. The following data
on the crop and weed has to be recorded:
A. Crop : Initial and final plant stand,.Crop dry matter, grain yield (kg/ha) dry matter have to be recorded at
15 days interval by destructive sampling, Yield attributes and yield at harvesting stage.
B.Weed data : Weed flora ,Weed density/m2 and Weed dry matter (kg/ha) at 20 days interval. Tabulate both
crop and weed data and draw the conclusions of critical study of tabulated information.

39
 Rural Economics Schedule

TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF VILLAGE Name of

Student:…………………...............…………………..ID No………………………...................................
Name of College:……………………………….………………………………………...............................
Name of Village:………………………….……………………………………………................................
Name of Block :…………………...………….Distance from Village………………..............................Km
Name of District:…………………..………….Distance from Village……………….............................Km
Name of Sarpanch: Shri/Smt………..…………………………………………………….............................
Name of MLA:Shri/Smt..…………………….…………………………………………..............................
Name of RAEO: Shri/Smt/Ku…………………...………………………………………..............................
.
A. Transport, Education and Health Services.
(i) Bus Stand………………….......….Distance from Village…...............................………………Km
(ii) Railway Station………….......……Distance from Village………………...............................…Km
(iii) Post Office…………………….......……………………………………………...............................
(iv) Condition of Road…………………........………………………………………...............................
(v) School: Primary/Middle/Higher Secondary………......……………………….................................
(vi) College…………………………Distance from Village…….......………………..............................
(vii) Primary Health Center……………………………………………......…………..............................
(viii) Private Dispensary…………………………………………………….......……...............................
(ix) Aaganbadis/Baalbadis……………………………………………………......…..............................

B. Population (Village Demography)

(a) Classification of Families

Sr.No. Occupation No. of Families

1 Agriculturists
2 Landless farmers/Agri.Labourers
3 Village Artisans
4 Industry/Factory Workers
5 Self Employed (Business)
6 Teachers
7 Private Sector Employee
8 Other Govt.Sector
Total

40
(a) Population :
Sex Category Literate Illiterate Total No. % age to Total
Population
Male (i)Adults (above 35 yrs)
(ii) Youth ( 18-35 yrs)
(iii) Children
Female (i)Adults (above 35 yrs)
(ii) Youth (18 -35 yrs)
(iii) Children
Total (Male + Female)

(a) Level of Literacy :

Sr.No. Types of Literarcy Number Total %
Male Female
1 Illiterate
2 Studied up to V
3 Studied up to VIII Class
4 Studied Up to Xth Class
5 Studied up to XIth Class
6 XII Passed
7 Graduates
8 Post Graduates
Total

C. Drinking Water Facilities: Well/Tanks/Tap water/Hand Pump: …..........................................……

D. Marketing Facilities:
Sr.No. Type Available within Nearest Place to Distance in Km
village the village
1 Weekly Haat
2 Regulated Market
3 Daily need/Kirana
4 Vege & Fruit stall
5 Fair price (Ration) shop
6 Any other

41
E. Livestock Population (As per the Gram Panchyat Records) :
Class Type of livestock Number
A Draft animal
Bullocks
He buffaloes
Total
B Milch animals
Local/Deshi breed cows
Crossbred cows
Buffaloes
Total
C Calves (below 3 years)
Local breed cows
Crossbred cows
Buffaloes
Total
D Goats/Sheep
Poultry
E Others
F. Veterinary Aid available for Livestock :
Sr.No. Particular Available in
Village At nearby Distance from
Village/Town Village in Km
1 Veterinary Dispensary
2 Artificial Insemination Center
3 Dairy Cooperative Society
4 Any Other
G. Land Utilization Pattern :
Sr.No. Particulars Area in ha
1 Total geographical area
2 Forest area
3 Grazing and pasture land
4 Land put to non-agril. Use
5 Total cultivable area
6 Area under rainfed agri.
7 Area under irrigation
8 Net sown area
9 Area sown more than once

42
H. Structural Distribution of Land holdings :
Sr. No. Farm size (ha) No. of % age to Area (ha) % age to
holdings total total
1 Upto 1.00
2 1.01-2.00
3 2.01-4.00
4 4.01-6.00
5 6.01-above
I. Source of Irrigation :
Sr.No. Source No. Area Covered (ha.)
Kharif Rabi Perennial
1 Canal
2 Tube wells
3 Tanks
4 Pvt.Lifts
5 Other
Total
J. Cropping Pattern (Previous year) :
Season Crop Rainfed area Irrigated Average Yield (Q/ha)
(ha.) area(ha) Rainfed Irrigated
Kharif

Rabi

Summer

43
K. Adoption of Modern Agricultural Technology (Important crops) :
Name of Crop Total area Area covered in ha.
Technology (ha) Traditional Modern
Area Percentage Area Percentage

L. Availability of Agricultural Labourers :

Sr.No. Type of Labour Adequate/Inadequate Wages paid (Rs/day)
1 Male
2 Female
3 Bullock pairs

M. Agro-Based Industries in the village or nearby area :

Sr.No. Agro-based industry No. of families Number

engaged In the Village Nearby area
1 Rice mill
2 Daal/Oil mill
3 Floor mill
4 Jaggery making
5 Others

N. Subsidiary Enterprises :
Sr.No. Enterprise No. of families engaged
1 Dairy
2 Poultry
3 Goat/sheet rearing
4 Piggery
5 Huller

44
O. Other Village Institutions :

Sr.No. Institute Yes/No

1 Gram Panchyat
2 Mandi
3 Cooperative Society
4 Kisan Club
5 Youth Club
6 Mahila Club
7 Bhajan Mandali
8 Sports Club
9 Others

P. Transportation means available in the Village :

Sr.No. Type Number

1 Cycles
2 Cartload
3 Moter Cycles
4 Car/Jeeps
5 Others

Q. Total number of Houses:…………………..………..Electrified Houses……………..............................

Pucca Houses………………………………..…………...Kachha Houses………..................................
No. of Houses having WBC (Latrine) facilities…………………………………….................................

R. Recreational facilities available in the village :

Items Number
Television (B/W)
Television (Colour)
Radio
Cinema
Nachha Party
Bhajan Mandali
Others

45
S. Farm Machinery and Equipments available in the village :
Sr.No. Machinery/Equipment Number
1 Tractor
2 Power Tiller
3 Combine
4 Mould board plough
5 Seed drill
6 Thresher
7 Sprayer
8 Duster
9 Ridger and leveler
10 Sprinkler irrigation sets
11 Drip irrigation sets
12 Others
T. Facilities for repair of machinery like Tractor/Electric motor etc :
Sr.No. Type of Repairs in Facilities Distance from
machinery village available at the village
nearby village
1 Tractor
2 Electric motor
3 Oil engine
4 Implements
U. Availability of Agro-Inputs :
Sr.No. Agro-inputs Available Distance
In village At nearest
village
1 Implements
2 Seed
3 Fertilizers
4 Insecticides/Fungicides
5 Herbicides
V. Credit Institutions in the village
(i) Banks…………………………………………………….
(ii) Cooperative Societies…………………………………..
(iii) Others…………………………………………………..

Signature of Village Sarpanch Student's Signature Remarks and Signature of Course Teacher

46
 Rural Economics Schedule
TECHNO-ECONOMIC SURVEY/FARM HOLDING
OF HOST FARMERS

Techno-economic or farm holding survey refers to the collection of data, information related to farm
activities through structured questionnaire with the help of a schedule or through below mentioned
proforma containing set of questions related to farm activities. The collection of data is to be done through
personal interviews of the farm owners using the survey schedule or farm records. The proforma contains
details of holding or acreage, crop livestock and other enterprises, farm implements, machinery, irrigation
sources, labour use, capital use including loans, cost of cultivation details, yield and income sources, etc.
This survey is conducted to familiarize the student with the socio-economic condition of the farmers and
farm production activities. Each student will prepare a brief report on various aspects of survey. The details
are as follows.
Name of Student :………………………………………………………..ID No…….........…………...........
Name of College :……………………………………………………………………………………...........
Name of Village………………………Block………………….District…………………………...............
1.Name of the head of the Family…………………………………………………........................................
Sex: Male/Female……………Age (Years)……………..Education………………......................................
Address: Village………………..Post…………………Ward……………....................................................
Block…………………District………………Mobile No………………….................................................
2. Information of the family members including attached labours
Sr.No. Name Sex Relation Age Education Occupation Remark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1. Assets and Liabilities
A. Land :
Sr.No. Khasra Irrigated Rainfed Soil Type Present Land
No. land (ha) land (ha) value (Rs.) revenue/Tax
1
2
3
4
5
6

47
B. Source of Irrigation :

Sr.No. Source Number Area irrigated (ha)

Kharif Rabi Always
1 Well
2 Canal
3 Tank
4 Other
C. Building :

Sr.No. Category Type of Size Present value

Construction (Rs.)
1 Residential
house
2 Farm house
3 Cattle shed
4 Other
D. Livestock status of the farmer :

Sr. No. Category Breed No. of animals Present value

(Rs.)
1 Draft animal
2 Cows
3 Buffaloes
4 Goat/sheep
5 Poultry

E. Organisational participation :
Sr. No. Organisation Member Office Regular Occasional Never
Bearer
1 Grampanchayat
2 Zila Panchayat
3 Cooperative
Society
4 Farmers Club
5 Youth Club
6 Mahila Mandal
7 Other

48
F. Implements and Machinery :
Category. Items Number Present Value(Rs)
A.Implements Wooden plough
Iron plough
MB plough
Seed drill
Harrow
Hoes
B.Equipments Bullock cart
Sprayer
Duster
C.Machinery Tractor
Electric Motor
Oil engine
Power Tiller
Thresher
Reaper
Other
G. Household articles :
Sr.No. Article Number Present value (Rs.)
1 Bicycle
2 Motorcycle/Scooter
3 Car
4 Television(B/W/C)
5 Radio/DVD player
6 Refrigerator
7 Cooler/Fan
8 Steel Almirah
9 Washing Machine
10 Sofa set
11 Gobar gas plant
H. Annual gross income (Previous year) :
Sr. No. Source Amount (Rs.)
1 Crops
2 Livestock
3 Wages
4 Others

49
I. Annual family consumption expenditure (Previous year) :

Sr.No. Head Amount (Rs.)

1 Food
2 Housing
3 Education
4 Clothing
5 Health
6 Travel
7 Recreation
8 Gift
9 Footwares
10 Marriage/other function

J. Information about borrowings including old loans (Previous year)

Sr. No. Source Amount Purpose/date Rate of Repayment Outstanding

borrowed interest during the (Rs.)
year
1 Commercial Bnk
2 Land Dev.Bank
3 Cooperativ
Bank/Society
4 Private Lender
5 Friends/Relatives

K. Marketing Channels used for selling the produce (last one year)

Sr.No. Marketing channels Produce Sold Quantity Sold

1 Village Traders
2 Commission agents
3 Cooperative Society
4 Whole seller
5 Self

50
 Rural Economics: Schedule
Estimation of Cost of Cultivstion and
Farm Income measure of Major Crops

The students have to calculate the cost of cultivation of major crops-one major crop of the host
farmeras per the procedure given below.
Name of the Students……………….……………………………………..IDNo…………………………..
Name of the Villag…............................……….....................................................………..Name of the Host
frmer……………………………...................................................................................................................
Name of the Crop………………….……………Variety………………………………….………………..
A. Cost of cultivation of major crop (Name)……………...…….................................................................…

Sr.No. Cost items Per acre/hectare %age share Total Value

Quantity Value (Rs) in total cost (Rs/ha)
i.e.cost C3
A Cost A1
1 Value of hired
human labour
2 Value of bullock
labour
3 Value of machinery
4 Value of seeds
5 Value of
insecticide/pesticides
6 Value of manures
7 Value of fertilizers
Urea
DAP
Potash
Others
8 Irrigation charges
9 Depreciation
(Machinery and farm
building)
10 Land revenue, cesses
and taxes

51
 11 Miscellaneous
expenses
(electricity, fuel,
etc)
12 Interest on working
capital
B.Total of cost A1
13 Rent paid for leased
in land
C. Cost A2(B+13)
14 Interest on value of
owned capital
assets(excluding
land)
D. Cost B1(C+14)
15 Rental value of
owned land
E. Cost B2(D+15)
16 Value of family
labour
F.Cost C1(D+16)
G.Cost C2(E+16)
H.Cost C3(Cost C2 x 10 % of cost
C2 addeded to cost C2) Total cost
I.Yield/acre/ha
J.Profit of production: Value of by
product/yield-cost of
production(C3)

B. Farm business income measures.

1. Farm business income.
2. Owned frm business income.
3. Family labour income.
4. Net income.
5. Farm investment income.
6. Benefit-cost ratio.

52
 Rural Economics : Schedule

Preparation of Farm Plans

Farm planning is an approach which introduces desirable changes in farm organization and
operations and makes the farm a viable unit. Farm planning results in continuous maximization of net
returns of farm business through proper allocation of resources and optimum combination of different
enterprises. Farm plans can be 1) Simple farm plans 2) Complete or full farm plans. Simple farm planning is
adopted either for a part of land, one enterprise or to substitute one resource by another. Complete or full
planning envisages planning for the whole farm i.e., for all enterprises on the farm, for a change in the farm
structure and organization. It aims for complete change in cropping programme more income and market
orientation.
For preparing the farm plans and farm budgets use the data generated in exercise of farm holding
survey which will be the existing plan situation. Follow the steps presented below and prepare a simple farm
plan i.e., an alternate farm plan by introducing desirable changes in the existing farm plan that will be
adopted by the farmers immediately and will improve the profitability of the farmer based on the
recommended package of practices.

Steps in preparing the farm plans :

1. Evaluating the present farm situation with respect to.
(i) Resource position or inventory (ii) Different crops grown
(iii)Extent of resources used (iv) Level of production (v) Costs and returns
i) Resource position : Detailed information is needed regarding.
a) Land : Area-dry, wet and irrigated, type of soil, topography, drainage, soil conservation and
watermanagement measures, soil nutrient status etc.
b) Labour : Extent of family labour, permanent labour, hired labour, availability depending upon thetype
of work, wages, peak period, demand and supply etc.
c) Cattle and mechanical power – Availability and their hiring charges
d) Funds requirement : Funds availability on hand, credit required, sources available, extent of debts, rates
of interest, repayment schedule etc.
e) Management : Skill of the farmer with respect to the production of different crops and livestock
enterprises and extent of knowledge regarding each of them.
f) Irrigation : Source – coverage, period of availability, charges etc.
g) Other information: Farm buildings, equipments, machinery and other farm enterprises, their
maintenance costs and returns, the level of complementary and supplementary of them with respect to
crop production.
ii) Crops Grown: Information must relate to the type of crops, rotations, variety, their cultivation practices
and reasons for deviation from the package of practices
iii) Extent of resources used: This gives in detail the totality of each resource being used on the entire farm.

53
 Information must relate to the acre unit area i.e, being cultivated, amount of labour being utilized and
wages paid, extent of family labour involvement, total amount of capital in terms of variable inputs
being used in different enterprises. Such information is useful for identification of resource usage in
different enterprises and possibility of readjustment from one crop enterprise to the other.
iv) Levels of production: The information here indicates the amount of main and byproducts being
obtained from each farm enterprise.
v) Costs and returns: This is to be arrived at the profitability of each crop and livestock enterprises.
2. List out the risks to farm production.
Incidence of pests and diseases, possibility of drought, cyclones, floods etc. are to be borne in mind
while formulating an alternate plan.
3. Identifying the weakness of the existing plan.
For immediate or short term changes that are to be brought, one must first identify the operational
weaknesses like the suitable variety, type of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, their marketing,
cultural practices etc. minor operational changes may help in increasing the returns from a particular crop or
farm enterprise.
4. Specification of technical coefficients of production.
To identify a suitable technology, there is need to gather information from various sources regarding
the improved farming methods and practices and the various inputs which can be applied under local
conditions.
5. Specification of appropriate prices.
For the specified production coefficients, average prices are to be determined to estimate the
expected returns.
6. Preparation of enterprise budget.
The enterprise budgets can be prepared with the help of extension leaflets, research station reports,
publications etc. these budgets will give the input-output relationship of each enterprise.
7. Preparation of alternate plan.
With the help of the profitability ranking chart, select such farm enterprises which are feasible within
the limited resources of the farm, keeping in view the weaknesses-both structural and operational of the
existing farm plan. At the same time, try to incorporate the latest technology by preparing a few alternate
plans. Again these plans must involve minimum risk possible.
It is better to prepare, first, the short-run plans with operational changes. Later, an alternate plan
maybe prepared by improving the present cropping scheme and by keeping in view the long range farm
benefits.
8. Analyse the alternate plan to check the profitability.
It is necessary to have a clear comprehension about the partial plan (partial budget) and alternate plan
(full budget). In the former case, any single aspect of change in technology is considered.

54
 RAWEP Schedule-Entomology

Recording Observation on field crops/vegetables/fruit/crops regarding pest population and

beneficial insects.
Recording observation on agronomical/horticultural crops regarding pest population and beneficial
insects How to record observation in field.
(I) When you enter in to the field of the farmer, divide the field in five blocks first in following manner.

III

IV V

(II) From each block select randomly five plants per meter row length of plants for observation from
each field and have the sample of 25 plans/spots.
(III) For sucking pest: Observe top, middle and bottom portion of the plant and record the pest population
on the leaf and draw the averages accordingly.
(IV) For foliage pest: Record the number of eggs, larvae per plant, damage fruiting bodies (flower,
pods/capsules/bolls) per plant.
(V) For parasite and predator: Record the number on observational plant.
Method of observation will slightly change crop to crop. However get the correct information from
your subject teacher (Entomologist) for recording observation.

55
 Entomology/Pathology-Schedule
Monitoring the crops for pests and disease
occurrences and seeking remedies

Name of the Students……….………………………………..Date…….......................................………….

To monitor the crops for pest and disease occurance, each students should pay constant visit to the
cropped area and look for any unnatural growth and occurrence. By observation during and after class hours
for the abnormal plant organs. Take samples to Department of Agricultural Entomology, Plant Pathology
and Physiology to identify the maladies if noticed or may be with the teacher Get the remedies and make
record

Exercise
l Document the problems that you have identified and the remedies given by the experts below in the
table.
l Make regular record of obervation during the entire course of time and draw conclusion.

Crop Pest/disease Stage Remedy

Rice

Maize
Sorghum
Soybean

Crop Pest/disease Stage Remedy

Groundnut
Sesamum
Vegetable -1
Vegetable -2
Vegetable -3
Any other crop

Conclusions :

56
 Entomology-Schedule

I. Crop Pest Status and Damage in the Field of Host Farmers.

Name of Students…………………………………………………………………………...........................
Name of Village…………….....………Host Farmer…………………………………….......................…..
Name of the Crop…………….………….Variety…………………….Area………….........................……
Date of Sowing………………..…………..Stage of the Crop…………………………........................……
Objectives : To know the status of sucking/foliage pests on the cultivated crop.
Students should be able to correlate the present population with the ETL levels of the pest.
On the basis of observation and available ETL level, the control measures to be adopted by the farmer, it
should be suggested by the student to the host farmer.

Record of Observation on sucking pests

Block Plant Total aphids Total Jassids Total Thrips Other pests
(Top, middle (Top, middle (Top, middle (Top, middle
& bottom of & bottom of & bottom of & bottom of
plant) plant) plant) plant)
1 1
2
3
Total
Average
2 1
2
3
Total
Average
3 1
2
3
Total
Grand Total
Average

Similarly, record of observations should be prepared to other types of pests.

57
II. Crop Pests status and damage in the fields of host farmersTable: Recording pest occurrence per
meter row length of crop plants.

Block Spot Stem borer Other pest……………..

Total Damage % Total Damage %
plants plants damage plants plants damage
1 1
2
3
Total
Average
2 1
2
3
Total
Average

III.Control Measures Suggested to host farmers on the basis of pests population/damage.

1. Name of students……………………………2. Name of farmer...……………………...........................
3. Name of Crop/Variety……………………… 4. Date of Sowing……………...……...............................

Control measures Suggested control measures Adapted/not adopted by the

farmers along with the
reasons
Cultural control
Physical control
Chemical
Biological
IPM

Signature of Students Signature of Teacher

58
 Schedule
RAWE-Entomology

Seasonal Pests Incidence (On three Agronomical and Two Horticultural Crops)
Name of Students…………………...……………Name of the Farmer………………….......................…...
Name of Crop/variety……………..……………Date of Sowing…………………........................………...

Date of Name of Damaging Plant Status of the pest Control Natural

sowing Pests stage of parts (Percent damage) measures enemies,if
Pests affected Low Medium High undertaken any
<10 % 10-30 % >30%

Signature of Student Signature of Teacher

59
 Schedule
RAWE/RHWE-Entomology

Information on IPM to be collected in the form of Questionnaire from the Host Farmer.
Name of Students………………..………………Name of the Farmer…………………........................…...
Name of Crop/variety…………….……………Date of Sowing……………………….........................…...
1. What is IPM ?
2. Do you know the components of IPM ?
3. Which insecticides are purchased by farmer?
4. Who suggested them to use in the crop?
5. Source of purchase of insecticide?
6. How you decide the quantity of insecticides to be purchased?
7. How you prepare the solution?
8. Dou you use measuring cylinder, weighing balance for correct measurement of pesticide?
9. How you spray the insecticides?
10. Whether the pesticides is applied alone or in combination?
11. Whether you know the dose of insecticides, do you calculate the dose of insecticide?
12. Time and dose of application of insecticides?
13. Whether pesticides are applied as preventive or curative measures?
14. Do you know the precautionary measures to avoid poisoning?
15. Do you follow other methods of pest control?
16. Are the RAEO, extension workers/KVK's are guiding you in pest management?
17. Are the RAEO/Scientists pay visit your village/fields?
18. Do they advise IPM tactics for pest management?
19. Do you follow the advise given on TV/Radio in krishi Darshan regarding IPM?
20. Do you feel any difficulties while performing pest management in the field?

60
 Schedule
RAWP/RHWE-Entomology

Economics of IPM practices followed by the Host Farmers on Agronomical/Horticultural Crops

based on the previous observations.
Name of Students…………………...……………Name of the Farmer…………….......................………...
Name of Crop/variety………………..…………Date of Sowing………………........................…………...

Sr.No. IPM Methods of IPM Expenditure % increase in Pests

practices Incurred yield controlled
used (Rs/ha)
1 Cultural
methods

2 Physical
methods

3 Biological
methods

4 Chemical
methods

Signature of Student Signature of Teacher

61
 RAWEP/RHWEP-Schedule (Common for all subjects)
Organizing Demonstration

Farmers like to see how a new idea works, and also what effect it can have on increasing their crop
production. Both purposes can be achieved by means of a farm demonstration. Only the demonstration can
make teaching perfect. A good, practical demonstration is an invaluable method in extension work. The
demonstration is a particularly powerful method to use with farmers who do not read easily. A demonstration
will give such farmers the opportunity to observe, at first hand, the differences between a recommended new
crop practice and traditional practices. The strength of the demonstration should lie in its simplicity and its
ability to present the farmers with concrete results.
There are two principal types of demonstration used by extension officers - method demonstration
and result demonstration.
Method demonstration
Method demonstrations basically show farmers how to do something. Method demonstrations are
group extension events conducted over one to two hours to demonstrate and practice a specific skill, step by
step. Method demonstrations are low cost and relatively efficient as they involve one extension worker and
several farmers. They are participatory and enable farmers to learn by doing. The main advantage of the
method demonstration is that the extension agent can explain simple farming skills to a large number of
people, thus increasing the impact of his extension work. Moreover, as farmers are able to participate, there
is a greater chance that they will benefit from the demonstration than if they were passively hearing it in a
lecture.

Result demonstration
The main purpose of a result demonstration is to show local farmers that a particular new
recommendation is practicable under local conditions. Comparison is the important element in a result
demonstration: comparison between compost and no compost, between poor seed and selected seed, or
between use of fertilizer and no fertilizer. "Seeing is believing" is an age-old expression, but one appropriate
to a result demonstration. Until a farmer has actually seen the results of, for example, the application of a
fertilizer, he will not be convinced by the agent's recommendation. By showing tangible results of a new
practice recommended by the extension service, the agent can help to create confidence among the farmers
and can greatly encourage them to try the practice themselves.
A result demonstration is an ideal way to present to farmers a comparison between traditional and
new practices. It can also help to establish confidence in more scientific farming methods and increase the
farmers' confidence in ideas originating from research stations. It shows proof of the value of a new practice.
A result demonstration is also a useful tool that an agent can use to establish confidence among farmers in a
new area.
Its major limitation is that it takes a long time to mature and is thus a costly use of extension
resources. If, in the end, for whatever reason, the new practice should fail, it could have disastrous
consequences. Often such failures (for example, because of lack of rain) are outside the control of the agent.

62
 Both method and result demonstrations are extension activities that require a lot of thought, careful
planning and efficient execution. Although the two demonstrations differ somewhat in their purposes, they
share a lot of common points and, in terms of their preparation and execution, they can be considered
together.
The students should organize a method demonstration collectively on the farmers field and record
their observation. Method demonstration should be conducted based on the following points.

I. Planning and Preparation

l Decide the topic, objective, target audience, date and venue of demonstration.
l Topics for method demonstrations should be identified on the basis of farmers needs or problems. They
are defined in detail in consultation with farmers.
l Topic should be important and relevant to the season and having immediate concern of the village.
l When a specific topic is agreed, a task analysis should be conducted. A task analysis is a breakdown of
the method into a series of small steps, and a summary of the main learning points for each step.
l Collect all the relevant and important information, material and equipments.
l Identify the steps in conducting demonstrations, practice in advance to be sure about its prefect
presentation.
l Make regular contact with the farmers/local leaders and give timely information to all concerned.
l Complete all arrangement for demonstration.
l Try to display diagrams, charts, graphs etc. at the site of demonstration.
l Have some relevant literature published by IGKV to distribute among the farmers.

II. Implementation
l Start the demonstration on the schedule date and time.
l Be sure about the physical arrangement so that all the participants can see and take part in decision.
l Show each operation step by step, explaining clearly why and how it is being done.
l Encourage questions at each stage.
l Tell key points again.
l Distribute literature related to demonstration.
l Identify those farmers who express their views to adopt the practices. It helps the follow-up process.

III.Monitoring, Evaluation and Follow-up

One of the last points in implementing the method demonstration is the completion of a monitoring,
evaluation and follow-up action.
l How many farmers (male and female, large and small) attended the method demonstration, and what
was the cost of the event.
l How many farmers who attended understood the method which was demonstrated. This can be
measured through a show of hands or by observing how well the farmers who practised the method were

63
 able to complete it correctly.
l How many of the farmers who attended think that they will try the method on their own farm or
homestead. A show of hands can be used.
l This monitoring process provides an indication on how effective the method demonstration was at:
contacting farmers; enabling farmers to understand a new method; and encouraging farmers to consider
trying a new technique on their farms.
l A method demonstration can only be evaluated by re-visiting the farmers who participated in it to see if
they have tried the technology.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) surveys are a useful tool to conduct this type of evaluation.
In a KAP survey, a sample of farmers who participated in the method demonstration are selected, visited and
interviewed. It is therefore extremely important to make a list of the names of the farmers who participated.
Task Analysis : Doing a task analysis in consultation with farmers can be useful as it helps to identify what
farmers already know. It may also show that one of the farmers knows enough to demonstrate the method to
the other farmers in their own words, with the Block Supervisor adding further explanation where necessary.
Example of Task Analysis for a Method Demonstration of Jujuba grafting
Step Method Main learning
point
Materials Budding knife, Stock, String, Polythene, Scion.
Select Choose a twig of 9-12 months of age with prominent Healthy twig,9-12
scion buds, growing strongly and free of disease. months old
Select Select a new plant growing strongly in a tubs. Pick a twig Health and age
stock that is the same age as the scion.
Select bud Choose a bud on the scion that is well developed and Well developed
on stock prominent. bud.
Scion-firstHold the scion in the left hand and budding knife in the Stem structure,
cut right hand. Make a horizontal cut 0.5 cm beneath the bud bark and wood.
half way around the stem. Press the blade of the knife
gently until it goes through the bark, and then press firmly
until it just enters the wood beneath.
Scion- Place the knife horizontally 0.5 cm above the bud and Stem structure,
second cut repeat the process for the second cut. bark and wood
Cut behind Place the knife horizontally at an angle 45 degrees to the Care with knife.
bud stem with the blade pointing downwards. Insert blade into Hold at 45 degrees
second cut. Press firmly and cut downwards behind the and do not damage
bud to join the first cut taking enough wood to avoid bud.
damaging the bud.
Remove Remove the bud and place carefully to one side. Treat bud gently.
bud

64
 Select Select an internode which has enough space to take the Identify an
internode length of the bud with at least 0.5 cm to spare at each internode.
on stock end.
Stock-first At the top end of the selected internode, make a Press knife gently.
cut horizontal cut about one third of the way around the stem.
Press gently so as to cut through the bark layer only.
Stock- Place the tip of the knife in the centre of the horizontal T-shape, bark
second cut cut and make a vertical cut downwards long enough to only.
take the length of the bud. this makes a T-shaped cut.
Loosen Insert the point of the knife behind the bark layer at the Do- not damage
bark junction of the two cuts. With the tip of the knife, gently bark-it is needed
loose the bark along the length of the vertical cut on both to hold the bud in
sides so that you have an open silt big enough to take the place.
bud.
Inset bud Hold the bud gently between thumb and forefinger. Insert Care of bud.
the base of the bud into the top of the open slit. Push Check bark goes
gently down until the length of the bud is inside the slit over edges of bud.
and held in place by the loosened bark which overlaps it.
Tie bud in Take a piece of string and make several turns around the Do not cover bud
place stem below the base of the vertical cut. Cross the string with string.
up the stem to the top of the bud, making sure that the
bud itself is left uncovered. Wind the string around the
stem a few times and tie off securely.
Cover bud Wrap a polythene sheet loosely around the stem to cover Protec bud from
the length of the inserted bud and string. tie the polythene weather. Allow
in place above and below the inserted bud. space to grow.

65
 Report writing

Report writing is an important aspect of RAWE/RHWEP work and should be undertaken

responsibly by the students under the guidance of course teachers and Programme Officer/Coordinator.
Report writing is a skill that the extension agent can develop and put to good use. As a guide to writing a
report, the following are a few general hints to bear in mind.
Ensure that all the information and data which will go into the report are collected/gathered from reliable
sources.
Plan the report beforehand and decide upon its general content, format and style of presentation.
Structure the content in a logical order, introducing the purpose of the report, followed by the main
substance, and then some concluding remarks.
Keep it brief. A brief, concise and well-structured report is far more useful and effective than a lengthy,
rambling one.
Check over the report, once written, and ensure that the final version is clear, neat and easy to read.

Format for Certificate for Report

Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
Agriculture/Horticulture College......................
Rural Agricultural/Horticultural work Experience Programme

CERTIFICATE
Certified that this report is a bonafide record of practical work done and data collected by
Mr/Kum/Smt ____________________________ that is the same age ______I.D.No. _______under Rural
Agriculture/Horticulture Work Experience Programme during first semester of final year B.Sc.(Agri/Horti)
course during the academic year _______has been supervised and guided by the advisory committee and
recommended for approval by the external examinners.

Signature of the Advisory Committee Signature of Programme Officer/Coordinator

66