SKELETAL

SYSTEM
Function
➢Structural support
➢Protection
➢Movement
➢Regulates energy
metabolism
➢Mineral homeostasis
(bones act as reserves
of minerals important for
the body like calcium or
phosphorus)
➢Storage of adipose
red marrow

tissue: yellow marrow yellow marrow

➢Hematopoiesis: blood
cell formation
DIVISIONS
OF THE
SKELETON
1. Axial (80 Bones)
➢ Skull/Cranium
➢ Sternum & Ribs
➢ Vertebral column

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➢ SKULL
• 8 cranial
bones
• 14 facial
bones
• 6 auditory
bones
• 1 hyoid
bones
➢ STERNUM &
RIBS
• Ribs (12 pairs)
- 1-7: true ribs
- 8-12: false ribs
- 11-12:
floating ribs

• Sternum (1)
➢ VERTEBRAL cervical thoracic
COLUMN
• 7 Cervical
vertebrae
• 12 Thoracic
vertebrae
• 5 lumbar lumbar Sacral and
vertebrae coccyx

• 5 fused
vertebrae of
sacrum
• 4 fused
vertebrae of
coccyx
2. Appendicular (126 Bones)
➢ Pectoral Girdle
➢ Pelvic Girdle
➢ Upper Limb
➢ Lower Limb

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➢ PECTORAL
GIRDLE
clavicle
• 2 clavicle
• 2 scapula

scapula
➢ PELVIC
GIRDLE
• 2 hipbone
➢ Upper Limb
• 2 humerus
• 2 Radius
• 2 Ulna
humerus
• 16 Carpal bones
• 10 Metacarpal
bones
• 28 Phalanges
phalanges
carpal
Radius

metacarpal
ulna
➢ Lower Limb
• 2 femur
• 2 patella
• 2 tibia femur tarsal
• 2 fibula
• 14 tarsal bones
• 10 Metatarsal patella metatarsal
bones
• 28 Phalanges
phalanges
tibia
fibula
➢ PECTORAL cervical thoracic
GIRDLE
• 2 hip bone

lumbar Sacral and

LONG BONES
➢ Longer than they are wide
and work as levers.
➢ Ex. Humerus, Tibia, Femur

SHORT BONES
➢ Are cube shaped and have
a thin layer of compact
bone, with inner spongy
bone
➢ Ex. Bones of the wrists
and ankles
FLAT BONES
➢ Are thin and usually curved.
Provide protection for organs.
➢ Ex. Most of the bones of the
skull, ribs, sternum

IRREGULAR BONES
➢ Do not fit in any other category.
Shape usually has to do with
specific function of the bone.
➢ Ex. Vertebrae, some facial
bones

SESAMOID BONES
➢ Are bones that are embedded in
tendons
➢ Ex. Patella (knee cap)
BONE CLASSIFICATION: ACCORDING TO DENSITY
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
COMPACT BONE
➢With osteon
➢Contains very few spaces
➢Forms the external layer of all
bones and the diaphysis of long
bones
➢Provides protection and support
➢Resists stress produced by
weight and movement
SPONGY BONE
➢Does not contain osteons
➢Made of trabeculae – an
irregular network of thin
columns of bone with many
spaces in between
➢Trabeculae contain
osteocytes within lacunae
connected by canaliculi
GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE

➢Diaphysis
▪ Shaft
▪ Composed of compact
bone
➢Epiphysis
▪ Ends of the bone
▪ Composed mostly of
spongy bone
➢Periosteum
▪ Outside covering of the Endosteum

diaphysis
➢Endosteum
▪ Outside covering of the
diaphysis
Periosteum
➢Sharpey’s fibers Sharpey’s
▪ Secure periosteum to fibers
underlying bone Arteries

➢Arteries
▪ Supply bone cells with
nutrients
➢ Articular cartilage
▪ Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
➢ Medullary cavity
▪ Cavity of the shaft
▪ Contains red and yellow
marrow
➢ Epiphyseal line
▪ Site of bone growth
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF A BONE
➢ Osteon (Haversian
System)
▪ structural unit of bone
➢ Central (Haversian) canal
▪ Carries blood vessels and
nerves
➢ Perforating (Volkman’s)
canal
▪ Canal perpendicular to the
central canal
▪ Carries blood vessels and
nerves
➢ Concentric Lamellae
▪ rings of hard calcified matrix
surrounding the central canal
➢ Lacunae
▪ Means “little lake”
▪ Small spaces between the
lamellae
▪ Contain osteocytes
➢ Canaliculi
▪ Minute canals
▪ Connect lacunae creating a
network throughout the
compact bone to provide
nutrients and oxygen to all
the osteocytes and to get rid
of waste
BONE CELLS ➢ There are 4 major types of cells
found in osseous tissue
1. Osteoblast
2. Osteocyte
3. Osteoprogenitor
4. Osteoclast
BONE FORMATION
Formation of Bone in an
Embryo
• cartilage formation and ossification
occurs during the sixth week of
embryonic development
• two patterns
1. Intramembranous
ossification
2. Endochondral ossification
1. Intramembranous Ossification
➢ An ossification center
appears in the fibrous
connective tissue
membrane
➢ Osteoblasts secrete
bone matrix within the
fibrous membrane
➢ Osteoblasts mature
into osteocytes
2. Endochondral Ossification
Longitudinal Bone Growth
 ARTICULATIONS
(JOINTS)
FUNCTIONS
➢ Holds bones together
➢ Allows bones to move
▪ All bones articulate with at least one
other bone except the hyoid.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
 FIBROUS • Sutures –
JOINTS irregular edges
• Joined by fibrous of the bones
tissues interlock;
• Slightly movable to connected by
non-movable fibrous tissues
• Types:
• Sutures –
• Syndesmosis

• Syndesmosis –
connected by
ligaments; does
not interlock
CARTILIGINOUS • Symphyses –
JOINTS connected by a
• Bone ends are broad, flat disc of
connected by a plate fibrocartilage.
or pad of cartilage.
• Types:
• Symphyses
• Synchondroses
• Synchondroses
– united by
hyaline cartilage
 SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
• Articulating bone
ends are separated
by a joint cavity
containing synovial
fluid.
• Freely movable
• Plane (Gliding) – • Hinge – rounded process
articulating surfaces are of one bone fits into the
flat or slightly curved, concave surface of
allowing sliding another to allow
movements. movement.
• Pivot – rounded or conical • Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) –
surface of one bone oval condyle of one bone
articulates with a shallow fits into an ellipsoidal
depression or foramen in depression in another
another bone bone.
• Saddle – articulating surfaces are • Ball and socket– ball-
saddle shaped; the articulating shaped head of one bone
surface of one bone is convex, and fits into a cuplike
the reciprocal surface is concave. depression of another.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
1. Synarthroses
➢ No movements
➢ Primarily axial
skeleton
➢ Bones connected
with fibrous tissue
ligament
➢ Examples: Skull
sutures and distal
Tibia/Fibula
2. Amphiarthroses
➢Slightly movable
➢Axial skeleton
➢Connected by cartilage
➢Intervertebral joints, pubic
symphysis
3. Diarthroses
➢ freely movable
➢ Also called
synovial (fluid
filled joint
cavity)
➢ Primarily found
in the limbs
➢ Plane of
movement
depends on the
joint