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    Overview and Definitions of Heat Treatments For Fasteners

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    kaushik9shah
    Heat treatment is the change of the metallographic structure of steel by heating and cooling it within a certain time to obtain the required properties. Information on the most common heat treatments in manufacturing fasteners is given in this article.

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    Overview and Definitions of Heat Treatments For Fasteners

    Uploaded by

    kaushik9shah
    69 views2 pages
    Heat treatment is the change of the metallographic structure of steel by heating and cooling it within a certain time to obtain the required properties. Information on the most common heat treatments in manufacturing fasteners is given in this article.

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    Overview and Definitions of Heat Treatments for Fasteners

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    Heat treatment is the change of the metallographic structure of steel by heating and cooling it within a certain time to obtain the required properties. Information on the most common heat treatments in manufacturing fasteners is given in this article.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    69 views2 pages

    Overview and Definitions of Heat Treatments For Fasteners

    Uploaded by

    kaushik9shah
    Heat treatment is the change of the metallographic structure of steel by heating and cooling it within a certain time to obtain the required properties. Information on the most common heat treatments in manufacturing fasteners is given in this article.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Overview and Definitions of Heat Treatments for Fasteners

    Heat treatment is the change of the metallographic structure of steel by heating and cooling it
    within a certain time to obtain the required properties. Information on the most common heat
    treatments in manufacturing fasteners is as under:

    Annealing

    The steel is held at a temperature of just below 723°C for several hours and is then cooled
    down slowly to make it soft. The structure changes from hard, lamellar perlite into soft, globular
    perlite resulting in an optimal condition of the raw material for cold heading.

    Normalizing

    Heating a steel above the critical temperature (for not too a long time) and then cooling it very
    slow (in still air). This is often done to refine or homogenize the grain structure of castings,
    forgings, and wrought steel products.

    Stress Relieving

    Internal stresses are induced by forming (cold deformation/work) operations or thermal


    treatment. Most of these stresses can be removed by stress relieving. In stress relieving, the
    material is heated between 500 and 650°C for a long time and then cooled slowly.

    Quenching

    Quenching is the rapid cooling of a metal from elevated temperatures during the heat
    treatment process by means of immersing the metal in a quenching medium. Quenching
    mediums include oil, water and air.

    Hardening

    Hardening is a method of heat treating steel by heating it to a temperature within, or above,


    the critical range, holding at that temperature for a given time, and then cooling rapidly, usually
    by quenching in oil or water.

    When steel with a minimum carbon content of about 0.3% is heated at a temperature above
    800°C (depending on the type of steel) and is quenched in water, oil, air or in a salt bath, the
    very hard but brittle martensite structure is formed. The achieved hardness depends on the
    C% (the higher the carbon, the harder the steel) and the percentage of martensite, which, at
    a certain critical cooling speed, is formed in the core of the material. With thinner bolts from
    unalloyed carbon steel, the critical cooling speed will reach to the core. However, with thicker
    sizes the heat from the core cannot be transmitted to the outside quickly enough and it will be
    necessary to add alloying elements like manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum and
    boron, which support the through-hardening i.e. decrease the critical cooling speed. In
    general, when a type of steel with such a through-hardening is chosen, about 90% martensite
    is present in the core after quenching. The choice of cooling medium also influences the
    cooling speed. Bolts are mainly quenched in oil because, water which is otherwise more
    effective, causes too much risk of hardening cracks and warpage.
    Tempering

    Tempering is the process of heating steel (e.g. fastener) after quenching operation to give it
    its final tensile strength and hardness. It is done to "toughen" the steel. Tempering is a stress
    relieving process.

    Tempering should follow immediately after quenching. Tempering improves ductility and
    toughness, but reduces the quenched hardness by an amount determined by the tempering
    temperature used.

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