Figurative Language

Connotation - Additional meanings

Epistrophe - The end

Metaphor - Described with out using like or as

Double meaning - A word that has many definitions

Pun - A joke using two meanings

Allegory - A hidden meaning in a story or poem

Hyperbole - An extreme exaggeration

Denotation - Definition of a word

Simile - Describes something using like or as

In media res - A story that beings in he middle

Juxtaposition - Two ides placed together

Motif - Any recurring elements

Anaphorphipsm - Nonhuman LITERAL human characteristics

Genera - Category of literature

Protagonist - Character tries to achieve or change something

Synecdoche - A part of something that represents a whole

Theme - General statement about life

Internal Conflict - Happens in side of a characters mind or exist

Resolution - Reactions to climax

Climax - The major part of the story

External Conflict - Happens outside the mind

Antagonize - Attempts to stop something or someone

Exposition - Beginning of a story

Main idea - Summery of literary work

Diction - Word choice

Allusion - Something outside the text that the reader is supposed to know

Biology

Organism - A living thing needs food water shelter so they can reproduce and grow.

habitat - an environment that provides the things an organism needs to live grow and
reproduce

Biotic Factor - The living parts of a habitat

Abiotic Factors - are the nonliving parts of an organisms habitat Water, sunlight oxygen
temperature and soil

photosynthesis - the way in which plants and algae use water sunlight and carbon
dioxide to create their own food

species - A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Population - A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same
area

Community - All the different populations that live together in an area

Ecosystem - a community of organisms that live in a particular area along with the
nonliving with their physical environment

Ecology - Scientific study of interactions among living things and between organisms
and their environment

birth rate - the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time

death rate - The number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time

Immigration - Movement of individuals into a population

Emegration - movement of individuals out of an area leaving the population

population density - Number of individuals in a specific unit area

limiting factor - An environmental factor that causes the population to decrease

carrying capacity - Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can

support

Niche - An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

natural selection - A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted
to the environment.

competition - the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited

resources

Predation - An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.

predtor - an organism that does the killing and eats the prey

prey - An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

Symbiosis - A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the
species.

Mutualism - A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

parasite - An organism that feeds on a living host

host - An organism on which a parasite lives.

Succession - A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over

time.

Species - A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

primary succession - An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic

community previously existed

pioneer species - First species to populate an area during primary succession

secondary succession - Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community

without destroying the soil
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Physical Properties - The look, feel,taste, sound, or smell of an object

Sink - To drop below the surface level of a liquid

Float - To stay on the surface level of a liquid

Matter - Anything that takes up space and has mass

Mass - Amount of matter in an object

Balance - Scientific tool used to measure mass

Gravity - Force that pulls objects down or toward each other.

Magnetism - Attracted to a magnet because it contains iron

Mixture - A combination of two or more substances where each keep their own
properties and can be easily separated

Solution - A type of mixture where a substance dissolves in another, one substance

spreads evenly through the other substance

Dissolve - To breakdown and spread out evenly in a liquid

Solid - An object with a set volume and shape

Liquid - A substance that takes the shape of its container and flows

Gas - ..., A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

States of Matter - Solid,liquid, and Gas

Condensation - A physical change in matter from gas to a liquid

Evaporation - The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

Changes of State - when a substance changes form from one state to another

Freezing - A change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat

Melting - Change in matter from a solid to a liquid

Thermal Energy/Heat - Energy that causes a change in temperature

Temperature - A measure of how hot or cold something is.

Energy - Is the ability to do work

Volume - Amount of space that matter takes up

Density - Property of matter.

Compares the amount of matter to the space taken up. Objects that float in water are
less dense than the water. Objects that sink in water are denser than the water.

Thermometer - Measures temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius.

Life Cycle - The stages an organism goes through during its entire life.

Complete Metamorphosis - A type of metamorphosis characterized by four dramatically

different stages.

Incomplete Metamorphosis - Metamorphosis where an animal looks the same as an

adult as they did as a baby. They simply grow larger.

Egg - The first stage of an animals life cycle.

Larva - The worm-like stage of an insect that goes through complete metamorphosis.
Between the egg and pupa stages.

Pupa - The inactive stage of an insect that goes through complete metamorphosis.
Between the larva and adult stages.

Adult - An organism that is fully grown and developed.

Nymph - An immature form of an insect that does not change greatly as it grows.

Herbivore - An animal that gets energy by eating only plants

Carnivore - An animal that gets energy by eating other animals

Omnivore - An animal that gets energy by eating both plants and animals

Prey - An animal that is hunted as food

Predator - An organism that hunts and feeds on other animals

Food Chain - the transfer of energy from one organism to another by eating and being
eaten
Food Web - A connection of food chains with many food energy paths in an ecosystem

Producer - An organism that uses sunlight to make its own food for energy (plants)

Consumer - An organism that gets energy by eating other organism (animals)

Decomposer - Organism that breaks down plant and animal waste and remains

Adaptation - An inherited trait or learned behavior that helps an organism survive in its
surroundings

Photosysnthesis - The process where plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
produce sugar and release oxygen

Inherited Trait - Passed from parent to offspring during reproduction

Learned Behavior - A change in a way an animal acts as a result of its experience

Life Cycle - The stages in an organism's life from birth to death

Metamorphosis - A change in the form of an organism

Force - A push or a pull that causes an object to move,stop or change direction

Push - To use force to move away

Pull - To use force to move towards

Magnetism - The pushing or pulling force produced by a magnet

Gravity - The force that pulls objects toward the center of Earth

Friction - A force that slows or stops motion when objects rub together

Electricity - ...Energy produced by the movement of electrons

Electrical Energy - Energy produced by a power source

Conductor - Material that allows electric current or heat to flow through easily

Insulator - Material that prevents electric current or heat from flowing

 SCIENCE

Habitat - The surroundings in which an animal lives.

Shell - The body covering of a snail, tortoise and turtle.

Scales - Body covering for reptiles and fish.

Feathers - Body covering for birds.

Hair and fur - Body covering for mammals.

Tuatara - This reptile breaths once every seven seconds while moving, and once an
hour when it is resting.

Herbivores - Veg. animals

Carnivores - Non-Veg. animals

Omnivores - Both Veg. and Non Veg. Animals

Parasites - Animals that suck blood from your body.

Insectivores - Animals that eat insects.

Lungs - Mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles breathe through _______.

Moist Skin - Frogs while in water and earthworm breathe through ________.

Spiracles and air holes. - Grasshopper and Cockroach breathe through _______.

Gills - Fish,tadpoles and prawns breath through _______.

Crust - Ends at 25 miles deep from land, 5 miles from the water.

Mantle - It is 1800 miles thick.

Outer Core - It is 1430 miles thick.

Inner Core - At the center of the Earth.

Land - The part of the Earth where houses are built.

Oceans - A huge water body. There are 7 such ______ in the world.

Sea - A large water body but much smaller than oceans.

Parietal Bone - (One way to remember this is to keep in mind that together they form
the posterior roof of the skull.) Function(s): The parietal bones form the posterior roof of
the skull. The parietal bones provide mechanical protection of the brain, which is a
function they perform in conjunction with other bones of the skull.

Frontal Bone - Part of the top portion of the skull which protects the brain. The bones of
the cranium include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid
bones.

Zygomatic Bone - The zygomatic bone is one of two bones (sometimes called malar
bones) that are responsible for the prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of
the eyes. ... Each bone has a temporal process, which extends down the back to join
the zygomatic process of a temporal bone.

Maxillary Bone - The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth, and is
referred to as the maxillary arch. Each maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones
(cheek bones).

Nose - From where do you inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon Dioxide ?

Wind Pipe - Where the air goes after the nose ?

Lungs - Which is the main part of The Respiratory System in humans ?

Mouth - Where is our teeth ?

Food Pipe - Where does the food go after the mouth ?

Liver - What produces bile juice for the small intestine ?

Stomach - Where does the food go after the liver ?

Pancreas - What produces pancreatic juice for the small intestine ?

Large Intestine - Before Going to the Rectum,the undigested waste is here.Where is it ?

Small Intestine - This is the part of the digestive system in which most chemical
digestion takes place.Which part is it ?

Rectum - The undigested waste is here before going to the anus.Which organ is it ?

Anus - The undigested waste goes out of the body from here.What is it ?
How many Rock-forming minerals? - There are 20 rock-forming minerals

Granite - A usually light colored (high silica) intrusive igneous rock that is found in the
crust.

Basalt - Dark, fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock (makes up the ocean floor)

Grains - fragments that make up a rock

Texture - the look and/or feel of a rock's surface

Igneous Rocks - Form from magma or lava. 2 types, Intrusive and extrusive

Sedimentary rocks - formed from sediments getting pushed down by natural forces

Metamorphic Rock - a rock that is changed by extreme heat and/or pressure.

extrusive rock - Igneous rock that forms from lava on Earth's surface

intrusive rock - Igneous rock that forms when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.

Porphyritic - 2 step cooling process = 2 grain sizes

Ignis (Latin) - fire

high silica - light color

low silica - dark color

sediment - small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things

weathering - The breaking down of rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface.

Erosion - Wind, water, and ice carrying away sediment

deposition - the process in which material is laid down

compaction - the process by which sediments are pressed together under their own
weight

cementation - The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of
sediment together

clastic rock - A sedimentary rock composed of weathered fragments of other rock.

organic rock - sedimentary rock that forms from remains of organisms such as swamp
plants and marine shells

chemical rock - forms from evaporation of ancient ocean

shale - Sedimentary rock that is formed by the smallest forms of rocks.

Sandstone - A clastic sedimentary rock formed by cementing grains of sand over time.

Conglomerate - A rock consisting of individual rounded stones that have become

cemented together.

Breccia - coarse sedimentary rock consisting of angular fragments that are jagged

Limestone - Sedimentary rock made from fragments of marine life shells

Coal - Sedimentary rock formed from decayed swamp plants

Halite - Sedimentary rock that is formed from the evaporation of ancient

What 2 forces create Metamorphic rocks? - heat and pressure

Foliated - Term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in
parallel layers or bands.

Non-Foilated - do not have a layered or banded appearance

Gniess used to be............. - Granite

Quartzite used to be........... - sandstone

Slate used to be......... - shale

Marble used to be.......... - limestone

Rock Cycle - a series of processes that occur on Earth's surface and in the crust and
mantle that slowly change the rocks from one kind to another.

Heat and Pressure lead to __________ rocks. - Metamorphic

Melting and Volcanic activity lead to ________ rocks - Igneous

Weathering and erosion lead to ___________ rocks - Sedimentary

physical change - A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity
of the substance

chemical change -

solute - the substance to be dissolved

concentration - amount of substance in a mixture

saturation - making something wet

solvent - the one dissolving

dissolve - solute dissappears

mixture - mixing 2 or more ingredients

dilute - water down

soluttion - a liquid when something has been dissolved

Energy - The ability to do work (move/change matter)

Conservation of Energy - Energy is neither created nor destroyed

Potential energy - stored energy

Kinetic Energy - Energy of motion

Mechanical Energy - the sum of potential and kinetic energy

Electromagnetic Energy - transmitted through space in waves; examples include x-rays,

microwaves, and visible light.

Thermal Energy - the TOTAL kinetic energy of particles in an object

Tempature - he AVERAGE kinetic energy of all the particle in an object.

Heat - the flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower
temperature

Conduction - the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another that it is touching

Convection - the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid.

Radiation - the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

Thermal Conductor - materials that transfer thermal energy easily.

thermal insulator - material that doNOT transfer thermal energy easily.

Expansion - when atoms in a material spread out when heated.

Contraction - when atoms in a material come closer or shrink due to cooling.

Electrical conductor - a material that allows allows an electrical current to flow easily.

Electrical insulator - a material that does NOT allow an electrical current to flow easily.

Circuit - an unbroken loop, an electrical pathway

Absortion - light/heat enters and stays in the material.

Transmission - light passes directly through the material.

Refraction - Light is bent as it passess through the material.

Reflection - Light is reflected back toward you

theory - Darwin's _______ of evolution says that plants and animals change over time
and adapt to their environments in order to survive. = an idea or set of ideas that is
intended to explain something about life or the world

survive - They are not sure if the plants will ______ this cold winter. = to continue to live
normally in spite of many problems

adapt - Animals have to _____ to new environments in order to survive. = to gradually

change your behavior and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation

analyze - The scientists have to ______ the data before they can say what caused this
problem. = to examine or think about something carefully, in order to understand it

discoveries - Astronomers have made important _______ about our galaxy using the
Hubble Telescope. = a fact or thing that someone finds out about, when it was not
known about before

experiment - The scientists did an ________ to see what happens when they combine
these chemicals. = a scientific test done to find out how something reacts under certain
conditions, or to find out if a particular idea is true
evidence - At present we have no ______ of life on other planets. = facts or signs that
show clearly that something exists or is true

objective - Scientists need to be _______ when doing research. = based on facts, or

making a decision that is based on facts rather than on your feelings or beliefs; opposite
of subjective

invented - Alexander Graham Bell _______ the telephone in 1876. = to make, design, or
think of a new type of thing

hypothesis - A good scientist forms a ________ and then does experiments or

observation to see if it is true. = an idea that is suggested as an explanation for
something, but that has not yet been proved to be true

prove - The results of her experiment ______ that his hypothesis was right. = to show
that something is true by providing facts, information etc

statistics - The scientific report includes many ______. = a set of numbers which
represent facts or measurements

randomly - The people in the experiment were _______ put into two groups. =
happening or chosen without any definite plan, aim, or pattern; by chance

control - There was a ______ group to see drug really had an effect during the
experiment. = a person, group etc in an experiment that does not get the drug, etc. to
see if the drug really works or the effects are just by chance.

obsolete - The typewriter is now pretty much _____. = no longer useful, because
something newer and better has been invented

chemistry - She studied ______ in college. = the science that is concerned with studying
the structure of substances and the way that they change or combine with each other

engineering - _______ is a popular major. = the work involved in designing and building
roads, bridges, machines etc

fusion - The Sun uses _____ to produce light and heat by combining hydrogen atoms. =
a physical combination of separate things

fission - The atomic bomb and nuclear power plants use _____ to create energy. = the
process of splitting an atom to produce large amounts of energy or an explosion

thermodynamics - Newton has four laws of _____. = the science that deals with the
relationship between heat and other forms of energy
atom - Hydrogen is the simplest element and is an _____ that has one proton and one
electron. = the smallest part of an element that can exist alone or can combine with
other substances to form a molecule:

molecule - A water ______ contains one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen. =
the smallest unit into which any substance can be divided without losing its own
chemical nature, usually consisting of two or more atoms:

element - Hydrogen is the simplest _____. = a simple chemical substance such as

carbon or oxygen that consists of atoms of only one kind

photosynthesis - The children studied _____ in school. = the process that green plants
use to convert sunlight into energy.

species - The biologists were studying several _____ of birds. = a group of animals or
plants whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or
plants

radioactive - Nuclear power plants produce ______ waste. = substance is dangerous

because it contains radiation (=a form of energy that can harm living things)

generate - Wind turbines _______ electricity for the local community = to produce heat,
electricity, or another form of energy

particle - The scientist use a _______ accelerator to study quantum physics. = one of
the types of pieces of matter including.electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up
atoms

substance - The leaves were covered with a strange sticky _______ = a particular type
of solid, liquid, or gas.

mass - The Sun makes up 99.9% of the _______ of our solar system. = the amount of
material in something

volume - The scientists measured the ______ of container = the amount of space in a
container

compound - Sulphur dioxide is a ______ of sulphur and oxygen. = a substance

containing atoms from two or more elements; a combination of two or more things

formulas - The students had to memorize some ______. = a series of numbers or letters
that represent a mathematical or scientific rule

bonds - In each methane molecule there are four CH ______. = the chemical force that
holds atoms together in a molecule:
orbit - The earth is in _____ around the Sun. = the curved path travelled by an object
which is moving around another much larger object such as the Earth, the sun etc

electricity - The _____ went out during the storm. = the power that is carried by wires,
cables etc, and is used to provide light or heat, to make machines work etc

balance - Pesticides seriously upset the ____ of nature. = a state in which opposite
forces or influences exist in equal or the correct amounts, in a way that is good

reaction - There was a chemical _____ that caused the explosion. = a chemical change
that happens when two or more substances are mixed together

acid - He burned himself when the ____ touched his skin. = a chemical substance that
has a pH of less than 7. When it is strong it can burn holes in material or damage your
skin; opposite of base

evolution - Charles Darwin came up with the theory of ______. = the scientific idea that
plants and animals develop and change gradually over a long period of time

gravity - There is no ____ in the space shuttle. = the force that causes something to fall
to the ground or to be attracted to another planet

properties - One of the _______ of a diamond is that it is very hard. = a quality or power
that a substance, plant etc has [= quality, characteristic]:

gas - There was a poisonous ____ in the room. = a substance such as air, which is not
solid or liquid, and usually cannot be seen

solid - Ice is the ______ form of water. = a firm object or substance that has a fixed
shape, not a gas or liquid:

liquid - Water is a ______. = a substance that is not a solid or a gas, for example water
or milk:

physics - He is taking a _____ class. = the science concerned with the study of physical
objects and substances, and of natural forces such as light, heat, and movement

motion - She studies the _____ of the planets. = the process of moving or the way that
someone or something moves

electron - a very small piece of matter with a negative electrical charge that moves
around the nucleus (=central part) of an atom [↪ proton, neutron]

neutron - The ____ is the part of an atom that has no electrical charge
proton - The ____ is a very small piece of matter with a positive electrical charge that is
in the central part of an atom

magnet - Don't put your BART card next to a ____. = a piece of iron or steel that can
stick to metal or make other metal objects move towards itself

electromagnetism - This machine uses _____. = a force relating to electric and

magnetic fields, or the study of this force

quantum mechanics - She is studying ______. = the scientific study of the way that
atoms and smaller parts of things behave

relativity - Einstein developed the theory of _____. = the relationship in physics between
time, space, and movement according to Einstein's theory

planet - Mercury is the smallest ____ in our solar system. = a very large round object in
space that moves around the sun or another star

galaxy - We live in the Milky Way _____. = one of the large groups of stars that make up
the universe

asteroid - The earth was hit by an _____. = a very small planet in space

comet - Haley's _____ can be seen from Earth every 75 years. = an object in space like
a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun

black hole - Nothing can escape a _____. = an area in outer space into which
everything near it, including light, is pulled

charge - This battery has no ____. = electricity that is put into a piece of electrical
equipment such as a battery

current - One type of _____ is AC, and the other is DC. = a flow of electricity through a
wire

scientific method - Students learn about the _______. = the usual process of finding out
information in science, which involves testing your ideas by performing experiments and
making decisions based on the results

empirical - There is _____ evidence to support global warming. = based on scientific

testing or practical experience, not on ideas

observations - Jane Goodall made many _____ about the behavior of gorillas.

data - The scientists collected ______ about the use of pesticides in farming. =
information or facts:
biology - She got her degree in ______. = the scientific study of living things

taxonomy - Biologists organize plants and animals into a _____. = the process or a
system of organizing things into different groups that show their natural relationships,
especially plants or animals

genetic - This disease is ______. = relating to genes and the idea of passing things from
parent to child

cell - She has a low white blood ____ count. = the smallest part of a living thing that can
exist independently

botany - He is interested in ______. = the scientific study of plants

physiology - She is taking a course on ________. = the science that studies the way in
which the bodies of living things work

reptiles - Lizards and alligators are _____. = a type of animal, such as a snake or lizard,
whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that
usually lays eggs to have babies

environment - Darwin said that living things adapt to their _______. = the natural
features of a place, for example its weather, the type of land it has, and the type of
plants that grow in it

ecology - He is studying _______. = the way in which plants, animals, and people are
related to each other and to their environment, or the scientific study of this

ecosystem - One change in an _______ can cause a lot of damage. = all the animals
and plants in a particular area, and the way in which they are related to each other and
to their environment

metabolism - This drug speeds up your ________. = the chemical processes by which
food is changed into energy in your body:

organisms - Scientists have found strange ______ living at the bottom of the sea. = an
animal, plant, human, or any other living thing.

reproduce - Some animals _______ through live birth while others lay eggs. = when an
animal or plant makes more young plants or animals:

natural selection - The idea of _____ is that organisms that can adapt to their
environment will survive.
genes - Half of your _____ come from your mother and the other half come your father.
= a part of a cell in a living thing that controls what it looks like, how it grows, and how it
develops. People get their genes from their parents

DNA - The scientists will do _____ testing on the people in the experiment. = stands for
deoxyribonucleic acid which is the substance that carries genetic information in the cells
of the body

membrane - The cell ______ was damaged. = the thin outer layer of a cell that
separates the inside from the outside

divide - In mitosis, cells _______ in order to reproduce. = split into two or more parts.

probability - There is a high ______ that there will be an earthquake in the next few
years. = how likely something is, sometimes calculated in a mathematical way [=
likelihood, chance]

test tube - The scientist picked up a ____.

telescope - The astronomer looked through a _____.

microscope - The scientist analyzed the cells using a ______.

mammals - Humans, dogs, and whales are _______. = a type of animal that drinks milk
from its mother's body when it is young.

space - The studied about the history of _____ travel. = the area beyond the Earth
where the stars and planets are

dependent - In the sentence: "Time Spent Studying" causes a change in "Test Score,"
the test score is the _______________ variable. = the result of your experiment

independent - In the sentence: "Time Spent Studying" causes a change in "Test Score,"
the time spent studying is the _______________ variable. = the thing you change in the
experiment to see if it affects the result.

variables - There were too many _____________ in the experiment, so they didn't know
what caused the result. = the thing that changes in the experiment

Gravity - A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.

Weight - A measure of the force of gravity on an object

Momentum - Mass x Velocity

Mass - the amount of matter in an object

Distance - The length of a path between two points

Speed - Distance/time

Force - A push or a pull

Unbalanced forces - Forces that produce a nonzero net force, which changes an
object's motion

Balanced forces - equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions

Velocity - Speed in a given direction

Friction - A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact

Motion - An object's change in position relative to a reference point.

Inertia - The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.

Density - Mass / Volume

Acceleration - The rate at which velocity changes

Volume - the amount of space an object takes up

Trait - A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Gene - A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait

Homeostasis - A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the

regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular
level

behavioral adaptation - things organisms do to survive

Phototropism - A growth response to light

independent variable - variable that is manipulated

Homozygous - An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Mutation - A change in a gene or chromosome.

sexual reproduction - A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine
their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Tropism - A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward
or away from stimuli owing to differential rates of cell elongation.

hibernate - to spend the winter in a resting state

Thigmotropism - A growth response to touch

dependent variable - The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to
manipulations of the independent variable.

mimicry - Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal

Genotype - An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

asexual reproduction - Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

natural selection - A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to
survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

structural adaptation - a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific

function that contributes to the survival of the organism

Gravitropism - A growth response to gravity

Hypothesis - An educated guess

recessive trait - a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor

Phenotype - physical characteristics of an organism

Adaptation - A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

mimicry - Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal

Variation - Any difference between individuals of the same species.

camouflage - disguise

Heterozygous - having two different alleles for a traitCell - Basic unit of life

Tissues - Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Organ - A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system - group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism - A living thing

Stimuli - Changes, occurring within or outside the body, that affect nervous system
functioning.

Axon - the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which
messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Dendrites - Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

myelin sheath - A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons;
enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from
one node to the next.

Dentrites - Branches that reach out from the cell body and receive signals from
surrounding neurons

synaptic terminal - A bulb at the end of an axon in which neurotransmitter molecules are
stored and released.

Soma - cell body

Synapse - Gap between neurons

Muscular System functions - movement, stability, communication, control of body

openings, heat production

muscular system organs - muscles, tendons, ligaments

excretory system functions - eliminates waste products from the body

excretory system organs - kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

skeletal system functions - provides support, strength, protection, and mineral/fat

storage; blood cells made in bone marrow

skeletal system organs - bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

circulatory system function - The body system responsible for carrying materials through
out the body

Circulatory System Organs - heart, blood vessels, blood

digestive system function - The body system that takes in, breaks down, and absorbs
nutrients that are necessary for growth

digestive system organs - - mouth

- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder

nervous system functions - rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control

and sensation

nervous system organs - brain, spinal cord, nerves

respiratory system function - Bring oxygen to and eliminates carbon dioxide from the
blood.

respiratory system organs - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

immune system function - 1. produce lymphocytes, which provide immunity;

2. return lymph [interstitial fluid, or serum] and nutrients [eg, fat, electrolytes, etc.] to
blood;
3. resist infection, or invasion of pathogens
4. remove and destroy cancerous cells and toxins

Immune system organs - -Lymph nodes, vessels, spleen, skin, various white blood cells

left hemisphere functions - sequential processing, analytic thought, logic, language,

science and math

Cerebellum function - Balance and coordination

right hemisphere functions - Analysis of left visual field, stereognosis (left hand),
emotional coloring of language, spatial abilities, rudimentary speech

brain stem function - 1. control heartbeat

2.breathing
3.blood preasure

optic nerve - vision (sensory)

optic tract - Identify the structure.

Pituitary - master gland

Midbrain - A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information
and relays it upward.

Pons - sleep and arousal

medulla oblongata - Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions
such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

spinal cord - Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most
messages between the body and brain

what are the 6 main functions of a cell? - To provide support and structure
To facilitate growth
To produce energy
To create chemical reactions to keep organs alive
To aid in reproduction
To allow transport of nutrients

Muticellular organism - Have different cells

different cells preform different functions

Cells in a human body - Red blood cell, Nerve cell

Cells in a plant - egg cell, sperm cell, and offspring cell.

How would a damaged cerebellum affect the body? - Wouldn't be coordinated, couldn't
walk, You wouldn't stay upright

abrasion - the process of scraping or wearing away rock

composition - the materials that make up a substance

convergent - moving toward each other

crust - the outermost layer of the Earth's surface

deep ocean trench - a long, narrow, steep-sided depression in ocean floor

divergent - moving away from each other

earthquake - movement that happens when huge slabs of rock move against each other
deep below Earth's surface

erosion - the process of moving soil and rock by water, wind, or glacial action
fault - a crack or fracture in the Earth's crust along which movement occurs

frost wedging - fracturing of rock from repeated freezing and thawing of water

inner core - a sphere of solid material at the center of the Earth

landform - a natural feature of Earth's surface (ex. mountain, plain, plateau...)

landscapes - all the visible features of an area or land

mantle - the layer of rock lying below Earth's crust

mechanical weathering - the process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments
using physical means (ex. ice wedging)

outer core - a liquid layer of Earth lying below the mantle

plate tectonics - the theory that the Earth's surface is made up of moving parts called
plates

region - an area of land that has common features

soil - the loose upper layer of the Earth's surface where plants grow

sediments - deposited rock particles and other materials that settle in a liquid

transform - changing in form or shape or appearance

tree root wedging - tree roots fracture rocks as they grow

volcanoes - a mountain built up from hardened lava, rocks, and ash that erupted out of
Earth

weathering - the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces and sediment

alternative energy - energy that is found from natural resources that are not considered
renewable or nonrenewable

fossil fuels - a natural fuel, such as coal or gas, formed over millions of year from the
remains of living organisms

geothermal power - energy obtained by tapping underground reservoirs of heat, usually

near volcanoes or other hot spots on the surface of the Earth

hydroelectric power - energy that is generated by the movement of falling water

mineral - a naturally occurring solid that has a definite chemical composition, color,
hardness, and crystal-like structure; many are obtained by mining

mining - digging in the Earth for the purpose of extracting ore, minerals, coal, etc.

natural resource - something found in nature that can be useful to humans

nonrenewable resource - a natural resource that cannot be replaced or takes millions of

years to replace

renewable resource - a natural resource that can be replaced at the rate it is being
consumed

solar power - energy that is captured from the sun and converted to useful types of
energy, usually by a solar panel

solar panel - tools that absorb sunlight to convert to electricity

wind power - energy of the wind is captured and converted to useful types of energy,
usually by a wind turbine

wind turbine - a tool that converts the kinetic (movement) energy of the wind to
electricity

kinetic energy - energy of an object IN MOTION

potential energy - stored energy

chemical energy - energy stored in fuels

mechanical energy - energy of motion (potential plus kinetic)

electromagnetic energy - energy of electricity and light

heat energy - energy of particles' movement in matter; energy flows from warmer to
cooler objects

sound energy - energy that is produced by vibrations created when a force is applied to
an object

light - a form of energy; it often gives off heat

absorption - the process of soaking up light

reflection - when light strikes a surface and bounces off

refraction - the bending of light as it passes from one material into another

opaque - when light is blocked and does not shine through

transparent - when light passes through an object letting you see through it

translucent - when some light is reflected and some passes through (ex: cloudy plastic)

alternative energy - energy that is found from natural resources that are not considered
renewable or nonrenewable

fossil fuels - a natural fuel, such as coal or gas, formed over millions of year from the
remains of living organisms

geothermal power - energy obtained by tapping underground reservoirs of heat, usually

near volcanoes or other hot spots on the surface of the Earth

hydroelectric power - energy that is generated by the movement of falling water

mineral - a naturally occurring solid that has a definite chemical composition, color,
hardness, and crystal-like structure; many are obtained by mining

mining - digging in the Earth for the purpose of extracting ore, minerals, coal, etc.

natural resource - something found in nature that can be useful to humans

nonrenewable resource - a natural resource that cannot be replaced or takes millions of

years to replace

renewable resource - a natural resource that can be replaced at the rate it is being
consumed

solar power - energy that is captured from the sun and converted to useful types of
energy, usually by a solar panel

solar panel - tools that absorb sunlight to convert to electricity

wind power - energy of the wind is captured and converted to useful types of energy,
usually by a wind turbine

wind turbine - a tool that converts the kinetic (movement) energy of the wind to
electricity

amplitude - the height of a wave; this increases as energy increase

frequency - the number waves that move past a point in a certain amount of time; this
increases as energy increases

wavelength - the distance from one crest to the next crest of a wave

longitudinal wave (compressional wave) - a wave that travels in the same distance as
the energy that caused it (it "squishes and stretches")

transverse wave - a wave that travels at a right angle to the energy that caused it (it
moves up and down)

medium - matter a wave moves through

wave - disturbance that travels through space and matter transferring energy from one
place to another.

light - electromagnetic energy that can be seen by the human eye

reflect - to cast back from a surface

refract - to make a ray of light change direction when it enters a different medium

transparent - allowing almost all rays of light directly through so that objects beyond can
be seen clearly

translucent - allowing only some rays of light through so that objects beyond are unclear

opaque - not allowing any light through

prism - a transparent object, often with a triangular base, that disperses light into a
spectrum of colors

pixel - the smallest element of an image that can be processed in any sort of visual
display system (like a television, smart phone, or computer screen)

lens - a piece of a transparent substance, usually glass, with curved surfaces that can
help focus or magnify light waves