Designation: D8 − 13b

Standard Terminology Relating to

Materials for Roads and Pavements1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Referenced Documents asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), n—a mixture of asphalt

binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre-
1.1 ASTM Standards:2
gates. The mixture may also include other materials.
D4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four
Fractions asphalt pavement,, n—a structure consisting of one or more
D4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling Agents prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting
D5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents layers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or
base materials..
2. Terminology asphalt-rubber, n—a blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire
aggregate, n—a granular material of mineral composition such rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component
as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a is at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted
cementing medium to form mortars or concrete, or alone as in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the
in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc. rubber particles.
asphaltenes, n—insoluble materials that are precipitated by
anionic emulsion, n—a type of emulsion such that a particular
use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.
emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative DISCUSSION—The asphaltene fraction should be identified by the
charges on the discontinuous phase. solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.
asphalt, n—A dark brown to black cement-like residuum bank gravel, n—gravel found in natural deposits, usually more
obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils. or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, or
DISCUSSION—The distillation processes may involve one or more of combinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey
the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of
distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed the materials in the mixture.
to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-
cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation, bitumen, n—dark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-
solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character- tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.
istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen. DISCUSSION—The distillation processes may involve one or more of
the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam
asphalt binder, n—asphalt which may or may not contain an distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed
asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier). to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-
DISCUSSION—this term is often used in the Performance Graded cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,
Binder system. solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-
istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.
asphalt cement, n—See asphalt
bituminous, adj—containing or treated with bitumen (also
asphalt concrete, n—See asphalt mix. bituminized).
DISCUSSION—Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and
fabrics, bituminous pavement.

1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
bituminous emulsion, n—(1) a suspension of minute globules
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 on of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,
Terminology. (2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.
approved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D8 – 13a. DOI:
10.1520/D0008-13B.
2
blast-furnace slag, n—the nonmetallic product, consisting
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on other bases, that is developed simultaneously with iron in a
the ASTM website. blast furnace.

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 D8 − 13b
cationic emulsion, n—a type of emulsion such that a particular gas-house coal tar, n—coal tar produced in gas-house retorts
emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.
charges on the discontinuous phase.
macadam, dry-bound and water bound, n—a pavement
clinker, n—generally a fused or partly fused by-product of the layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate
combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland- choked in place with an application of screenings or sand;
cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick. water is applied to the choke material for water-bound
macadam. Multiple layers must be used.
coal tar, n—a dark brown to black cementitious material
produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. maintenance mix, n—a mixture of bituminous material and
coarse aggregate, n—(1) aggregate predominantly retained on mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in
the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of an patching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existing
aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in
DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under placing and compacting the mix. These mixes may be
differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a
either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied later time without further processing.
to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading
should be stated in the specification. maltenes, n—a red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-
ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder
coke-oven tar, n—coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens with selected solvents.
in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.
maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications for, or
crack filler, n—bituminous material used to fill and seal cracks
descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
in existing pavements.
through which the entire amount of aggregate is required to
crusher-run, n—the total unscreened product of a stone pass.
crusher.
mesh, n—the square opening of a sieve.
cutback asphalt, n—petroleum residuum (asphalt) which has
been blended with petroleum distillates. mixed-in-place (road mix), n—a bituminous surface or base
DISCUSSION—Slow-curing materials may be made directly by distil- course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back
lation and are often referred to as road oils. asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means
of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing
dense-graded aggregate, n—an aggregate that has a particle
equipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and
size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting
sandy soil may be used.
voids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-
centage of the total space occupied by the material, are mulch treatment, n—a spray application of bituminous mate-
relatively small. rial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. The
dust binder, n—a light application of bituminous material for bituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or
the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust. hay mulch as a tie-down, also.

fine aggregate, n—(1) aggregate passing the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) native asphalt, n—asphalt occurring as such in nature.
sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve nominal maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications
and predominantly retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve: or for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
(2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) through which the entire amount of the aggregate is permit-
sieve and retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve. ted to pass.
DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under
differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate DISCUSSION—Specifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve
either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so
to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading that a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained on
should be stated in the specifications. that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.

fog seal, n—a light application of bituminous material to an normal temperature, n—as applied to laboratory observations
existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25°C
surface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emul- (77°F).
sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.
oil-gas tars, n—tars produced by cracking oil vapors at high
fractured face, n—an angular, rough, or broken surface of an temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.
aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial
open-graded aggregate, n—an aggregate that has a particle
means, or by nature.
size distribution such that when it is compacted, the voids
“free-carbon” in tars, n—the hydrocarbon fraction that is between the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of
precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or the total space occupied by the material, remain relatively
benzene. large.

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 D8 − 13b
penetration, n—the consistency of a bituminous material DISCUSSION—See Test Method D4124 and Practices D4552 and
expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) D5505.
that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the screen, n—in laboratory work an apparatus, in which the
material under specified conditions of loading, time, and apertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.
temperature.
screenings, n—a residual product resulting from the artificial
penetration macadam, n—a pavement layer containing essen- crushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slag
tially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a or hydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed the
heavy application of bituminous material, followed by an smallest screen used with the crushing operation and most of
application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com- which passed the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.
pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-
sieve, n—in laboratory work an apparatus, in which the
gate may be used.
apertures are square, for separating sizes of material.
pitches, n—black or dark-brown solid cementitious materials
slurry seal, n—an application of a fluid mixture of bituminous
which gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained
emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to an
as residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation
existing pavement. Single or multiple applications may be
of tar.
used.
plant mix, cold-laid, n—a mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu- soil aggregate, n—natural or prepared mixtures consisting
minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a predominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain a
central bituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted significant amount of minus 75-µm (No. 200) silt-clay
at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient material.
temperature.
steel slag, n—the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of
plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, n—a calcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides of
mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that is
prepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and developed simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen,
spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above electric, or open hearth furnaces.
ambient.
Relating Specifically to Tests
prime coat, n—an application of a low-viscosity bituminous
material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, stone chips, n—small angular fragments of stone containing no
bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to promote dust.
adhesion between it and the construction course that follows. straight-run pitch, n—a pitch run to the consistency desired in
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), n—asphalt pavement or the initial process of distillation and without subsequent
paving mixture removed from its original location for use in fluxing.
recycled asphalt paving mixture. surface treatment, n—an application of bituminous material
followed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple applica-
recycled asphalt paving mixture, n—a mixture of reclaimed
tions of bituminous material and mineral aggregate may be
asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt
used.
cement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling
agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler. tack coat (bond coat), n—an application of bituminous
material to an existing relatively nonabsorptive surface to
recycling agent (RA), n—a blend of hydrocarbons with or provide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.
without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter
or improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled tar, n—brown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolid
asphalt paving mixture. in consistency, in which the predominating constituents are
bitumens obtained as condensates in the destructive distilla-
refined tar, n—tar freed from water by evaporation or distil- tion of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other organic
lation which is continued until the residue is of desired materials, and which yields substantial quantities of pitch
consistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum when distilled.
with tar distillate.
tar concrete, cold-laid, n—a plant mix containing a medium-
rock asphalt—see asphalt rock. viscosity grade of tar and a graded mineral aggregate,
rubble, n—rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken designed to be laid either shortly after mixing or when the
from larger masses either naturally or artificially, as by mixture is at or near ambient temperature.
geological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or
blasting. tar concrete, hot laid, n—a plant mix containing a high-
viscosity grade of tar and a densely graded mineral aggregate
saturates, n—material that, on percolation in a n-heptane designed to be laid at or near the elevated temperature of
eluant, is not adsorbed under the specified test conditions. mixing.

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 D8 − 13b

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