This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D8 − 17a

Standard Terminology Relating to

Materials for Roads and Pavements1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope DISCUSSION—Examples of aggregate include sand, gravel, shell, slag,

and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for more
1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic information.
definitions of terms specifically associated with road and
paving materials. These generic terms and definitions are used air voids (Va), n—the volume of air between the asphalt-
within the standards developed by Committee D04 on Road coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphalt
and Paving Materials. mix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of the
1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard under sample.
the jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in Termi- anionic emulsion, n—a type of emulsion such that a particular
nology D8. emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- charges on the discontinuous phase.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the asphalt, n—A dark brown to black cement-like residuum
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical DISCUSSION—The distillation processes may involve one or more of
the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed
to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-
2. Referenced Documents cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-
D2026/D2026M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow- istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.
Curing Type) asphalt binder, n—asphalt which may or may not contain an
D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).
(Medium-Curing Type) DISCUSSION—this term is often used in the Performance Graded
D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid- Binder system.
Curing Type)
D4124 Test Method for Separation of Asphalt into Four asphalt cement, n—See asphalt
Fractions
asphalt concrete, n—See asphalt mix.
D4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling Agents
D5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), n—a mixture of asphalt
binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre-
3. Terminology gates. The mixture may also include other materials.
aggregate, n—a granular material used as a construction
asphalt pavement,, n—a structure consisting of one or more
material, meeting the requirements of road and paving
prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting
applications.
layers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or
base materials.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 on
asphalt-rubber, n—a blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire
Terminology. rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component
Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally is at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted
approved in 1912. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8 – 17. DOI: in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the
10.1520/D0008-17A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or rubber particles.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on asphaltenes, n—insoluble materials that are precipitated by
the ASTM website. use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.

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 D8 − 17a
DISCUSSION—The asphaltene fraction should be identified by the should be stated in the specification. Some specifying agencies use
solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used. alternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and
3⁄8 in.
bank gravel, n—gravel found in natural deposits, usually more
or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, or coke-oven tar, n—coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens
combinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.
gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of crack filler, n—bituminous material used to fill and seal cracks
the materials in the mixture. in existing pavements.
bitumen, n—dark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-
crusher-run, n—the total unscreened product of a stone
tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.
crusher.
DISCUSSION—The distillation processes may involve one or more of
the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam cutback asphalt, n—asphalt binder which has been blended
distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed with hydrocarbon distillates.
to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-
DISCUSSION—Slow-curing materials may be made and are often
cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,
referred to as road oils. See Specifications D2026/D2026M, D2027/
solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-
D2027M, and D2028/D2028M.
istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.
dense-graded aggregate, n—an aggregate that has a particle
bituminous, adj—containing or treated with bitumen (also
size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting
bituminized).
DISCUSSION—Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and
voids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-
fabrics, bituminous pavement. centage of the total space occupied by the material, are
relatively small.
bituminous emulsion, n—(1) a suspension of minute globules
of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution, dust binder, n—a light application of bituminous material for
(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.
aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material. fine aggregate, n—(1) aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)
blast-furnace slag, n—the nonmetallic product, consisting sieve or (2) the portion of aggregate passing the 4.75-mm
essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium and (No. 4) sieve.
other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simul- DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under
differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate
taneously with iron in a blast furnace.
either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied
DISCUSSION—Depending on the way of cooling of the liquid slag, it
to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading
can be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace
should be stated in the specifications. Some specifying agencies use
(ACBF) slag and glassy granulated blast furnace (GBF) slag.
alternative sieve sizes to define fine aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm
bulk density, n—the ratio of the mass of a material to the (No. 8) and 9.50-mm (3⁄8-in.) sieve.
volume it occupies. fog seal, n—a light application of bituminous material to an
DISCUSSION—Another common phrase for this term is unit weight. existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the
bulk specific gravity, n—the ratio of the mass of a given surface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emul-
volume of material, including the impermeable and perme- sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.
able voids, to the mass of an equal volume of water at a fractured face, n—an angular, rough, or broken surface of an
specified temperature. aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial
DISCUSSION—This term is also sometimes referred to as relative
means, or by nature.
density.

cationic emulsion, n—a type of emulsion such that a particular “free-carbon” in tars, n—the hydrocarbon fraction that is
emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or
charges on the discontinuous phase. benzene.

clinker, n—generally a fused or partly fused by-product of the gas-house coal tar, n—coal tar produced in gas-house retorts
combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland- in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.
cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick. macadam, dry-bound and water bound, n—a pavement
coal tar, n—a dark brown to black cementitious material layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate
produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. choked in place with an application of screenings or sand;
water is applied to the choke material for water-bound
coarse aggregate, n—(1) aggregate predominantly retained on macadam. Multiple layers must be used.
the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregate
retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. maintenance mix, n—a mixture of bituminous material and
DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under
mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in
differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate patching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existing
either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in
to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading placing and compacting the mix. These mixes may be

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 D8 − 17a
designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, n—a
later time without further processing. mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually
prepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and
maltenes, n—a red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-
spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above
ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder
ambient.
with selected solvents.
prime coat, n—an application of a low-viscosity bituminous
maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications for, or
material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate,
descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through
bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to promote
which the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.
adhesion between it and the construction course that follows.
mesh, n—the square opening of a sieve.
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), n—asphalt pavement or
mixed-in-place (road mix), n—a bituminous surface or base paving mixture removed from its original location for use in
course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back recycled asphalt paving mixture.
asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means
of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing recycled asphalt paving mixture, n—a mixture of reclaimed
equipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt
sandy soil may be used. cement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling
agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.
mulch treatment, n—a spray application of bituminous mate-
rial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. The recycling agent (RA), n—a blend of hydrocarbons with or
bituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter
hay mulch as a tie-down, also. or improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled
asphalt paving mixture.
native asphalt, n—asphalt occurring as such in nature.
refined tar, n—tar freed from water by evaporation or distil-
nominal maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications lation which is continued until the residue is of desired
for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening consistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum
through which the entire amount of the aggregate is permit- with tar distillate.
ted to pass.
DISCUSSION—Specifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve rock asphalt—see asphalt rock.
opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so rubble, n—rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken
that a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained on from larger masses either naturally or artificially, as by
that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size. geological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or
normal temperature, n—as applied to laboratory observations blasting.
of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25°C saturates, n—material that, on percolation in a n-heptane
(77°F). eluant, is not adsorbed under the specified test conditions.
oil-gas tars, n—tars produced by cracking oil vapors at high DISCUSSION—See Test Method D4124 and Practices D4552 and
temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas. D5505.

penetration, n—the consistency of a bituminous material screen, n—in laboratory work an apparatus, in which the
expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) apertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.
that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the screenings, n—a residual product resulting from the artificial
material under specified conditions of loading, time, and crushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slag
temperature. or hydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed the
penetration macadam, n—a pavement layer containing essen- smallest screen used with the crushing operation and most of
tially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a which passed the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.
heavy application of bituminous material, followed by an sieve, n—in laboratory work, an apparatus in which the
application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com- apertures are square for separating sizes of material.
pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-
gate may be used. slurry seal, n—an application of a fluid mixture of bituminous
emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to an
pitches, n—black or dark-brown solid cementitious materials existing pavement. Single or multiple applications may be
which gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained used.
as residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation
of tar. soil aggregate, n—natural or prepared mixtures consisting
predominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain a
plant mix, cold-laid, n—a mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-
significant amount of minus 75-µm (No. 200) silt-clay
minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a
material.
central bituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted
at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient steel slag, n—the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of
temperature. calcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides of

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 D8 − 17a
iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that is tar, n—brown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolid
developed simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen, in consistency, in which the predominating constituents are
electric, or open hearth furnaces. bitumens obtained as condensates in the destructive distilla-
tion of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other organic
Relating Specifically to Tests
materials, and which yields substantial quantities of pitch
stone chips, n—small angular fragments of stone containing no when distilled.
dust.
tar concrete, cold-laid, n—a plant mix containing a medium-
straight-run pitch, n—a pitch run to the consistency desired in viscosity grade of tar and a graded mineral aggregate,
the initial process of distillation and without subsequent designed to be laid either shortly after mixing or when the
fluxing. mixture is at or near ambient temperature.
surface treatment, n—an application of bituminous material
tar concrete, hot laid, n—a plant mix containing a high-
followed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple applica-
tions of bituminous material and mineral aggregate may be viscosity grade of tar and a densely graded mineral aggregate
used. designed to be laid at or near the elevated temperature of
mixing.
tack coat (bond coat), n—an application of bituminous
material to an existing relatively nonabsorptive surface to
provide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.

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