SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

V SEMESTER

OMD551 – BASICS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Regulation – 2017

Academic Year 2019 – 20

Prepared by

Dr. K. Ayyar, Associate Professor/EIE

 SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT : OMD551 BASICS OF BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
SEM / YEAR: V / III

UNIT I - BIO POTENTIAL GENERATION AND ELECTRODES TYPES

SYLLABUS
Origin of bio potential and its propagation. Types of electrodes - surface, needle and micro
electrodes and their equivalent circuits. Recording problems - measurement with two
electrodes.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What are Bioelectric potentials? 1 Remember
2. What is resting potential of a cell? Give typical values. 2 Understand
3. What is an action potential? 1 Remember
4. Differentiate action potential and resting potential. 2 Understand
5. At resting potential of a cell, why the inside of a cell is 4 Analyze
negatively charged.
6. Draw the action potential waveform. 3 Apply
7. What are the properties of cell membrane action 1 Remember
potential?
8. Give the Nernst equation for electrode potential. 2 Understand
9. How is action potential propagated? 4 Analyze
10. How is the half cell potential setup? 4 Analyze
11. Distinguish absolute and relative refractory period? 2 Understand
12. List different types of electrodes. 1 Remember
13. Define micro electrode and what are the types of Micro 1 Remember
electrodes?
14. List the different types of surface electrodes. 1 Remember
15. Give the equivalent circuit diagram of surface electrode 2 Understand
placed over the skin.
16. What is the purpose of electrode paste? 3 Apply
17. Draw the electrode configuration of avR output. 3 Apply
18. What are the electrodes used for ECG, EEG and EMG 3 Apply
measurement.
19. Give the disadvantages of using surface electrodes with 2 Understand
EMG.
20. List the different types of internal electrodes. 1 Remember
 PART - B
1. i) How do you record the action potential? (5) 4 Analyze
ii) With the action potential waveform summarize 5 Evaluate
depolarization, repolarisation and absolute and
relative refractory periods. (8)
2. Explain generation of Action potential and its 2 Understand
propagation.(13)
3. i) Describe the generation and features of action 2 Understand
potential. (7)
ii) Explain refractory periods of cell. (6) 4 Analyze
4. i) Explain action and resting potential of cell. (6) 4 Analyze
ii) With a relevant graph describe the relationship 2 Understand
between the action potential and muscle
contraction.(7)
5. i) Prepare the different factors which affect the 3 Apply
accuracy of the recording related to biopotentials.
(6)
ii) Explain the characteristics of resting potential with 2 Understand
reference to Nernst equation.(7)
6. i) With an action potential waveform explain the 4 Analyze
action of the sinoatrial node.(7)
ii) Explain Half cell Potential and over potential of 4 Analyze
electrode. (6)
7. Describe the usage of the various types of electrodes used 2 Understand
to measure biopotentials. (13)
8. i) Explain the PH, PCO2 electrode. (7) 4 Analyze
ii) What are the uses of microelectrodes?.(6) 1 Remember
9. Explain Electrode-Skin interface with its equivalent 4 Analyze
circuit diagram. (13)
10. i) How the Limb and suction cup electrodes can be 4 Analyze
used for recording of ECG. (8)
ii) Explain the effect of electrode potential on 4 Analyze
biosignals.(5)
11. i) How the silver –silver chloride electrode is 4 Analyze
produced, discuss with necessary equation. (7)
ii) Discuss what are the problems encountered in 2 Understand
measurement on biological systems.(6)
12. i) Draw and explain the equivalent circuit of a 3 Apply
biopotential electrode interface. (13)
13. i) Explain the construction and working principle of 4 Analyze
microelectrodes. (7)
ii) Mention the applications of floating and flexible 4 Analyze
type surface electrodes with necessary figures.(6)
14. Draw the electrical equivalent circuit of a glass 3 Apply
microelectrode and explain its electrical
characteristics.(13)
 PART C
1. Describe the problems encountered in measurement of 2 Understand
physiological system. Explain how these differ from
physical systems. (15)
2. What are body surface electrodes? Describe in brief with 2 Understand
suitable examples. (15)
3. i) Give the classification of electrodes used for bio- 2 Understand
medical applications. (10)
ii) Explain the selection criteria for electrodes used in 4 Analyze
biomedical field. (5)
4. i) Draw a well labelled diagram of action potential 3 Apply
waveform. Explain the process of Repolarization &
Depolarization of cells. (7)
ii) Write short notes on: 6 Create
a. EMG biopotential
b. ERG biopotential (4+4)

UNIT II - BIOSIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTRODE

CONFIGURATIONS
SYLLABUS
Biosignals characteristics – frequency and amplitude ranges. ECG – Einthoven’s triangle,
standard 12 lead system. EEG – 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar and average mode.
EMG– unipolar and bipolar mode.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Name few bioelectrical signals. 1 Remember
2. Give the frequency range & amplitude of ECG, EEG and 2 Understand
EMG waves.
3. Sketch a typical ‘pqrst’ complex waveform with respect 3 Apply
to ECG.
4. Give the origin, amplitude and duration of the different 2 Understand
waves in ECG.
5. Draw EINTHOVEN TRIANGLE and how it is used in 3 Apply
ECG measurement.
6. Write down the three types of lead systems used to 6 Create
record electrocardiograms.
7. Define the term LATENCY in EMG. 1 Remember
8. Draw the block diagram for EMG recording set up. 3 Apply
9. List the brainwaves and their frequency. 1 Remember
10. Draw the block diagram for EEG recording set up. 3 Apply
11. What is the use of EMG? 1 Remember
12. Give the standard 12 lead system used in ECG. 2 Understand
13. Name three bipolar limb lead selections introduced by 1 Remember
Enthoven.
14. Name three augmented lead connections. 1 Remember
15. Define unipolar lead system. 1 Remember
16. What is meant by 10-20-electrode placement system? 2 Understand
17. Write down the EMG Measurement procedure. 6 Create
18. What is meant by leads? 2 Understand
19. From the ECG waveform, state when does the first 1 Remember
degree and severe heart attack occurs.
20. What are the different types of heart block? 2 Understand
PART - B
1. i) Explain origin of ECG, EMG and EEG. (6) 4 Analyze
ii) Clearly describe the different lead systems in ECG 2 Understand
Wave form recording. (7)
2. What is evoked potential? Explain EEG recording with 4 Analyze
suitable block diagram. (13)
3. i) Explain EEG patterns. (6) 4 Analyze
ii) What is cardiac vector ? Explain ECG leads with 4 Analyze
necessary figures. (7)
4. Explain 12 lead electrode system for ECG measurement. 2 Understand
(13)
5. Explain EMG measurement with block diagram. (13 ) 2 Understand
6. Explain EEG measurement with 10-20 Electrode system. 2 Understand
(13)
Draw an ECG of a normal person, labeling the critical 3 Apply
7. features and explain the working of an ECG machine.(13)
8. i) Discuss the working of typical EMG recording 2 Understand
setup. (8)
ii) Mention the advantages in using the multichannel 4 Analyze
ECG machine. (5)
9. Discuss the different components of EMG measurement. 2 Understand
Describe the desired features of electromyograph.(13)
10. i) Explain Einthoven triangle and describe how ECG 4 Analyze
lead configurations are employed. (7)
ii) With a neat block diagram illustrate how the 3 Apply
electromyogram is recorded from the human body.
(6)
11. i) Enlist the typical EEG system faults. (6) 1 Remember
ii) What are the different types of artefacts seen in an 4 Analyze
ECG recording? (7)
12. Draw an ECG waveform indicating typical time intervals 3 Apply
and amplitudes of all the waves. Explain how these
waves are physiologically correlated with the heart
activity. (13)
13. i) Write a short note on ECG system faults & 6 Create
troubleshooting. (8)
ii) Briefly explain the sleep patterns and the diagnostic 2 Understand
uses of EEG. (5)
 14. Describe in detail with the principle involved of 2 Understand
electrodes used for measurement of ECG, EMG and
EEG. (13)
PART C
1. i) What does ‘EMG’ mean? Why a normal EMG 4 Analyze
waveform looks like a noise waveform? (7)
ii) What are the various abnormalities observed in 4 Analyze
ECG patterns? How they are classified? (8)
2. i) What is Ischemia? Explain the electrocardiographic 4 Analyze
patterns obtained in ischemia. (8)
ii) Explain the clinical application of EEG. (7) 4 Analyze
3. Define ECG. Explain its generation and normal wave 1 Remember
pattern, with neat figures. (15)
4. i) Draw and explain the EEG system block diagram 3 Apply
with an emphasis on preamplifiers and system
specifications.(8)
ii) Describe EEG telemetry and typical EEG system 2 Understand
artifacts and faults. (7)

UNIT III - SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUITS

SYLLABUS
Need for bio-amplifier - differential bio-amplifier, Impedance matching circuit, isolation
amplifiers, Power line interference, Right leg driven ECG amplifier, Band pass filtering
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. What are the requirements of amplifiers used in 1 Remember
biomedical recorders?
2. Give some of the amplifiers used with recorders. 2 Understand
3. What is meant by Bio-amplifiers? 1 Remember
4. What is preamplifier? State its functional requirements. 1 Remember
5. Define CMRR. 1 Remember
6. Write the purpose of isolation amplifiers. 6 Create
7. Mention the different methods of isolation amplifier. 4 Analyze
8. List the advantages of transformer type isolation 1 Remember
amplifier.
9. Why isolated preamplifier is used for bioelectric signal 4 analyze
acquisition
10. What are the characteristics of a DC amplifier? 1 Remember
11. What is a filter? 1 Remember
12. Draw the Impedance matching circuit. 3 Apply
13. Why Power line interference study is needed for analysis 4 Analyze
of biosignals?
14. Mention the amplifier used to measure Right leg in ECG 4 Analyze
measurement.
15. What is meant by band pass filtering? 1 Remember
16. Sketch the differential amplifier circuit. 3 Apply
17. What is meant by differential bio amplifier? 1 Remember
18. Write the purpose of impedance matching circuit. 6 Create
19. Distinguish between common mode signal and 4 Analyze
differential mode signal in differential amplifier.
20. What is the need for Band pass filter in bio amplifier 1 Remember
circuits?
PART - B
1. i) Illustrate the different requirements for biomedical 3 Apply
amplifiers? (5)
ii) Discuss the working of Differential amplifier. 2 Understand
Mention their importance in biomedical
instrumentation. (8)
2. Discuss the working of isolation amplifier with diagram. 2 Understand
(13)
3. Write a note on sources of noise in ECG. Explain ECG 6 Create
amplification and signal conditioning circuits with neat
figures. (13)
4. Draw the circuit diagram of Darlington pair isolation 3 Apply
amplifier and explain. (13)
5. i) What is the medical use of chopper amplifier? Draw 3 Apply
the diagram of mechanical chopper amplifier and
explain its working. (7)
ii) Explain the working of a Non mechanical Chopper 4 Analyze
amplifier. (6)
6. i) Draw the buffer amplifier circuit and explain its 3 Apply
working. (7)
ii) List and discuss the important characteristics of 1 Remember
bioamplifiier. (6)
7. i) Draw the circuit diagram of an EEG amplifier and 3 Apply
explain. (7)
ii) With a neat diagram explain carrier amplifier. (6) 4 Analyze
8. What is an isolation amplifier? What is its significance? 3 Apply
Illustrate any one methods. (13)
9. Sketch a neat circuit diagram of a medical preamplifier 3 Apply
and deduce an expression for its net gain. (13)
10. i) Explain in detail about power line interference 4 Analyze
reduction techniques. (7)
ii) Draw and Explain the ECG amplifier. (6) 3 Apply
11. Explain in detail the different types of Isolation 4 Analyze
amplifiers. (13)
12. Explain the needs of isolation and chopper amplifiers 4 Analyze
with circuit schematic. (13)
13. Explain with neat sketch about the Right leg driven ECG 4 Analyze
amplifier. (13)
14. i) Describe in detail with neat diagram, Band pass 2 Understand
filtering circuits of biological amplifiers. (8)
ii) Write short notes on impedance matching circuit 6 Create
used in bioamplifier. (5)
PART - C
1. Distinguish a biological amplifier from a conventional 4 Analyze
amplifier with suitable equations and circuits. (15)
2. Design a Differential bioamplifier Based on the Input and 6 Create
Output Voltage Level Requirements. (15)

3. Determine the common-mode voltage vcm on the patient 5 Evaluate

in the driven right-leg circuit of Fig. when a displacement
current id flows to the patient from the power lines.
Choose appropriate values for the resistances in the
circuit so that the common-mode voltage is minimal and
there is only a high-resistance path to ground when the
auxiliary operational amplifier saturates. What is vcm for
this circuit when id=0.2A?
(15)

4. Design a band pass filter using inductor and capacitor. 6 Create

Derive and draw the frequency response of band pass
filter. (15)
 UNIT IV - MEASUREMENT OF NON-ELECTRICALPARAMETERS
SYLLABUS
Temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate measurements. Blood Pressure: indirect methods
-Auscultatory method, direct methods: electronic manometer, Systolic, diastolic pressure,
Blood flow and cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution, and dye dilution method,
ultrasound blood flow measurement.
PART - A
Q.No Questions BT Level Competence
1. Define systematic temperature measurement. 1 Remember
2. Define skin temperature measurement. 1 Remember
3. What are the types of blood pressures? 2 Understand
4. What are the two methods of blood pressure 2 Understand
measurement?
5. List the methods used to obtained BP in direct 1 Remember
measurement.
6. What are the two types of probes used in direct method? 2 Understand
7. What are the methods to measure heart pulse rate? 2 Understand
8. What are the various methods to measure cardiac 2 Understand
output?
9. Define systole and diastole. 1 Remember
10. What is the use of blood flow meter? 2 Understand
11. Define cardiac output. 1 Remember
12. Write down the physical principle on which the blood 6 Create
flow meter based on.
13. Give the principle of electromagnetic blood flowmeter. 2 Understand
14. Discuss the reason for decrease in cardiac output? 2 Understand
15. Generalize Fick’s principle. 6 Create
16. Point out the normal heart rate of human being 4 Analyze
according to age group.
17. Find the cardiac output of a patient whose heart rate is 5 Evaluate
90 BPM and a stroke volume of 80 millilitres per beat.
18. Generalize “ohm’s law” for blood flow. 6 Create
19. What is the principle of Plethysmograph? 2 Understand
20. What are the causes of Cerebrovascular accident 2 Understand
(CVA)?
PART - B
1. i) Describe the working of a fibre optic temperature 2 Understand
sensor.(6)
ii) Conclude the part of electrocardiogram which is 4 Analyze
most useful for determining heart rate? Explain. (7)
2. i) Describe the working principle of ultrasonic blood 2 Understand
pressure measurement. (7)
ii) Compare direct and indirect blood pressure 4 Analyze
measurement. (6)
i) What are the methods for measuring blood 2 Understand
3. pressure? Sketch a typical setup and explain.(7)
ii) What is mean arterial blood pressure? Write its 6 Create
equation. (6)
4. i) Explain electromagnetic blood flow measurement 4 Analyze
technique.(13)
5. Explain indirect blood pressure measurement. (13) 4 Analyze
6. What is Cardiac output? Explain its measurement with 4 Analyze
suitable diagram. (10)
7. i) Write short notes on Indicator dilution technique for 6 Create
cardiac output measurement. (5)
ii) Discuss with necessary diagram Doppler Imaging 2 Understand
system for blood flow measurement. (8)
8. i) Explain the any one method of measuring cardiac 2 Understand
output. (7)
ii) With suitable diagram illustrate how transmission 3 Apply
and reflectance method can be used for
measurement of pulse rate.(6)
9. i) Explain the measurement of continuous cardiac 4 Analyze
output derived from the aortic pressure waveform.
(8)
ii) Briefly discuss about beat to beat to calculation for 2 Understand
heart rate measurement. (5)
10. i) Explain any one method to measure blood flow. (6) 4 Analyze
ii) Explain auditory method of blood pressure 4 Analyze
measurements with necessary figure. (7)
11. Discuss electrical conduction path way of heart and 2 Understand
explain the working principle of artificial cardiac
pacemaker with necessary figures. (13)
12. Sketch the block diagram of automated electro 3 Apply
sphygmomanometer for blood pressure measurement and
explain its operation. (13)
13. i) Explain the Rheographic method of blood pressure 4 Analyze
measurement. (7)
ii) Describe in detail with neat diagram, differential 2 Understand
ausculatory technique of blood pressure
measurement. (6)
14. i) Explain the automatic and semiautomatic methods 4 Analyze
of measuring blood pressure. (7)
ii) Discuss the Oscillometric blood pressure 2 Understand
measurement method. (6)
PART – C
1. What are the effects of temperature measurements and 1 Remember
explain the types of temperature measurements in detail
2. Discuss a detailed study about diagnosis and treatment of 2 Understand
High blood pressure (hypertension). (15)
3. Describe the methods used for respiration rate 2 Understand
measurement in detail. (15)
4. i) Discuss about the different techniques used to 2 Understand
measure heart rate. (8)
ii) Explain the instantaneous heart rate meter with its 4 Analyze
diagram. (7)
 UNIT V - BIO-CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
SYLLABUS
Blood gas analyzers and Non-Invasive monitoring, colorimeter, Sodium Potassium Analyser,
Spectrophotometer, blood cell counter, auto analyzer (simplified schematic description).
PART - A
Q. No. Questions BT Level Competence
1. What is blood gas analysers? 1 Remember
2. What is the use of measurement of PH, PCO2, PO2? 3 Apply
3. What is meant by PH value of blood? 1 Remember
4. Give the normal value of PH, PCO2, PO2 in human 2 Understand
blood?
5. What is the PH, PCO2 value that indicates respiratory 1 Remember
failure?
6. What is the use of oximeters? 3 Apply
7. What are the two types of oximetry? 1 Remember
8. Differentiate between vitro oximetry and vivo 4 Analyze
oximetry?
9. What is the use of gas analysers? 3 Apply
10. What is pH Value of Arterial blood and Venous blood? 1 Remember
11. Briefly mention the uses of gas analyzers. 3 Apply
12. State the advantages and disadvantages of an auto 1 Remember
analyser.
13. How does the PH value determine the acidity of 4 Analyze
alkalinity in blood fluid.
14. List few applications of gas analysis. 3 Apply
15. What is Colorimeter? 3 Apply
16. What is Autoanalyser? 3 Apply
17. What is blood cell counter? 3 Apply
18. Write the principle of spectrophotometer. 6 Create
19. What you mean by pH? 1 Remember
20. Mention the purpose of using pCO2 in bio medical 4 Analyze
instrumentation.
PART - B
1. Explain coulter blood cell counter with a neat diagram. 2 Understand
(13)
2. Draw and Explain the block diagram of Auto analyzer. 3 Apply
(13)
Explain the optical ray diagram of spectrophotometer 2 Understand
3. and describe any one dispersive device. (13)
4. Explain with block diagram working of colorimeter. 2 Understand
(13)
5. Explain the measurement of blood pO2 and pCO2. (13) 2 Understand
6. Describe, with neat diagrams, the operation of a blood 2 Understand
cell counter working on the principle of conductivity.
List the drawbacks of the system. (13)
7. What are oximeter? Describe finger tip oximeter with 1 Remember
suitable diagram. Mention its advantages. (13)
8. Draw a circuit diagram of a pH meter and explain its 3 Apply
working details. (13)
9. i) Describe the colorimeter method of determining 2 Understand
chemical concentration. (7)
ii) With neat diagram, explain in detail the operation 2 Understand
of Gas analyser. (6)
10. Explain the working principle of spectrophotometer. 4 Analyze
Discuss its applications in clinical laboratory. (13)
11. Explain the working principle for measurement of 4 Analyze
optical pressure of Oxygen (PO2) in the blood and
describe suitable scheme for it. (13)
12. Describe the hematology of blood. Explain the working 2 Understand
of Coulter model STKS type blood analyser with the
help of suitable diagram. (13)
13. Draw and explain the circuit diagram for computation of 3 Apply
the following used in complete blood gas analyser.
i) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) (5)
ii) Total CO2 (5)
iii) Base excess (3)
14. i) Describe the operation of blood cell counter based 2 Understand
on dark field method. (7)
ii) Explain the optical methods of blood pH 2 Understand
measurement used for continuous monitoring. (6)
PART – C
1. Explain in detail about blood gas analyser with neat 2 Understand
block diagram. (15)
2. With suitable figures explain How pH ,Pco2 ,and Po2 4 Analyze
are measured? (15)
3. Describe a flame photometer and Blood gas analyser 2 Understand
with a suitable diagram. (15)
4. Draw the block diagram of an automatic blood cell 3 Apply
counter and explain its functions. (15)