1 In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A.

Watson were the

first to successfully transfer human conversation over a crude
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from one place to metallic- wire communications systems using this device.
another.
Telephone
Electronic Communication System
9
2
The first commercial radio broadcasting station in 1920 that
The transmission, reception, and processing of information between broadcasted amplitude modulated signals in Pittsburgh.
two or more locations using electronic circuits.
KDKA
Electronic Communication
10
3
Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratio.
Electronic Communications Time Line
Decibel ( dB )
4
11
Are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously changing
such as sine and cosine waves. Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a power level
with respect to a fixed reference level (1mW).
analog signals
dBm
5
12
Is sometimes referred to as a power loss.
One-tenth of a decibel.
Attenuation
Bel
6
13
Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If Pout = Pin, the
absolute power gain is 1, and the dB power gain is 0 dB. A collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits that
converts the original source information to a form more suitable for
Unity Power Gain transmission over a particular transmission medium.
7 Transmitter
Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or levels. 14
digital signals Provides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter and
8 a receiver.
Transmission Medium
15 21
A collection of electronic devices and circuits that accepts the The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers between two or
transmitted signals for the transmission medium and then converts more points in a communications system.
those signals back to their original form.
digital radio
Receiver
22
16
A modulation technique where the information signal is analog and
Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information the amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
signal. information signal.
System Noise Amplitude Modulation ( AM )
17 23
Because it is often impractical to propagate information signals over A modulation technique where the information signal is analog and
standard transmission media, it is often necessary to modulate the the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
source information onto a higher-frequency analog signal called a information signal.
______.
Frequency Modulation ( FM )
Carrier
24
18
A modulation technique where the information signal is analog and
The process of changing one or more properties of the analog carrier the phase (q) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
in proportion with the information signal. signal.
Modulation Phase Modulation
19 25
A system in which energy is transmitted and received in analog form A modulation technique where the information signal is digital and
(a continuously varying signals such as a sine wave). that amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Analog Communication System
Amplitude Shift Keying ( ASK )
20
26
A true digital system where digital pulses (discrete levels such as
+5V and ground) are transferred between two or more points in a A modulation technique where the information signal is digital and
communications system. the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal.
Digital Transmission
Frequency Shift Keying ( FSK ) 1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency signals from an
antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy.
27
2. Information signals often occupy the same frequency band and, if
A modulation technique where the information signal is digital and signals from two or more sources are transmitted at the same time,
the phase (q) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information they would interfere with each other.
signal.
33
Phase Shift Keying
A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular service.
( PSK )
Channel
28
34
A modulation technique where both the amplitude and the phase of
the carrier are varied proportional to the information signal. Process of converting a frequency or band of frequencies to another
location in the total frequency spectrum.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Translation
( QAM )
35
29
The purpose of an electronic communications system is to
Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit called ________. communicate information between two or more locations commonly
Modulator called _____________ .
30 Stations
The reverse process of modulation and converts the modulated 36
carrier back to the original information. The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine wave of
Demodulation voltage or current, occurs in a given period of time.
31 Frequency
Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit called _______. 37
Demodulator Each complete alternation of the waveform.
32 Cycle
2 Reasons why modulation is necessary in electronic 38
communications : Is an international agency in control of allocating frequencies and
services within the overall frequency spectrum.
International Telecommunications Union ( ITU) Voice Frequencies
39 ( VF )
In the United States, assigns frequencies and communications 43
services for free-space radio propagation.
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include the upper end
Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) of the human hearing range.
40 Very Low Frequencies
( VLF )
44
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used primarily for
marine and aeronautical navigation.
Low Frequencies
( LF )
45
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are used primarily for
commercial AM radio broadcasting (535kHz-1605kHz).
Medium Frequencies
( MF )
46
41 Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are often referred to as
short waves. Used for most two-way radio communications.
Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include ac power
distribution signals (60Hz) and low frequency telemetry signals. High Frequencies
Extremely Low ( HF )
Frequencies ( ELF ) 47
42 Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are used for mobile
radio, marine and aeronautical communications, commercial FM
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include frequencies broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of
generally associated with human speech. Ch 2 to 13 (54MHz to 216MHz).
Very High Frequencies Includes electromagnetic frequencies that fall within the visible range
of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz).
( VHF )
Visible Light
48
53
Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are used by
commercial television broadcasting of channels 14 to 83, land mobile Used for optical fiber systems.
communications services, cellular telephones, certain radar and
navigation systems, and microwave and satellite radio systems. Light-wave Communications

Ultrahigh Frequencies 54

( UHF ) The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies in

space (i.e., the distance between similar points in a repetitive wave).
49
Wavelength
Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include the majority of
the frequencies used for microwave and satellite radio 55
communications systems.
Super High Frequencies
( SHF )
50
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are seldom used for
radio communications except in very sophisticated, expensive, and
specialized applications.
Extremely High Frequencies
( EHF )
51
Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and are not generally 56
referred to as radio waves. Used in heat seeking guidance systems,
electronic photography, and astronomy. Radio transmitter classifications according to bandwidth, modulation
scheme, and type of information.
Infrared
Emission Classifications
52
57
 The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies
contained in the information.
Bandwidth
60
The bandwidth of a communications channel is the difference
between the highest and lowest frequencies that the channel will
allow to pass through it.
Passband
61
A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth to
propagate information through electronic communications systems.
Information Theory
62
The measure of how much information can be propagated through a
communications system and is a function of bandwidth and
transmission time.
Information Capacity
Ø The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation 63
of the main carrier.
The most basic digital symbol used to represent information.
Ø The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of
emission. Binary Digit / Bit
Ø The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of 64
information being transmitted.
The number of bits transmitted during one second and is expressed
58 in bits per second (bps).
The two most significant limitations on the performance of a Bit Rate
communications system are ________and ________.
65
Noise and Bandwidth
59
In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a External Noise
useful relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information capacity. 70

Hartley’s Law Noise that is naturally occurring electrical disturbances that originate
within Earth’s atmosphere.
IµBxt
Atmospheric Noise
66
71
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon published a paper in the
Bell System Technical Journal relating the information capacity of a Atmospheric noise is commonly called ____________.
communications channel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. Static Electricity
Shannon limit for information capacity 72
Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from outside Earth’s
atmosphere and is sometimes called deep-space noise.
Extraterrestrial Noise
73
Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called ____________.
Deep-Space Noise
74
67 Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat.
Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the passband of Solar Noise
the signal.
75
Electrical Noise
Noise sources that are continuously distributed throughout the
68 galaxies.
Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal present or not. Cosmic Noise
Uncorrelated Noise 76
69 Noise that is produced by mankind.
Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. Man-made Noise
77 N = KTB
Electrical interference generated within a device or circuit. 83
Internal Noise A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually related) to the
signal and cannot be present in a circuit unless there is a signal. “
78 no signal, no noise! “
Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes and electrons) Correlated Noise
at the output element of an electronic device.
84
Shot Noise
Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced through
79 nonlinear amplification (nonlinear mixing).
Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass from the input Harmonic Distortion
to the output of a device produces an irregular, random variations.
85
Transit-time Noise
The generation of unwanted sum and difference frequencies
80 produced when two or more signals mix in a nonlinear device.
Associated with the rapid and random movement of electrons within Inter-modulation Distortion
a conductor due to thermal agitation.
86
Thermal Noise
The original signal and also called the fundamental frequency.
81
First Harmonic
THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL NAMES, INCLUDING :
87
Ø Thermal Noise, because it is temperature dependent;
A frequency two times the original signal frequency.
Ø Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
Second Harmonic
Ø Johnson Noise, after the man who related Brownian particle
movement of electron movement; 88
Ø White Noise, because the random movement is at all frequencies; A frequency three times the original signal frequency.
82 Third Harmonic
Johnson proved that thermal noise power is proportional to the 89
product of bandwidth and temperature.
Another name for harmonic distortion.
Noise Power
Amplitude Distortion Electrical interference
90 94
Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short duration in the total The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power level.
noise spectrum.
Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio ( S/N )
Impulse Noise
91

95
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the signal - to-noise ratio
deteriorates as a signal passes through a circuit or series of circuits
Noise Factor ( F )
and
Noise Figure ( NF )
96

92
A form of external noise and as the name implies it means to disturb 97
or detract form.
FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE
Interference
NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
93
98
Noise produced when information signals from one source produce
frequencies that fall outside their allocated bandwidth and interfere A convenient parameter often used rather than noise figure in low
with information signals from another source. noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF, microwave, and satellite radio
receivers. It indicates the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a
signal undergoes as it propagates through a receiver.
Equivalent Noise Temperature
( Te )
Te = T ( F – 1 )