Ex:No:01 To Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and

__:__:____ Memory Units

Aim:
To Identify and Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and
Memory Units, components in a CPU and its functions.

Objectives:
After performing this experiment students will be able to:
Understand the functions of computer
Prepare a list of various computer components and peripherals. (E.g. CPU, Monitor,
Keyboard, Mouse, Speaker, Web cam, Printer, Scanner, microphone, speakers, modem,
projector etc).
Identify various components of Computer

Description:

Reference Notes:

Computer:

Computer is an electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user via input devices
and processes these data on processor(CPU) under the control of set of instructions (called program)
and gives the result (output) to the output devices and saves output for the future use on memory
(memory/storage devices). It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.

Fig: Model of Computer

Functions of Computer Input Storage Process & Output:

Input.
Computer receiver data from users. A user enters data using input devices like keyboard,
mouse or any other devices like webcam, punch card, magnetic tapes, joystick or magnetic disk
etc. The Input unit accept information using input devices then it converts the given data to readable
form and this data moves to Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Storage.
The given information stored in a computer using different storage devices i.e. central
process unit and auxiliary memory. The auxiliary memory also known as secondary or external
storage have hard devices for example Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk and Flash Drive.
Processing.
It is considered the basic computing operation. It execute the instructions, control storage
data and input or output devices attached the computer.
Output.
Last but not the least the output unit which represents results from the operations of central
processing unit CPU. The result may be in hard or soft form i.e. visual display unit, printers and
headphones.

Advantages of computers

The advantages of a computer sums up into the following reasons:-

 Reliability
 Consistency
 Versatility – can be used for different purpose
 Precision
 Communication
 Stores large amounts of data
 Fast processing speed
 Manipulation of data
 Output can be produced in several formats

Classifications of Computers:

Analog Computers:
 It accepts analog input and provide analog output information. it represents physical
quantities like acceleration, temperature, distance or voltages in mechanical or electrical circuits and
does not need any storage device. Examples of analog computer are thermometer, speedometer and
analog clock.
Digital Computer:
This computer accept digital input and provide digital output after processing information
and the operation are in binary system of 0 and 1. By manipulating the binary digits and numbers it
can perform any task like analyze data, mathematical calculations etc. Examples of digital computers
are Apple Macintosh, IBM PC.

Hybrid Computer:
This computer is the combination of both analog and digital computers in terms of speed and
accuracy. Hybrid computers can measure physical and digital quantities. Examples of hybrid
computer is the machine measure heartbeat in hospital, devices installed fuel pumps.

Computer Generations:

Peripherals component of a computer:

Components of a Personal Computer

 System Case: The system case or System Unit, sometimes called the chassis or enclosure, is
the metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer.
 Monitor - Your monitor is the component that displays the visual output from your computer
as generated by the video card.
 Keyboard - This is the input device to enter the text data in to the computer.
 Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well in graphical
environments.
 CPU – This is central Processing unit. its task to process data.

Components inside the System Case

 Power Supply (SMPS) it’s a Switch Mode Power Supply, which takes 220 V/ 110 V AC
current as input and converts that in to multiple DC voltages.
 Hard disk drive(s) this is where your files are permanently stored on your computer. Also,
normally, your operating system is installed here.
 CD/DVD drive(s) This is normally a read only drive where files are permanently stored.
There are now read/write CD/DVD drives that use special software to allow users to read
from and write to these drives.
 Motherboard motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) holds many of the
crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. It is also
known as Main Board.

Logical view of computer system:

Fig: illustrate the relationship between user, Application software, Operating System and computer
hardware and its function
Input Devices:
These are used to put data and instructions into the computer.The most common input device for is
the keyboard and mouse
List of Input devices
1. keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Trackball
4. Joystick
5. Image Scanner
6. Touch Pad
7. Touch screen
8. Pointing the stick
9. Vocal system
10. Keyboar

Keybord

This is the most commonly used input device available atleast on almost any computer.He
has a series of buttons that look like typewriters.each key has a letter, a number, a symbol or a word.

Mouse

Mouse is a portable device that moves on the desktop or on the mouse pad. Since It has a ball
underneath, usually two or more buttons at the top of the This causes the ball to move as the mouse
moves.

Joystick
The joystick consists of a base and a stick. Whenever You can move the wand in any
direction to move the object on the computer screen. While joystick can perform similar functions on
the mouse. While it is often considered less comfortable and effective.

Touchscreen
Touch screen refers to the display screen that receives the input of the Finger key.Because of
screen is covered with plastic layers. While Has an invisible infrared beam behind the
screen.Whenever Users enter data by touching the icon or menu on the screen ,In short Most touch
screen computers use sensors to detect the touch of a finger,Is used for ATMs, department stores and
supermarkets.

Microphone
In fact this is a device that is very similar in style to the microphone you use on the stage.It is
designed for that users.That do not have to hold it while he / she is speaking.

TrackBall
Trackball is used as a substitute for the mouse.Button of this device is similar to the
mouse.He has a big spinning ball at the top of the The body of the trackballIn fact does not move. In
fact ball move with your fingers.
Output Devices:
The output unit of the output devices is responsible for generating the output in user-readable form.
Various output devices, such as a monitor (also known as decompression, ie video display unit),
printer, plotter, etc., make the computer output unit.

Monitor:
A monitor or screen is the most common form of output for a computer. It displays the information
in the same way as on the TV screen. The image on the monitor consists of thousands of dots called
pixels. Cathode ray tube (CRT): – it works like a TV-it has an electronic gun on the back of the glass
tube, which excites the electrons to make the screen shine. LCD is used to create pixels on the
screen. Each tiny liquid cell is a pixel.

Printer:
Printers are one of the most practical and useful ways that computers can pass information by
printing characters. The printer can be divided into two different categories. Impact Printer: There is
mechanical contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer. Printer without impact:
There is no mechanical contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer.

Assign the printer:

Matrix Printer Impact Point Printer: The Matrix Printer (DMP) is the most popular serial printer,
meaning it points to a character. In DMP, the print head contains a vertical array of pins. As the head
moves on the paper, the selected pins pull the ink ribbon to form the dot pattern on the paper. There
are 80 DMP columns and 132 DMP Ionic markets available.
Printer without impact:
Printer without impact
1. Electromagnetic printer:
Whenever Use electromagnetic recording technology, the printed magnetic image can be written on
the drum surface.

2. Thermal printer:
When heat that converts an electrical pulse into a selected part of a print head or a wire or feather.
When heat is apply on the heat-sensitive paper, a character is printed.
3. Electrostatic printer:
For electrostatic printers, the paper also is coated with non-conductive dielectric materials, and when
the voltage is used with the “feather” writing (the head), it retains its charge. Whenever he passes,
the head is written on the paper. 4. Inkjet printer: The printer directs the ink flow at high speed to the
paper. The ink flow decompose into water drops by an ultrasonic sensor.

5. Laser printer:
This printer uses desktop copier technology. The desired output is write in the copier drum using a
computer-controlled beam. These laser printers are also quite capable of producing a high dot mass.
The speed of a laser printer can be a page upto10-15 per minute (ppm).
6.Speakers:
Speaker: Whenever speaker receives a sound from the current form of the sound card and converts it
to a sound format.

Memory and storage devices:

Storage Device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done
using virtually any form of energy.storage device is a hardware device capable of storing
information. There are two storage devicesused in computers; a primary storage device such
as computer RAM and a secondary storage device such as a computer hard disk drive.
Primary Storage(Main Memory):

Storage media installed on the motherboard store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU

Main memory is classified into

 RAM
 ROM
 CMOS

RAM:
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. When
an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the
information is deleted from the RAM.
 .

Secondary Storage:
Secondary storage is a storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or
overwritten regardless if the computer has power. For example, a floppy disk drive and hard disk
drive are both good examples of secondary storage devices. As can be seen by the below picture
there are three different types of storage on a computer, although primary storage is accessed much
faster than secondary storage because of the price and size limitations secondary storage is used with
today’s computers to store all your programs and your personal data.

Floppy Disk :
A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable,
compact, and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read,
write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk.

Hard Disk :

A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM
(which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you're able to
store.
Magnetic Tape:
Magnetic Tape can be used to perform both functions -input and output. Magnetic Tape is
a secondary storage media.Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers
where large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of
cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials that
store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200
meter long which is coated with magnetic material.

Magnetic Disk:
You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and coated with
magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle. It rotates with
very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the surface of the disk. Magnetic
disks are most popular for direct access storage device.
Optical Disk : The CD-Rom is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read
Only Memory.D's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own
CD's and use them more like a floppy disk.
Central Processing Unit:

Also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the
basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions.The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various
components, which support the functioning of a PC. Most modern CPUs are microprocessors

Microprocessors:

A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central

processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC),[1] or at most a few integrated circuits.[2] The
microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that
accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memoryand provides
results as output.
Processor speeds:

 Jumper: Small metal connector with a plastic cover used to connect two metal pins together.
Configuring the jumpers on a motherboard will change the settings on that board.
 Multiplier: A number that is multiplied by the bus speed to determine the CPU speed.

Components on a Motherboard
 Processor Socket: processor is installed in this socket.
 Memory Slots: Primary memory RAM is installed in this slot
 IDE Connectors: Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy drive connected here.
 PCI Slot: Adapter cards are installed in this slot like Display card, Sound card, Network
Interface card, etc
 AGP or PCI-Ex Slot: it is used to connect Advanced Graphics cards.
 Power Connectors: power supply is connected to this.
 Chipset: Group of specialized chips on the mother board
 Back Panel Connectors: External devices are connected to motherboard or system through
this back panel.
Ram Slots and Rams:
Ram slots are used to install the rams, It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips.
There two type ram slots

 SD Ram;----------Two Gaps

 DDR Ram--------One Gap

North Bridge:
 It is also called as controller, It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary
values to electronic signals ,It is nearby socket 478.
 It placed middle of the mother board.
South Bridge:
It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices, It is
communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip by CMOS battery

CMOS Battery:
Computer is using a coin shape battery, It generates the clock signal and it manage system
continues time

Primary & Secondary(IDE-1 & IDE-2) :

It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2,It used to connecting Hard Disk Dive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

Input & Out put ports :

IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,
speakers etc...

AGP Slot & AGP Card :

 AGP Slot is used install the AGP card, AGP back view same as VGA port(15-female pins) and
used to connecting the monitors.
 This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown
CI Slots &PCI(Expansion) Cards :
PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as

LAN (Ethernet) Card---Back view Ethernet port

Sound Card-Back view Audio pin connectors)

BIOS Chip :
 BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together,
 BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or mother board

ATX Power connecter:

  ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug( This is from SMPS) and
ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.
 It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Mother Board

Bus Cables or Data cables :

A Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one device to another
device cables are two types ,IDE cable : it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM ,FDD cable: it
used to connect FDD

Hard Disk Drive:

 The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a
computer,The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard
disk drive,
 Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive

CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer:

 CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information
from Compact Disks (CD). CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks.
 Identification is the panel name is CD Writer

Floppy Disk Drive and Floppy connecter:

  The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks, Floppy disks also
called as a diskette,
 Identification is smaller than CD writer.
 Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive. This is beside of ATX power
connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.

Power Supply:
The power supply is usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower).

SMPS: Switch Mode Power Supply.SMPS converts AC current to DC current which is used for regulating
pwer supply within the cabinet.
Cache memory – A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of microprocessor operations.

L1 (Level one) cache – Cache memory that is located inside the microprocessor.

Write-through cache – The microprocessor writes 1s and 0s into the cache memory at the same time as
regular memory.

Write-back cache – The 1s and 0s are written to regular memory when the microprocessor is not busy. It is
more efficient than write-through cache.

L2 cache – Cache memory that is on the motherboard for Pentium and lower processors. Starting with the
Pentium Pro processor, the L2 cache is inside the processor packaging and known as on-die cache.

L3 cache – L1 and L2 cache are included with the processor packaging.

COAST (Cache On A STick) – Cache chips on the motherboard that resemble a small SIMM.

DIB (Dual Independent Bus) – Two buses used for the processor to communicate with motherboard
components.

FSB (front side bus) – connects a CPU to the motherboard components.

Back side bus – connects the CPU to the L2 cache

VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) – Provides the appropriate voltage for microprocessors. It is usually found
on Socket 7 or Socket 8 for Pentiums

Graphics card:

Display card is used to display the data to the user. It is indirectly linked with the computer
memory and is built in the mother board. Two types of display cards are available:

1) PCI Graphic card

2) AGP card.
Identify and list the different types of component and connector Interface:
Sl.no Name Description
 Conclusion:
Thus the computer system component are identified, and the uses of the component are
studied.

Ex:No:02 To understand how different components of PC are connected to work

__:__:____ properly Assembling of System Components

Aim:
 To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly Assembling
of System Components

Components Required:
1. All the necessary components (Although the all the below components are preferable, not all
are necessary. Then necessary ones are marked with a *)

 Processors
 Motherboard
 Hard disk
 RAM
 Cabinet
 Floppy Drive
 CD Drive
 Cards
 Display Card (Not needed if On-board display is available on Motherboard)
 Sound Card (Not needed if On-board sound is available on Motherboard)
 Modem
 Other Cards (If Any)
 Monitors
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Speaker
 UPS
 Other Components (If Any)

Tools used to assemble:

2. Philips head Screwdriver (also known as Star Screwdriver)

3. Flat head Screwdriver

4. Forceps (for pulling out jumpers and screws)

5. Magnetized Screwdriver

6. Multi meter (Testing)

Fig : Quadrex bits Fig : Tweezers Fig : Cable Cutter

The following sections cover the assembly
1. System Case and Power Supply
2. Motherboard, Processor, Heat sink, RAM.
3. Adapter cards
4. Disk Drives
5. External Devices

PREPARATION
Computer motherboards and expansion cards contain very delicate integrated circuit (IC)
chips. To protect them against damage from static electricity, you should follow some
precautions whenever you work on your computer.

1. Unplug your computer when working on the inside.

2. Use a grounded wrist strap before handling computer components. If you do not have
one, touch both of your hands to a safely grounded object or to a metal object, such as
the power supply case.

3. Hold components by the edges and try not touch the IC chips, leads or connectors, or
other components.

4. Place components on a grounded anti-static pad or on the bag that came with the
components whenever the components are separated from the system.

5. Ensure that the ATX

power supply is switched
off before you plug in or
remove the ATX power
cod.

Connection Interface:
Safety precautions

1. Static electricity is the biggest danger to the expensive parts of PC that we are about to assemble,
even a tiny shock, much too small for us to feel, can damage the delicate Electronic traces, many
times smaller than a human hair, that make up CPU, RAM and other chips.

2. Turn off your computer and unplug your Power Supply before installing or removing any
components—if power is flowing to components as they are installed or removed, they can be
seriously damaged.

3. Never cut the grounding pin off your power cord. This “safety ground” Stands between you and
potentially lethal voltages inside the power supply.

4. Be careful of sharp edges! Many lower-end PC cases have sharp, unfinished edges. This is
especially so on interior surfaces, and where the case has been cut or punched-out. Use care and take
your time to avoid cutting our hands.If your case has this problem, a little time with some sandpaper
before you begin construction can spare you a lot of pain

6. Dismantling discrete electronic components such as your Power Supply or Monitor is dangerous.
They contain high voltage capacitors, which can cause a severe electric shock if we touch them.
These hold a charge even when the unit is not plugged in and are capable of delivering a fatal shock.

Assembly Procedures

Step 7. Connect the Peripheral Power from PSU connectors to the drives. Connect Floppy Power
Connector to Floppy Drive. For SATA HDDs, connect SATA Power connector from PSU.

V. Installing Additional Expansion Cards

Step 1. Insert each card by holding it carefully by the edges. Be careful not to touch the chips and the
circuitry. Put the bottom-edge finger connector into the appropriate open slot (usually PCI or PCI
Express). Firmly press down on the top of the card, exerting even pressure, until it snaps into place.

Step 2. Secure each card bracket with a screw.

Step 3. Attach any internal cable that the card requires.

VI. Installing the Cover Assembly and connecting external devices.

Install the cover assembly and connect external devices such as keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Speakers
and network cables.

VII. Switching ON the System and Running CMOS Setup Utility.

Switch on the System and check for the display. If we get display, run CMOS Setup Utility and
ensure the drives are detected properly.
Conclusion:
Thus the different components of PC are connected to work properly and Assembling of
computer System is completed.
Ex:No:03

__:__:____

Aim:
Description:

Reference Notes:

Program:

Conclusion:

LAB

Lab 1: To recognize various components of PC- Input Output systems Processing and Memory
units
Lab-2:To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly
Assembling of System Components
Lab -3To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly
Disassembling of System Components
Lab4: Study of TASM Addition and Subtraction of 8-bit number
Lab 5: Addition of 16-bit number Subtraction of 16-bit number
Lab-6: Multiplication of 8-bit number Factorial of a given number
Lab-7: Design of Half Adder Design of Full Adder
Lab-8: Study of Ripple Carry Adder Design of Ripple Carry Adder
Lab-9: Study of Carry Look-ahead Adder Design of Carry Look-ahead Adder
Lab-10: Study of Array Multiplier Design of Array Multiplier
Lab-11: Study of Booth Algorithm
Lab-12: Program to carry out Booth Algorithm
Lab-13: Study of Carry save Multiplication Program to carry out Carry Save Multiplication
Lab-14: Understanding processing unit Design of primitive processing unit
Lab-15: Understanding Pipeline concepts Design of basic pipeline.