A Vocational Training Project Report ON: Submitted by
A Vocational Training Project Report ON: Submitted by
A Vocational Training Project Report ON: Submitted by
D E- 5th Semester
Guided by
MR. J L SAHU (AE 220 KV S/S BHILAI -3)
MR. D M SAHU (AE 132 KV S/S BHILAI - 3)
SESSION: 2019-20
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
B.R.P. Government Polytechnic, Dhamtari (C.G.) -
493776
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report
VOCATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT REPORT is based on my own work
carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of
MR. J L SAHU (AE 220 KV S/S BHILAI)
MR. D M SAHU (AE 132 KV S/S BHILAI)
I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my
research work. I further certify that
I. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me
under the general supervision of my supervisor.
II. The work has not been submitted to any other Institution for any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this university or any other University of
India or abroad.
III. Whenever we have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text)
from other sources.
Suspension insulator
For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use
suspension type insulators shown in Figure. Consist of a number of
porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.
The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The
number of disc units used depends on the voltage.
CAPACITOR BANK
The load on the power system is varying being high during
morning and evening which increases the magnetization current. This
results in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly
due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore
take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it
causes increases in current, resulting in additional losses. So in order
to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power
factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power
factor come device taking leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor bank. The
capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize
the lagging reactive component of load current.
Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-
Supply Reactive Power
Improve Terminal Voltage
Improve Power Factor
PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems
& telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil
immersed. Therefore chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare,
however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the
transformer is quickly disconnected from the system. This provides adequate
automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. Various protection
methods used for transformers are:-
Buchholz Relay
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power
transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir
called a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. Depending on
the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a
slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by
decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces
the oil level down. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located
in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit
breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.
Buchholz Relay
Conservator and Breather
When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil
level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the
oil level up to predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it
above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank
for the purpose of extracting moisture as it spoils the insulating properties of the
oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica gel is
checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.
Transformer cooling
When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the
removal of heat is called cooling.
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water
heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat
exchanger.
ISOLATION
ISOLATERS
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect
switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches
are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications,
where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in
electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit
breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit,
but only for safety isolation. Disconnector can be operated either
manually or automatically (motorized disconnector).
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an
overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a
fault is detected.
As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the
transmission system. That’s why various protective measures are taken to
protect the substations from various faults and its smooth functioning.
Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Ltd. takes such steps so
that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every part of this
state.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification
examination for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy
efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
2. General aspect of energy management and energy audit, Guide book for
National certification examination for energy managers and energy auditors,
Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, 2003.
3. www.wikepedia.com
4. www.slideshare.com
5. www.electrical-installation.org
6. www.home-energy-metering.com
7. www.enspecpower.com
8. www.allaboutcircuits.com