CALCU THIRD EDITION

Monfy J. Strauss
Texas Tech University

Gerald L Bradley
Claremont McKenna College

Karl J. Smith
Santa Rosa Junior College

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

 Contents

Preface ix

1 Functions and Graphs

Input value x 1.1 Preliminaries 2
' | SljL.1l.. L. 1.2 Lines in the Plane 13
1.3 Functions and Graphs 19
1.4 Inverse Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions 33
Chapter 1 Review 42
Guest Essay: Calculus Was Inevitable, John Troutman 46
Mathematical Essays 48
Output value
5A: 2 + 2

2 Limits and Continuity 49

2.1 The Limit of a Function 50
2.2 Algebraic Computation of Limits 61
2.3 Continuity 70
2.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 80
Chapter 2 Review 92
iv Contents

3 Differentiation 97
y _!_ 3.1 An Introduction to the Derivative: Tangents 98

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3.2 Techniques of Differentiation 110
3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions 119
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I A 3.4 Rates of Change: Modeling Rectilinear Motion 125
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3.6 Implicit Differentiation 146
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| 3.8 Linear Approximation and Differentials 165
1 1 Chapter 3 Review 177
Group Research Project: Chaos 181

4 Additional Applications of the Derivative 183

a rad/sec 4.1 Extreme Values of a Continuous Function 184
4.2 The Mean Value Theorem 195
4.3 Using Derivatives to Sketch the Graph of a Function 201
Driving
shaft 4.4 Curve Sketching with Asymptotes: Limits Involving Infinity 217
4.5 I'Hopital's Rule 229
4.6 Optimization in the Physical Sciences and Engineering 238
4.7 Optimization in Business, Economics, and the Life Sciences 250
Chapter 4 Review 263
Group Research Project: Wine Barrel Capacity 269

5 Integration 271
5.1 Antidifferentiation 272
5.2 Area as the Limit of a Sum 282
5.3 Riemann Sums and the Definite Integral 290
5.4 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus 302
5.5 Integration by Substitution 309
5.6 Introduction to Differential Equations 316
5.7 The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals; Average Value 328
5.8 Numerical Integration: The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule 334
5.9 An Alternative Approach: The Logarithm as an Integral 342
Chapter 5 Review 346
Guest Essay: Kinematics of Jogging, Ralph Boas 351
Mathematical Essays 352
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1-5 353
 Contents

6 Additional Applications of the Integral 355

6.1 Area between Two Curves 356
6.2 Volume 362
6.3 Polar Forms and Area 375
6.4 Arc Length and Surface Area 385
6.5 Physical Applications: Work, Liquid Force, and Centroids 395
6.6 Applications to Business, Economics, and Life Sciences 407
Chapter 6 Review 417
Group Research Project: Houdini's Escape 424

7 Methods of Integration 425

7.1 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table 426
7.2 Integration by Parts 435
7.3 Trigonometric Methods 441
7.4 Method of Partial Fractions 448
7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques 457
7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 461
7.7 Improper Integrals 472
7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 481
Chapter 7 Review 487
Group Research Project: Buoy Design 491

8 Infinite Series 493

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8.1 Sequences and Their Limits 494
8.2 Introduction to Infinite Series: Geometric Series , 505
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8.3 The integral Test; p-Series 514
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8.4 Comparison Tests 521
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8.6 Alternating Series; Absolute and Conditional Convergence 533
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8.7 Power Series 544
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8.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 553
! Chapter 8 Review 566
Group Research Project: Elastic Tightrope 570
Cumulative Review: Chapters 6-8 571
vi Contents

9 Vectors in the Plane and in Space 573

9.1 Vectors in K 2 574
9.2 Coordinates and Vectors in R 3 582
9.3 The Dot Product 588
9.4 The Cross Product 597
9.5 Parametric Representation of Curves; Lines in R 3 606
9.6 Planes in R 3 615
9.7 Quadric Surfaces 622
Chapter 9 Review 628
Group Research Project: Star Trek 632

10 Vector-Valued Functions 633

10.1 Introduction to Vector Functions 634
10.2 Differentiation and Integration of Vector Functions 642
10.3 Modeling Ballistics and Planetary Motion 651
10.4 Unit Tangent and Principal Unit Normal Vectors; Curvature 660
10.5 Tangential and Normal Components of Acceleration 673
Chapter 10 Review 679
Guest Essay: The Stimulation of Science, Howard Eves 684
Mathematical Essays 687
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1-10 688

11 Partial Differentiation 693

11.1 Functions of Several Variables 694
11.2 Limits and Continuity 701
11.3 Partial Derivatives 710
11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations, and Differentiability 720
11.5 Chain Rules 729
11.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient 737
11.7 Extreme of Functions of Two Variables 749
11.8 Lagrange Multipliers 761
Chapter 11 Review 770
Group Research Project: Desertification 775
 Contents vii

12 Multiple Integration 777

Tangent plane
12.1 Double Integration over Rectangular Regions 778
RvAv 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions 787
12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates 795
12.4 Surface Area 804
12.5 Triple Integrals 812
12.6 Mass, Moments, and Probability Density Functions 822
12.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates 833
12.8 Jacobians: Change of Variables 843
Chapter 12 Review 852
Group Research Project: Space-Capsule Design 857

13 Vector Analysis 859

13.1 Properties of a Vector Field: Divergence and Curl 860
13.2 Line Integrals 867
13.3 The Fundamental Theorem and Path Independence 877
13.4 Green's Theorem 887
13.5 Surface Integrals 898
13.6 Stokes'Theorem 908
13.7 The Divergence Theorem 916
Chapter 13 Review 924
Guest Essay: Continous vs. Discrete Mathematics 929
Cumulative Review: Chapters 11 - 1 3 930
Mathematical Essays 931
Cumulative Review: Chapters 11-13 932

14 Introduction to Differential Equations 935

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Ejcact 14.1 First-Order Differential Equations 936

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14.2 Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations 947
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14.3 Second-Order Nonhomogeneous Linear Differential Equations 957
Chapter 14 Review 966
g Group Research Project: Save the Perch Project 969
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