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Scientific Visualization & Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis

The document discusses scientific visualization and exploratory spatial data analysis. It describes visualization techniques like charts, graphs, diagrams and maps that are used to help researchers assess data distribution and patterns. The goals of visualization are to help understand the range and nature of data as well as identify outliers. Cartography and GIS are discussed, with emphasis on creating effective maps with appropriate design, symbols, colors and data classification. Various mapping options are presented for displaying quantitative variables like choropleth maps, prism maps, dot maps and pie charts. Exploratory spatial data analysis links interactive graphs and charts to spatial data for further exploration. An example using cancer atlas data demonstrates linking histograms and maps with local indicators of spatial association.

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Mohd Hairi
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59 views

Scientific Visualization & Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis

The document discusses scientific visualization and exploratory spatial data analysis. It describes visualization techniques like charts, graphs, diagrams and maps that are used to help researchers assess data distribution and patterns. The goals of visualization are to help understand the range and nature of data as well as identify outliers. Cartography and GIS are discussed, with emphasis on creating effective maps with appropriate design, symbols, colors and data classification. Various mapping options are presented for displaying quantitative variables like choropleth maps, prism maps, dot maps and pie charts. Exploratory spatial data analysis links interactive graphs and charts to spatial data for further exploration. An example using cancer atlas data demonstrates linking histograms and maps with local indicators of spatial association.

Uploaded by

Mohd Hairi
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scientific Visualization &

Exploratory Spatial Data


Analysis
Scientific Visualization
• Graphical at heart
• Visualization techniques
– charts, graphs
– diagrams
– maps and terrain simulations
• With increased software sophistication
– more options in software
– better integration of techniques
Goals of Visualization
• Help researcher assess the range and
general nature of data
– What is distribution of attributes?
– What is arrangement of values across space?
– Where are there outliers?
• Create a graphic display that convinces
others of your views
Cartography and GIS
• Cartography - the art and science of creating
maps
• Much, though not all, of GIS is related to
making maps
• The default settings on GIS software may
not give the result you need
• Much easier to create graphical products
than in past
The “Good” Map
• What is goal. What is being communicated?
• Audience. Level of sophistication.
• What form will map be in? Power Point slide?
Interactive web-based? Wall hanging?
Book/report?
• Practical matters.
– Data availability
– Time and resources
Map Composition
• Format. Essential to all other decisions
• Generalization. All maps are models.
Level of generalization will vary with scale.
• Map elements
– Scale, directional information, legend, sources
of information
– Title, projection, creator, date
– Neatlines, Locator maps, Inset maps
Map Design
• Place the elements
according to their
importance
• Experiment with
arrangement of
elements
• Make conscious
choices
• The simpler, the better
Symbols for Maps

From Bertin, The Semiology


of Graphics. 1983.
Point symbol choices – differentiate by varying size
and color
Typography and Lettering
Figure/Ground Relationships
Dimensions of Color
Hue Value Intensity
Brightness Saturation

The lightness or
The shade of darkness of the The purity of the
the color. color color
Color – the Medium Used Influences the
Color Perceived
The Primary Colors

Subtractive Primaries –
Used in Printing Additive Primaries – Used
in Screen Display
Cyan Magenta Yellow
Black CMYK Red Green Blue RGB
Reclassification and Map Making
• Generalization of material
• Effect on map
– number of classes, 5-7 usually good
• too many, can’t distinguish symbols
• too few, lose data richness
– rationale for class limits
Number of Classes
Class Limit Methods
• Equal steps
– each class is an equal increment of the range
• Based on mean and standard deviation
– classes are standard deviations from the mean
• Quantiles
– equal number of units each class
• Natural break
– Jenks optimization tries to create classes with means
that are different across classes but the same within
classes
Equal Steps Standard Deviations

Quantile Natural Break


Examples – Total dollar value of chickens by state in 1993, 5 classes
Recommended Web Site
http://www.colorbrewer.org
• Let’s you see potential color schemes for maps
– Sequential
– Divergent
– Qualitative
• Change number of classes
• Record the numeric values associated with the colors for
incorporation with other applications
• Determine how well the color scheme works for different
media and for color blind people
• See linear or point feature on top of polygons
• Change border color of polygons
Many Options for Mapping
Quantitative Variables
• Choropleth map – relative magnitude
• Prism map – relative magnitude
• Dot Maps – how many and where
• Pie Charts – how does amount of something
vary across space
• Bar Charts – change over time or varying
amounts in place
Prism Map
Quantities are
represented by
the perceived
height of each
county
Dot Maps
Change in
number of
Cricket frogs
collected in five
time periods
Pie Charts
on Map N=56 N=162
Proportions of
Male, Female and
Intersex Cricket
Frogs by Region N=116

Sex
Male
Female N=425
Intersex
Drainage network and watershed delineation over
a shade relief from a digital elevation model
Human cases of
West Nile virus
illness in the
Chicago region
with physigraphic
regions and
topographic relief,
2002
ESDA
• An offshoot of Exploratory Data Analysis
• Links graphs and charts with data so that
interaction is available
• With ESDA, map is part of the view
Example Using Cancer Atlas
from Biomedware
• Example 1
– Rates of leukemia in White Males, from 1970-
1994
• by state, Standard Economic Area and county
• as linked histogram
• as LISA statistic (Local indicator of spatial
association)
State Standard Economic
Area

County
Leukemia Rate
in White Males
at Three Levels
of Geography
Normal Distribution - Note link between histogram
and map
LISA statistic
result as map
and Moran
ScatterPlot

L-H H-H

L-L H-L
Space-Time
Intelligence
System
Demonstration
WNV human cases
by week summed by
5 kilometer grid

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