Mass Relationship in Reactions element and their relative abundances.

It is not a simple
Method of counting by weighing is useful for counting average that is taken but a weighted average.
very small objects, e.g. small candies, beans, beads, etc.
Example:
Situation:
Ms. Lilia sells shelled peanuts in a store but she One atom of Se-77 is 6. 410 times as heavy as an atom
meets customers asking for 150 peanuts, another for of C – 12. What is the atomic mass of Se – 77?
750 peanuts, and another for 2,000 peanuts. Obviously,
it will take Ms. Lilia a very long time to count the Ans: 6.410amu x 12amu = 76.92amu
peanuts. What would be another way to count them?
STOICHIOMETRY
I. Mole - Mole Relationships
Ms. Lilia takes 20 peanuts and weighs them. She finds We can use a balanced chemical equation to write mole
out that 20 peanuts weighs 32g. How much then will ratio which can be used as unit factors:
each peanut weighs?
N (g) + O (g) → 2 NO(g)
___32g___ = ___1.6g ___ 2 2

20 peanuts peanut Since 1 mol of N reacts with 1 mol of O to produce 2

2 2
mol of NO, we can write the following mole
relationships:
Take note: not all peanuts are identical and will not
have the same mass of 1.6g. Some might be heavier or
lighter. This was done to get the average mass of the
peanut.

Hence, the weight of 150 peanuts would be:

Mole - Mole Calculations
How many moles of oxygen react with 2.25 mol of
___1.6g ___ X 150 peanuts = 240g nitrogen?
peanuts
N (g) + O (g) → 2 NO(g)
It will be easier to weigh the peanuts than to count 2 2
them. Now, 960g is appropriately how many peanuts? We want mol O , we have 2.25 mol N .
2 2

Use 1 mol N = 1 mol O .

2 2
960 g X _1 peanut_ = 600 peanuts
1.6g

In the case of atoms, they are very, very small and is not
possible to see them. We need to look for another way to Types of Stoichiometry Problems
get the average mass of an atom.
 Mass-Mass stoichiometry problems
Experiments have shown that atoms have different  Mass-Volume stoichiometry problems
masses relative to one another. It is possible to make a  Volume-Volume stoichiometry problems
relative scale if one atom is chosen as the reference or
standard atom against which the masses of other atoms A. Mass - Mass Problems
are measured. • In a mass-mass stoichiometry problem, we will
convert a given mass of a reactant or product to
By International agreement, the reference atom chosen is an unknown mass of reactant or product.
the C – 12 isotope which contains 6 protons and 6 • There are three steps:
neutrons. By definition, one atom of C – 12 has a mass – Convert the given mass to moles using
the molar mass as a unit factor.
of exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu)
– Convert the moles of given to moles of
the unknown using the coefficients in
The periodic table provides the average atomic mass the balanced equation.
which takes into account the different isotopes of an – Convert the moles of unknown to grams
using the molar mass as a unit factor.
Mass-Mass Stoichiometry Problem
• What is the mass of mercury produced from the
decomposition of 1.25 g of orange mercury (II)
oxide (MM = 216.59 g/mol)?
2 HgO(s) → 2 Hg(l) + O (g)
2
• Convert grams Hg to moles Hg using the molar
mass of mercury (200.59 g/mol). C. Volume-Volume Stoichiometry
• Convert moles Hg to moles HgO using the • Gay-Lussac discovered that volumes of gases
balanced equation. under similar conditions, combine in small
• Convert moles HgO to grams HgO using the whole number ratios. This is the law of
molar mass. combining volumes.
Problem Continued • Consider the reaction: H (g) + Cl (g) → 2 HCl(g)
2 2
2 HgO(s) → 2 Hg(l) + O (g) • 10 mL of H reacts with 10 mL of Cl to produce
2
2 2
g Hg  mol Hg  mol HgO  g HgO 20 mL of HCl.
• The ratio of volumes is 1:1:2, small whole
numbers.
LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES
The whole number ratio (1:1:2) is the same as the mole
ratio in the balanced chemical equation:
H (g) + Cl (g) → 2 HCl(g)
2 2

B. Mass-Volume Problems
• In a mass-volume stoichiometry problem, we
will convert a given mass of a reactant or
product to an unknown volume of reactant or
product.
• There are three steps:
– Convert the given mass to moles using
the molar mass as a unit factor.
– Convert the moles of the given to moles
of the unknown using the coefficients in Volume-Volume Problems
the balanced equation. • In a volume-volume stoichiometry problem, we
– Convert the moles of unknown to liters will convert a given volume of a gas to an
using the molar volume of a gas as a unknown volume of gaseous reactant or
unit factor. product.
Mass-Volume Stoichiometry Problem • There is one step:
• How many liters of hydrogen are produced – Convert the given volume to the
from the reaction of 0.165 g of aluminum metal unknown volume using the mole ratio
with dilute hydrochloric acid? (therefore the volume ratio) from the
2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl (aq) + 3 H (g) balanced chemical equation.
3 2
• Convert grams Al to moles Al using the molar Volume-Volume Problem
mass of aluminum (26.98 g/mol).  How many liters of oxygen react with 37.5 L of
• Convert moles Al to moles H using the sulfur dioxide in the production of sulfur
2 trioxide gas?
balanced equation.
2 SO (g) + O (g) → 2 SO (g)
• Convert moles H to liters using the molar 2 2 3
2
volume at STP.  From the balanced equation, 1 mol of oxygen
Problem Continued reacts with 2 mol sulfur dioxide.
2 Al(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl (aq) + 3 H (g)  So, 1 L of O reacts with 2 L of SO .
3 2 2 2

g Al  mol Al  mol H  L H
2 2
Problem Continued 2. Calculate the mass of product that can be
2 SO (g) + O (g) → 2 SO (g) produced from the second reactant.
2 2 3
L SO  L O mass reactant #2  mol reactant #2  mol product 
2 2
mass product
3. The limiting reactant is the reactant that
produces the least amount of product.

Mass Limiting Reactant Problem

• How much molten iron is formed from the
reaction of 25.0 g FeO and 25.0 g Al?
– 3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) → 3 Fe(l) + Al O (s)
2 3
• First, lets convert g FeO to g Fe:

Limiting Reactant
• Since you run out of bread first, bread is the
ingredient that limits how many sandwiches
you can make. • We can produce 19.4 g Fe if FeO is limiting.
• In a chemical reaction, the limiting reactant is Mass Problem Continued
the reactant that controls the amount of
3 FeO(l) + 2 Al(l) → 3 Fe(l) + Al O (s)
products you can make. 2 3
• A limiting reactant is used up before the other Second, lets convert g Al to g Fe:
reactants.
• The other reactants are present in excess.

Determining the Limiting Reactant

• If you heat 2.50 mol of Fe and 3.00 mol of S,
how many moles of FeS are formed?
Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)
• According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of Fe • Let’s compare the two reactants:
reacts with 1 mol of S to give 1 mol of FeS. 25.0 g FeO can produce 19.4 g Fe
• So 2.50 mol of Fe will react with 2.50 mol of S to 25.0 g Al can produce 77.6 g Fe
produce 2.50 mol of FeS. • FeO is the limiting reactant.
• Therefore, iron is the limiting reactant and • Al is the excess reactant
sulfur is the excess reactant.
II. Volume Limiting Reactant Problems
• If you start with 3.00 mol of sulfur and 2.50 mol • Limiting reactant problems involving volumes
of sulfur reacts to produce FeS, you have 0.50 follow the same procedure as those involving
mol of excess sulfur (3.00 mol – 2.50 mol). masses, except we use volumes.
• The table below summarizes the amounts of
volume reactant  volume product
each substance before and after the reaction.
• We can convert between the volume of the
reactant and the product using the balanced
equation

Volume Limiting Reactant Problem

How many liters of NO gas can be produced from 5.00L

2
I. Mass Limiting Reactant Problems
NO gas and 5.00 L O gas?
2
There are three steps to a limiting reactant problem: 2 NO(g) + O (g) → 2 NO (g)
2 2
1. Calculate the mass of product that can be
produced from the first reactant. Convert L NO to L NO and L O to L NO :
2 2 2

mass reactant #1  mol reactant #1  mol product 

mass product
 unknown substance in a chemical reaction using
the balanced equation.

STOICHIOMETRY

• Let’s compare the two reactants:

– 5.00 L NO can produce 5.00 L NO
2
– 5.00 L O can produce 10.0 L NO
2 2
• NO is the limiting reactant.
• O is the excess reactant.
2

Percent Yield
• When you perform a laboratory experiment,
the amount of product collected is the actual
yield.
• The amount of product calculated from a
limiting reactant problem is the theoretical
yield.
• The percent yield is the amount of the actual
yield compared to the theoretical yield.

Calculating Percent Yield

• Suppose a student performs a reaction and
obtains 0.875 g of CuCO and the theoretical
3
yield is 0.988 g. What is the percent yield? The limiting reactant is the reactant that is used up
first in a chemical reaction.
Cu (NO ) (aq) + Na CO (aq) → CuCO (s) + 2 NaNO (aq) The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount
3 2 2 3 3 3
calculated based on the limiting reactant.
The actual yield is the amount of product isolated
in an actual experiment.
The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to
• The percent yield obtained is 88.6%. the theoretical yield.

Conclusions
• The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction
are the mole ratio of the reactants and
products.
• The coefficients in a balanced chemical reaction
are the volume ratio of gaseous reactants and
products.
• We can convert moles, liters, or grams of a
given substance to moles, liters, or grams of an
Information from the chemical formula:
What information can be obtained from a chemical
formula? For example, what information can you get
from the formula of carbon dioxide, CO2?

The compound is C0.650 Cl2.601, but chemical formulas are

a. The compound is made up of two elements, namely expressed in whole numbers. Empirical formulas are
carbon and oxygen. expressed as the lowest whole number ratio between
b. One molecule of CO2 is made up of one atom of the atoms. To convert to whole numbers, divide the
carbon and two atoms of oxygen. number of moles by the smallest value (that is 0.650).
c. One mole of CO2 molecules will have one mole of C
atoms and two moles of O atoms.
d. The ratio of the moles of C to the moles of O in CO2 is
1:2. e. CO2 is composed of 27.29% carbon and 72.71%
oxygen. The empirical formula is C1Cl4 or CCl4.
The chemical formula provides the percent composition
of CO2. II. A compound is found to consist of 43.64% P
and 56.36% O. The molar mass for the compound is
Percent Composition by Mass 283.88 g/mol. What is the empirical formula and
The Percent Composition by Mass is the percent molecular formula of the compound?
by mass of each element in a compound. Assume 100.00 grams of the compound. What is the
mass of each element in 100.00 grams of compound?

P= 43.64g O= 56.36g

What are the moles of each element in 100.00 grams of

compound?

The answer indicates that CO2 is composed of 27.29% C

atom and 72.71% O atom.

The compound is PO2.5. But the subscripts are still not

Empirical Formula from Percent Composition whole numbers. Multiply the subscripts by a factor to
The empirical formula of a compound can be calculated get the smallest whole number. When multiplied by 2,
from the percent composition. Because percentage is the empirical formula is P2O5.
given, it is convenient to assume 100.00 grams of the
compound. What is the molecular formula?

I. A compound is found to consist of 7.81% C Therefore, the molecular formula is (P2O5)2 or P4O10.
and 92.19% Cl. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
Assume 100.00 grams of the compound. The sample
will therefore contain 7.81 g C and 92.19 g Cl. The grams
are converted to moles to get the ratios of the moles of
the elements in the compound: