Mangifera indica (PICO MANGO) CRUDE LEAVES

EXTRACT AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR Brassica rapa

(PECHAY)

An Investigatory Project
Project to the Science and Technology Department
Notre Dame of Dadiangas University
Integrated Basic Education Department
Lagao, General Santos City

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements in Science 8

Serquiña, Nathan Adriane U.

Alberto, Prince Theodore A.
Ledesma, Vince Nikolai B.

MARCH 2019
 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the following

persons.

To their parents, Mr. & Mrs. Nicolas M. Ledesma, Mr. & Mrs. Alberto B.

Alberto, Mr. & Mrs. Ali Francis R. Serquiña, for the moral and financial support,

for the help and unconditional love they have given to the researchers. Also, for

the values they taught the researchers that really helped in accomplishing this

study.

To their research adviser, Mr. Zebred Joshua P. Bendijo, for the knowledge

and expertise he had shared with the researchers and by molding her and her

fellow researchers into good and dependable researchers.

To their friends, for sharing their knowledge and for their unending supporting

to the researchers.

And to top it all off, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God for

the wisdom, good health, countless blessings and unconditional love He had

given the researcher and their family.

The Researchers
 ii

Abstract

Magnesium is a mineral that is water-soluble and is commonly used to

correct or sulfur deficiency in agriculture. Nitrogen is a gas that is very vital to

plants. It is a major component of chlorophyll, the compound by which plants use

sunlight energy to produce sugars from water and carbon dioxide like the

process of photosynthesis. Magnesium and Nitrogen helps seed germinate,

makes plants grow bushier, produces more flowers, increases chlorophyll

production, and deters pests. These minerals and nutrients are present and

found in Mangifera indica (Mango) plant.

The main reason of the researchers on why they conducted the effect of

Mangifera indica leaves extract on the growth and yield of Brassica rapa

(Pechay). We have (T1) namely Commercial fertilizer, (T2) namely 100 mL

Mangifera indica leaves extract, (T3) namely 150 mL Mangifera indica leaves

extract, and (T4) namely 200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract. The growth of

Brassica rapa (Pechay) was checked every day, while its yield was measured

when harvested. The main goal of the study is to find the most effective among

all the treatments.

The results revealed that there is a significant difference on the growth of

the Brassica rapa (Pechay), but no significant difference on its yield using the

Mangifera indica leaves extract as treatments 2,3, and 4, and Commercial

fertilizer after 30 days. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The researchers

recommend a similar study to be conducted.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Chapter

I The Problem

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Scope and Delimitation 3

Hypothesis 4

Significance of the Study 5

Definition of Terms 6

II Review of Related Literature 11

III Methodology 18

Research Design 19

General Procedure 20
 Data Gathering 21

Statistical Tool / Analysis 21

IV Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data 22

V Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 29

Summary of Findings 29

Conclusions 30

Recommendations 31

Appendices 32

A Research Budget 32

B Lay-out for RCBD 33

C Documentation 34

D Computations 41

Curriculum Vitae 44

References 47
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Plant height of Brassica rapa (Pechay) after 30 days 23

2 Summary Table for Two Way ANOVA for the Plant 24

Height of Brassica rapa (Pechay) after 30

Days

3 Plant yield of Brassica rapa (Pechay) after 30 days 25

4 Summary Table for the Two Way ANOVA for the Yield 26

of Brassica rapa (Pechay) after 30 days

5 Rates of Commercial Fertilizer and Mangifera indica 27

Leaves extract on the growth and yield of Brassica
Rapa (Pechay) after 30 days
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Research Design of the Commercial fertilizer, and 19

Mangifera indica leaves extract on the growth and

Yield of Brassica rapa (Pechay)

 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Many of us now are having a low rate of harvesting crops due to some

problems, like climate change, drought, and typhoons. It will be difficult for some

of the consumers if they will have nothing to get on. Plants need to be fertilized

because most soil does not provide essential nutrients required for optimum

growth. Even if the person is lucky enough to start with great garden soil, as your

plants grow, they absorb nutrients and leave the soil less fertile. Nutrients in the

soil also help plants grow strong. Some nutrients that plants need are nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. (Plants. 2016)

Restoring the soil nutrient is one concern in sustainable agriculture. It aims

to reduce inputs from the used of inorganic materials which lead to increase in

yield. Fertilizers, also known as food elements, are materials produced to supply

these elements in a readily available form of plant use. Fertilizers which are

specifically organic fertilizers are needed by farmers. Organic fertilizer helps us

maintain a good environment and is beneficial for the next generation. It greatly

contributes to the fast growth of plants which help some farmers and gardeners

for their business. Choosing the right fertilizer help us get everything we need

from the plants we eat or from the meat of animals that eat plants. (Impakter.

2017)
 2

Commercial mango production in the Philippines probably would not have

increased if it had not Batangas fruit trader owed a lot of money Miracle Escaro

of Naga City, 30 years back, the trader, after disappearing for a number of years,

suddenly materialized in Naga with a truckload of Mango seedlings, He told

Escaro that instead of cash, he would pay his debt with the Mango seedlings.

(Agriculture. 2016)

Pechay is one of the most important crops in Philippines. Aside from being

one of the country’s staple food, it is also being largely utilized by the livestock

and poultry industries as well as being processed into other products.

Farmers are faced with new challenges and opportunities every day- from

feeding an expanding global population while meeting new emission

requirements, to producing more food on fewer acres while minimizing their

environmental footprint. To improve Pechay production , farmers must look for a

good method in order to have quality production of Pechay.

The FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) has stated that “after land

and water, fertilizers are probably the most important input leading to increased

yields”. It is inherently difficult to estimate the share of fertilizers in increasing

agricultural output since so many factors are involved. It has been estimated that

fertilizer contribute about 40% of the nitrogen in human protein consumption, it

follows that nearly one third of this protein depends on fertilizers. In using these

mango leaves as an organic fertilizer, more success and improvement our

 3

economy is assured the mango leaves contain Magnesium and Nitrogen, which

greatly contribute to the growth of plants. Therefore, it is important for us to know

which fertilizers to use for us to sustain properly the needs of every plant.

(Ingawa, M. S. 2015)

As part of its commitment to help farmers meet their challenges, the

researchers conducted a study to help crop growers and to provide them bases

in developing a better method and timing of application of Mangifera indica

leaves extract.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study seeks to determine the effect of mango leaves extract as an organic

fertilizer to the pechay plant.

Specifically it will answer the following questions:

1. What is/are the effect/s of Pico mango crude leaves extract on the growth

and yield of the pechay plant with the following treatments after 15 and 30

days?

1.1) T1 – Commercial fertilizer

1.2) T2 – 100mL Mangifera indica leaves extract

1.3) T3 – 150mL Mangifera indica leaves extract

1.4 ) T4 – 200mL Mangifera indica leaves extract

 4

2.) Is there a significant difference in the growth and yield of Brassica rapa

(pechay) plant using Mangifera indica (Pico mango) crude leaves extract after

30 days?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the growth and yield of Brassica rapa

(Pechay) with Commercial fertilizer and Mangifera indica leaves extract with

different treatments as it’s fertilizers.

Scope and delimitations

This study is experimental in nature and will focus on the potential use of

Mangifera indica leaves extract as an organic fertilizer. The study will emphasize

the capability of Mangifera indica as an organic fertilizer. It is driven by the goal

of attaining a result of the Mangifera indica being able to be a soil conditioner as

well as a plant enhancer.

The study will be conducted at Blk 2 Lot 11 Exodus Land, Sueno

Subdivision, Barangay Apopong, General Santos City. The researcher conducted

this study to know the potential of mango leaves extract as an organic fertilizer.

There are five treatments namely; T1, T2, T3, T4. These treatments are applied

on pechay plants. The results of the experiment are recorded.

 5

Significance of the study

Due to rapid population growth in our country we can hardly cope

with the demands for food. There is a need to find food sources and

methods of easy and cheaper food production. The study was conducted

to evaluate the effect of different varying levels of Mangifera indica leaves

extract and the Commercial fertilizer on the growth and yield of Brassica

rapa. To have good quality and to achieve high growth and yield of

Brassica rapa are the goals in conducting the study, which make up the

major concerns of farmers and agriculturists.

The study is useful for crop growers to provide them bases in

developing a better method and timing of application of Mangifer indica

leaves extract. The researchers believe that conducting this study can

contribute to the reader’s view and comprehension regarding the most

appropriate combination of method and timing of application of Mangifera

indica leaves extract on Brassica rapa (Pechay) for optimum growth and

yield.

The study is beneficial to us and to our country in such a way that

this will cater farmers’ need in finding a better method for the growth and

yield of Brassica rapa (Pechay).

It will also serve as a basis and will help other researchers to

improve future studies and this will encourage more researchers to

conduct further investigations to substantiate the usefulness of Mangifera

indica leaves extract.

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Definition of terms

To establish a common frame and to facilitate better understanding of the

research, the following terms are defined below as they were used in the study.

 Fertilizer- is a natural or artificial substance containing the chemical

elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants. Fertilizers

enhance the natural fertility of the soil or replace the chemical

elements taken from the soil by previous crops. (The New World Book:

F. 2014)

 Growth- Plants produce new tissues and structures throughout their

life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature

tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. The

properties of organization seen in a plant are emergent properties

which are more than the sum of the individual parts. The assembly of

these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism

yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes

but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been

predictable on the basis of examination of the separate parts.

 Leaf extract- A plant extract is a substance or an active with desirable

properties that is removed from the tissue of a plant, usually by treating

 7

it with a solvent, to be used for a particular purpose. Extracts may be

used in various sectors of activities : Food and functional properties for

foodstuffs (antioxidant, texturizer, etc.), Processing aids, additives –

chemical replacers, pharmaceutical for therapeutic properties -

preventive and/or curative – cosmetic for functional properties for

beauty and well-being, and many others. (The Book of Knowledge: L.

2015)

 Loam soil- Loam is soil composed mostly of sand, silt, and a smaller

amount of clay. By weight, its mineral composition is about 40–40–

20% concentration of sand-silt-clay, respectively. These proportions

can vary to a degree, however, and result in different types of loam

soils: sandy loam, silty loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, silty clay

loam, and loam. In the USDA (United States Department of

Agriculture) textural classification triangle, the only soil that is not

predominantly sand, silt, or clay is called "loam". Loam soils generally

contain more nutrients, moisture, and humus than sandy soils, have

better drainage and infiltration of water and air than silt and clay-rich

soils, and are easier to till than clay soils.

Loam is considered ideal for gardening and agricultural uses

because it retains nutrients well and retains water while still allowing

excess water to drain away. A soil dominated by one or two of the

three particle size groups can behave like loam if it has a strong

granular structure, promoted by a high content of organic matter.

 8

However, a soil that meets the textural definition of loam can lose its

characteristic desirable qualities when it is compacted, depleted of

organic matter, or has clay dispersed throughout its fine-earth fraction.

(The Book of Knowledge: L. 2015)

 Magnesium- is an essential plant nutrient. It has a wide range of key

roles in many plant functions. One of the magnesium’s well-known

roles in the photosynthesis process, as it is a building block of

Chlorophyll, which makes leaves appear green.

 Nitrogen- one of the most widely distributed elements in nature, since

it’s the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is largely

present in organic compounds like plants. Nitrogen is an essential

nutrient for plant growth, development and reproduction.

 Organic fertilizer- Organic gardening emphasizes cultivating your

garden so that it sustains enriching soil, plants and beneficial insects.

This is achieved by avoiding the use of synthetic fertilizers and

pesticides, and using products that nurture your garden soil and the

organisms in it. When you embrace the organic gardening

philosophy, your plants experience a balanced and nourished

ecosystem that works as nature intended. (Pennington. 2016)

 9

 Soil Texture- Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in

the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their

physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative

methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as

the hydrometer method. Soil texture has agricultural applications

such as determining crop suitability and to predict the response of the

soil to environmental and management condition such as drought.

Soil texture focuses on the particles that are less than two millimeters

in diameter which include sand, silt, and clay. (Pei, M. 2014)

 Temperature- Proper temperature management between the period

of harvesting and consumption has been found to be the most

effective way to maintain quality. Keeping harvested fruits cool at low

temperatures of about 20°C will slow down many metabolic activities

which lead to ripening, hence allowing more time for all the

postharvest handling of the produce. Generally, one hour of delay

between harvesting the crop and cooling it will lead to one day loss of

shelf life. Respiration and metabolic activities within harvested fruits

like tomatoes are directly related to the temperatures of the ambient

environment. High temperatures can hasten the rate of respiration

(Carbon dioxide production) in harvested or stored fruits products.

 10

Plant growth and development are mediated by specific plant

hormones and plant growth. Endogenous hormone levels are

influenced by plant age, cold hardiness, dormancy, and other

metabolic conditions; photoperiod, drought, temperature, and other

external environmental conditions (The Book of Knowledge: T. 2014)

 Yield- crop yield or referred to as agricultural output, refers to both

the measure of the yield of a crop per unit area of land cultivation,

and the seed generation of the plant itself.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the information gathered ranging from different

literature including books, journals, internet, other related studies, regarding the

topics related to the study.

Mangifera indica (Mango)

Mangifera indica is a tropical usually large ovoid or oblong fruit with

a firm yellowish-red skin, a large seed, and juicy aromatic pulp. Mangoes grow

on trees that originally came from Asia especially in India. (Morrison, T. 2014)

Mango is a fruit that grows in tropical regions throughout the world. It

serves as the main food of many people in tropical countries especially in

southern Asia and is often called the King of Tropical Fruits. The mango tree is a

round-headed evergreen 30-90 feet (9-27m) high. Mangoes are eaten fresh or

can be used in making desserts, and other foods. (The New World Book: F.

2014)

Mangoes were first cultivated about 4,000 years ago in India and the

Malay Archipelago. In the 1700’s and 1800’s, European explorers brought

mangoes from India to other tropical countries. Today, Farmers grow mangoes in

Brazil, India, Mexico, and the Philippines. (Agriculture. 2016)

 12
It is a widely cultivated tree for its fruit. It has several varieties in

cultivation, the most popular are the "carabao" and "pico," and the former used to

be the preferred export variety. The Guimaras mango is now considered the

sweetest of mango varieties produced in the Philippines. (Agriculture. 2016)

The mineral analysis of the mango leaf is useful to assess if there are

disturbances in mango nutrition because the existence of nutrients in the soil

under appropriate conditions does not necessarily guarantee that these elements

are absorbed. Soil reaction conditions, salinity or antagonism between elements

can cause undesirable changes in nutrients absorption Leaf analysis is effective

to detect imbalances and help the fertilizer recommendation for fruit. Leaf

analysis can be used as a method to evaluate the fertility of the soil due to the

high correlation between the concentration of nutrients in leaf and nutrient

availability in soil. The nutrient content with lower mobility in the plant

Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus increase in mango leaves

from flowering to fruiting with the return of irrigation at 100% of crop

evapotranspiration. (Agriculture. 2016)

Brassica rapa (Pechay)

Pechay is an erect, biennial herb, growing about 15 to 30 centimeters tall

in vegetative state. Leaves are ovate, spreading, and arranged spirally. Petioles

are enlarged, growing upright forming a sub cylindrical bundle. Inflorescence is a

 13
raceme with pale yellow flowers. Seeds are 1 millimeter in diameter, reddish to

blackish brown in color. (The Book of Knowledge: P. 2014)

Pechay leaves are ready for harvest in as little as one month. Pechay

plants require little space. In fact, if you have room for one or more 6-inch pots,

you can grow Pechay. Begin harvesting Pechay when the leaves are 30 days

old.

(The Book of Knowledge: P. 2015)

Pechay has many soft, thin, light green, broad to oblong ovate leaves.

These are arrange spirally and spreading. Pechay are favorites by most Oriental

people for it is always available in the market anytime of the year. It is also an

important Constituents of Filipino food such as “puchero” and “nilaga”. It is a

green leafy vegetable rich in calcium and other essential nutrients.

Fertilizers

Substances that are applied to the soil in order to increase it’s productivity

are known as fertilizers. Fertilizers are applied to soils or to plant tissues to

supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants .Fertilizers

are valuable because they replace the soil nutrients removed by plants.

Some of the chemical building blocks of plants, such as carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen are easily replaced by carbon dioxide from the air and water from the

soil, but others are less replaced. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
 14
compounds are often referred to as macronutrients and are the common

ingredients of chemical fertilizers. When fertilizers are applied the fruit, leaves,

and other parts of the plant will grow faster as well as getting bigger. (The New

World Book: F. 2014)

NPK Fertilizers

NPK fertilizer is primarily composed of three main elements:

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P, and Potassium (K), each of these being essential in

plant nutrition. Among other benefits, Nitrogen helps plants grow quickly, while

also increasing the production of seed and fruit, and improving the quality of leaf

and crops. Nitrogen is also a component of chlorophyll, the substance that gives

plants their green color, also aids in photosynthesis

Phosphorus, also a key player in the photosynthesis process, plays a vital

role in a variety of things needed by plants. Phosphorus supports the formation of

cells, sugars, and starches. The transformation of solar energy into chemical

energy is also aided by phosphorus, as well as the development of the plant.

Additionally, phosphorus encourages the growth of roots, and promotes

blooming.

Potassium, the third essential nutrient plants demand, assists in

photosynthesis, fruit quality, the building of protein, and the reduction of disease.

(Lynch, B. 2014)
 15

Organic Fertilizers

An organic fertilizer is a plant fertilizer that is derived from organic

sources. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers derived from animal matter, animal

excrete (manure), human excrete, and vegetable matter (e.g. compost and crop

residues). Organic fertilizers feed the soil as well as creating a sustaining

environment. Healthy soil leads to healthy plants. But when you garden

organically, you do much more than nourish your plants.

As in nature, an organic soil alive with microbes and fungi releases

nutrients slowly to plants. By enriching the soil with organic supplements and

encouraging the growth of naturally occurring beneficial organisms, you give your

plants the tools they need to access nutrients in the soil and the strength to

protect themselves from harmful pathogens and pests. Take the natural

approach and amend with soil conditioners, such as earthworm castings, which

add organic matter, including humid acid, and desirable microorganisms to your

garden soil. This helps make soil borne nutrients, such as iron, more available to

plants. (Pennington. 2016)

Soil Texture

Soil texture affects how well nutrients and water are retained in the soil.

Clays and organic soils hold nutrients and water much better than sandy soils.

As water drains from sandy soils, it often carries nutrients along with it. This

condition is called leaching.

 16
When nutrients leach into the soil, they are not available for plants to use.

An ideal soil contains equivalent portions of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter.

Sometimes, the nutrients that plants need occur naturally in the soil. Other times,

they must be added to the soil as fertilizer.

Soil texture determines the rate at which water drains through a saturated

soil; water moves more freely through sandy soils than it does through clay soils.

Once field capacity is reached, soil texture also influences how much water is

available to the plant; clay soils have a greater water holding capacity than sandy

soils. In addition, well drained soils typically have good soil aeration meaning that

the soil contains air that is similar to atmospheric air, which is conducive to

healthy root growth, and thus a healthy crop. (The Book of Knowledge: S. 2014)

Loam soil

Loam is a soil comprised of almost equal amounts of sand and silt and a

little less clay. Of the three components, sand particles are the largest. Sand

does not hold onto moisture, but it provides good aeration. On the opposite end,

clay particles are much smaller and easily compact. That makes clay a great

material for building bricks, but not so great for allowing water, air, and plant

roots through. Silt is the medium size particle, with better moisture retention than

sand, but fewer nutrients than clay. Silt helps clay and sand mix together more

easily, like tempering chocolate. ( Iannotti, M. 2015)

 17

Its texture is porous, allowing water to flow through slowly enough for the

plants to access it, but fast enough to avoid waterlogged, soggy soil. Loam is

also nutrient rich. Creating a loose, loamy, fertile soil is an ongoing process that

involves working organic matter into the soil, every year. The decomposing

organic material creates the well-draining conditions plants need while attracting

beneficial organisms that will help keep the soil healthy and alive. (The Book of

Knowledge: L. 2014)

Temperature

Temperature is a measure of how easily an object gives up or receives

heat. Heat will always flow naturally from an object with a higher temperature to

an object with a lower temperature. Temperature is a primary factor affecting the

rate of plant development. The effect of temperature on plants vary widely, and is

influenced by factors such as exposure to sunlight, moisture drainage, elevation,

difference between day and night temperatures, and proximity to surrounding.

(The Book of Knowledge: T. 2014)

Warmer temperatures expected with climate change and the potential for

more extreme temperature events will impact plant productivity. Pollination is one

of the most sensitive phonological stages to temperature extremes across all

species and during this developmental stage temperature extremes would greatly

affect production. (Weather and climate extremes, 2015)

 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and the processes to be used in the

study. As well as the materials and the equipments to be prepared in conducting

the experiment.

Research Design

The experimental design that the researcher will use is Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) for Completely Randomized Design (RCBD) with a

confidence level of 0.05 (5%). There are five treatments that will be applied to the

dependent variable, which is the Pechay plant. It response to the stimulus

independent variable, the Mangifera indica leaves extract.T2; commercial

fertilizer. T2; 100mL of Mangifera indica leaves extract. T3; 150mL of Mangifera

indica leaves extract. T4; 200mL of Mangifera indica leaves extract. The

researcher will apply a range of fertilizer rates thought to capture the likely extent

of possible crop yield responses. The results will be recorded as well as its effect

on dependent variable that will be used.

The dependent variable is the pechay plant. The study determines the

growth yield of pechay with mango leaves extract as growth enhancer. The

growth of pechay will be measured by means of a centimeter ruler and the yield

will be measured by means of an electronic scale.

 19

Mangifera indica (Pico

Mango) crude leaves Pechay plant

extract

Growth
R1

T1 Plant height
R2

R3
Yield

R1

T2 R2 Weight in grams

R3
Legend:
R1
T1- Commercial Fertilizer
T3
R2 T2- 100mL of Mangifera indica leaves
extract
R3
T3- 150mL of Mangifera indica leaves
extract
R1
T4- 200mL of Mangifera indica leaves
extract
T4 R2
R1, R2, R3- Replicates

R3

Figure 1. Research Design

 20

Preparation of Materials

In preparation of materials, the researcher will buy Pechay plant seedlings

and medium sized pot preferably 8-inch in diameter. The soil to be used will be

loam. For measurements of tap water and yield of the pechay plant, measuring

cups and weighing scale will be used. A total of 450 grams of Mangifera indica

leaves will be gathered for the experiment, provided is its container. In growing

the plants, water is provided. In recording the results, centimeter ruler, time table

chart and pen.

General Procedure

Planting

One pechay seed will be sown in each pot with the collected loam soil.

These seeds will be planted at the center of the pots. Pechay seeds will be

planted at the ratio of one seed per pot on a spot where sunlight is made

available. The pechay plants will be watered every other day or as the need

arises.

Preparation and Application of Mango Leaves Extract

The researchers will prepare 450 grams of mangifera indica (Mango)

leaves. They will be cut into smaller pieces to have an easier and faster blending.

The researchers will blend the leaves using a blender. The ratio of amount of

water (milliliters) to leaves (grams) is 1mL:25g. Each replicate will have Mango
 21

leaves extract applied according to the type of treatment. T1 will have application

of commercial fertilizer, T2 will have application of 100 mL Mango leaves extract,

T3 will have application of 150 mL Mango leaves extract, and T4 will have

application of 200 mL Mango leaves extract. The amounts of commercial fertilizer

will be measured using a weighing scale, and the tap water and Mango leaves

extract will be measured using a beaker and the treatments will be applied on

the plant after 10 and 20 days of planting.

Data Gathering Process

After harvesting, the researchers will manually count the number of leaves

of each pechay plant. The number of leaves replicate in a treatment will be

added and compared to the other treatments. A centimeter ruler will be used to

measure the plant’s height. It will be measured from base to the tallest tip of the

plant. The plant height will be expressed in centimeters. The total dry matter will

be measured by weighing the whole plant. The plant yield will be expressed in

grams.

Statistical Tools

The researchers will use the mean and One-Way ANOVA for Randomized

Complete Block Design to determine the significant difference between the

means.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents descriptively the data gathered after recording all

the data gathered from Commercial fertilizer, 200 mL Mangifera indica leaves

extract, 150 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract, and 100 mL Mangifera indica

leaves extract. It discusses in detail the analysis and interpretation of data from

the experiment.
 23

Table 1. Plant Height of Pechay after 30 days (cm)

Treatments Replicates Mean

R1 R2 R3

T1 81.112 85.306 91.886 86.1014

T2 87.014 87.54 82.191 85.5816

T3 95.821 79.581 88.004 87.802

T4 102.187 96.633 93.948 97.5893

Table 1 shows the mean plant height of the Brassica rapa (Pechay) after

30 days. It is shown in this table that T4 (200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract)

had the highest mean of 97.5893 cm among the four treatments, followed by T3

(150 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract) that had the mean of 87.802 cm, T1

(Commercial fertilizer) with 86.1014 cm, and T2 (100 mL Mangifera indica leaves

extract) with 85.5816 cm.

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Table 2. Summary Table for Two Way ANOVA for the Plant Height of

Pechay after 30 days

Source of Df SS MS Computed P-
Variation F- value value
Concentration 3 26.106 8.702 8.114 .008
Treatment 8 8.579 1.072
Error 11 34.685

Table 2 shows that the F- value of different concentration is 8.114 with p-

value of .008. This is significant at 0.05 level. Thus, there is a significant

difference in the height of Pechay plant at 30 days at different concentrations.

For the treatment, the computed F-value 8.114 is significant at 0.05 level. Thus,

there is a significant difference in the height of Pechay plant at different

treatments. Thus, the data gathered by the researchers proved that the null

hypothesis is rejected.
 25

Table 3. Yield of Pechay after 30 days (g)

Treatments Replicates Mean

R1 R2 R3

T1 69.4 52 0 40.47

T2 0 0 62 20.6

T3 58.8 0 70.3 43.03

T4 83 61 73.5 72.4

Table 3 shows the mean plant yield of the Brassica rapa (Pechay) after 30

days. It is shown in this table that T4 (200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract)

had the highest mean of 72.4 g among the four treatments, followed by T3

(Mangifera indica leaves extract) that had the mean of 45.7 g, T1 (100 mL) with

44.37 g, and T2 with 20.6 g.

 26

Table 4. Summary Table for Two Way ANOVA for the Yield of Pechay after

30 days

Source of Df SS MS Computed P-
Variation F- value value
Concentration 3 6195.723 2065.241 1.813 .223
Treatment 8 9114.693 1139.337
Error 11 15310.417

Table 4 shows that the F-value of different concentration is 1.813 with p-

value of 0.223. This is not significant at 0.05 level. Thus, there is no significant

difference in the yield of Pechay plant at 30 days at different concentrations. For

the treatment, the computed F-value 1.813 is not significant at 0.05 level. Thus,

there is no significant difference in the yield of Pechay plant at different

treatments. Thus, the data gathered by the researchers proved that the null

hypothesis is accepted.
 27

Table 5. Rates of the fertilizers ( Commercial Fertilizer and Mangifera indica

(Mango) leaves extract) on the growth and yield of Pechay after 30 days.

Rates Growth Yield

Commercial 91.886 cm 69.4 g

Fertilizer

100 mL Mangifera 87.54 cm 62 g

indica leaves

extract

150 mL Mangifera

indica leaves 95.821 cm 70.3 g

extract

200 mL Mangifera

indica leaves 102.187 cm 83 g

extract

Table 5 shows the comparison of rates of Mangifera indica leaves extract on the

growth and yield of Pechay after 30 days. It is shown in the table that the most

effective rate in both growth and yield of the Pechay plant is T4, the rate with 200

mL Mangifera indica leaves extract with 102.187 cm as its plant height and 83 g

as it yield. Next is T3 the rate with 200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract with
 28

95.821 cm as its plant height and 78.3 g as it yield. Then, T1, the rate with

Commercial Fertilizer with 90.886 cm as its plant height and 69 g as it yield. And

lastly, T2, the rate with 100 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract with with 87.74 cm

as its plant height and 62 g as it yield.

 Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, conclusions drawn from
the gathered data and computed and computed results and the suggested
recommendations of the researchers that will determine for future use.

Summary of Findings

After 30 days of data gathering, the height and the yield of the Pechay

plant observed and they were measured in centimeters and grams.

After 30 days, the Pechay had a notable plant height tested using the four

treatments. Among the treatments, it was the T 4 (200mL Mangifera indica leaves

extract) was the most effective in promoting the growth of the Pechay plant with a

plant height of 102.187 cm. In terms of yield, of the Brassica rapa(Pechay), the

T4(200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract) is the most effective with the plant

weight of 83 g.

The data subjected to the One-Way Analysis Variance Range Test and it

was found out that there is a significant difference on their growth and no

significant difference on their yield using the four treatments after 30 days.

In general, it was observed that the T4 or the 200 mL Mangifera indica

leaves extract is more efficient in promoting the growth and yield of the Pechay

plant compared to the other treatments. Based on the results of the study, the

150 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract comes second next to 200 mL Mangifera
 30

indica leaves extract treatment in the efficiency in promoting growth and yield of

the Brassica rapa (Pechay).

Conclusions

After the experiment, the following conclusions were drawn by the

researchers based form the findings.

1. Out of the four treatments, the most efficient in growing the Pechay plant

after 30 days is the 200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract .

2. After 30 days, the T4 (200 mL Mangifera indica leaves extract) is the most

efficient in promoting the yield of the Pechay plant among the four

treatments.

3. There is a significant difference between the rates in growth of the Pechay

plant after 30 days.

4. There is no significant difference among the rates and treatments in the

yield of Pechay after 30 days.

 31

Recommendations

The researchers aimed to determine if there were significant differences in

the mean of the plant height and weight of the Brassica rapa (Pechay) on

different treatments. Hence, there were some factors of the study that needs

further analysis and consideration. To this extent, the researchers came up with

the following recommendations:

1. That other plants should be tested using the treatments used in

the study;

2. That a related study be conducted using other organic

treatments not used in the study;

3. That other parts of Mangifera indica (Mango) will be used as an

organic fertilizer;

4. That other plants that are conducive for the study be used as

an organic fertilizer;

5. And that a different inorganic fertilizer will be used as a positive

control to compare among the treatments used in the study.

 32

APPENDIX A
Research Budget

Date Supplies Used Qty Unit Price Amount

2018.10.13 Polyethylene bags 50’s 1 P 125 P 125
Commercial Fertilizer 1L 1 P P
Mango leaves 1 sack 2 P0 P0
Pechay Seeds 1 pack 2 P 50 P 100
 33

APPENDIX B
Lay-out for Complete Randomized Design

T4R1 T4R2 T4R3

T3R1 T3R2 T3R3

T2R1 T2R2 T2R3

T1R1 T1R2 T1R3

T1- Commercial Fertilizer

T2- 100mL Mangifera indica leaves extract
T3- 150mL Mangifera indica leaves extract
T4- 200mL Mangifera indica leaves extract
 34

APPENDIX C
Documentation

Preparation of Pechay seeds and seed bed

 35

Preparation of pots and transferring Pechay plants from seedbed to pot

 36

Preparation of Mangifera indica leaves extract

 37

Preparation of Mangifera indica leaves extract

 38

Pechay plants in pots

 39

Gathering of Data - Growth

 40

Gathering of Data - Yield

 41

APPENDIX D
Computations

The statistical tool used by the researchers is the Two Way Anova Analysis. The

following are the formulas used in the study:

Descriptives
Result
N Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence Interval Minimu Maximu
Deviation Error for Mean m m

Lower Upper
Bound Bound

CommercialFertilizer 3 15.1197 1.28617 .74257 11.9246 18.3147 14.34 16.60

100mLMangiferaindic
3 15.2497 .46485 .26838 14.0949 16.4044 14.96 15.79
aLeaves
150mLMangiferaindic
3 15.9247 .96883 .55935 13.5180 18.3314 14.91 16.84
aLeaves
200mLMangiferaindic
3 18.7637 1.21680 .70252 15.7410 21.7864 17.68 20.08
aLeaves
Total 12 16.2644 1.77571 .51260 15.1362 17.3926 14.34 20.08
 42

Growth of Brassica rapa (Pechay)

 43

Result

N Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Minimum Maximum
Deviation Mean

Lower Bound Upper Bound

CommercialFertilizer 3 36.6667 34.31229 19.81021 -48.5698 121.9031 .00 68.00

100mLMangiferaindicaL
3 23.0000 39.83717 23.00000 -75.9610 121.9610 .00 69.00
eaves
150mLMangiferaindicaL
3 45.7000 40.76064 23.53317 -55.5550 146.9550 .00 78.30
eaves
200mLMangiferaindicaL
3 84.1667 11.47098 6.62277 55.6712 112.6622 71.00 92.00
eaves
Total 12 47.3833 37.30759 10.76977 23.6792 71.0874 .00 92.00

Yield of brassica rapa (Pechay)

 44

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal information:

Name: Vince Nikolai B. Ledesma

Sex: Male

Age: 14

Birthdate: September 14, 2004

Citizenship: Filipino

Address: Blk 2, Lot 11, Sueno Subd. Exodus land, Apopong. General

Samtos City. Philippines

Father: Nicolas M. Ledesma

Mother: Aileen B. Borja

Siblings: Non

Educational Background:

Pre-School: Roca Christian School, Apopong.

Elementary: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

Junior High School: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

 45

Personal information:

Name: Nathan Adriane U. Serquiña

Sex: Male

Age: 14

Birthdate: December 22, 2004

Citizenship: Filipino

Address: #63 Odi Street, Lagao,. General Santos City. Philippines

Father: Ali Francis R. Serquiña

Mother: Jeddah U. Serquiña

Siblings: Matthew U. Serquiña

Educational Background:

Pre-School: Stratford International School

NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

Elementary: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

Junior High School: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

 46

Personal information:

Name: Prince Theodore A. Alberto

Sex: Male

Age: 14

Birthdate: August 14, 2004

Citizenship: Filipino

Address: Villa Consuelo Subd. Pluto St.,. General Santos City.

Philippines

Father: Alberto B. Alberto

Mother: Mary Ann. Alberto

Siblings: Paul Benedict A. Alberto, Perry Kent A. Alberto, Phineas

Jacob A. Alberto

Educational Background:

Pre-School: NDDU-IBED Espina Campus

Elementary: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

Junior High School: NDDU-IBED Lagao Campus

 47

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Hordwood Publishing.

Audesirk, T. (2016). Biology: life on earth (9th ed). California: Benjamin

Cummings.

Friedman, P. (2014). Soil management: building a stable base for agriculture.

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Burton, G. (2014). Mango. The Book of Knowledge: M. Conneticut: Grolier Inc

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Inc

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Pei, M. (2014) Soil. The Book of Knowledge: S. Conneticut: Grolier Inc

 48

Morrison, T. (2015) Mango. The New World Book: M. Chicago: World Book, Inc

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Clinton, J. (2016) Mango Harvest in the Philippines. Agriculture: 1. Manila: Manila

Publishing Inc.

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Manila Publishing Inc.

Internet

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Lynch, B. (2014). Factors of good harvest Retreived from

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https://drhealthbenefits.com/herbal/leaves/health-benefits-mango-leaves

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organic fertilizer for Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) Retrieved from

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-

69162016000601073

Iannotti, M. (2015). What is loam soil? Retreived from

https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-loam-1401908
 49

Pennington. (2016). What is an organic fertilizer? Retrieved from

https://www.pennington.com/all-products/fertilizer/resources/what-is-organic-

fertilizer

Fredericks, J. (2015). Pechay. Retrieved from

https://www.hunker.com/13427389/how-to-grow-pechay

Unpublished Thesis

Barluado, D. N. (2018) Vermicompost, Vermicast and Vermitea in the Growth

and Yield of Abelmoschus esculentus (Lady Finger) And Solanum lycopersicum

(Tomato) General Santos City: NDDU-IBED Lagao Junior Highschool

Bactong, M. S., Dedal, P. M., Sagad, D. B. (2017) Effects of Magnesium sulfate

(Episome salt) on the growth and yield of Solanum melongena (Eggplant)

General Santos City: NDDU-IBED Lagao Junior Highschool