CHAPTER 1: THE SETTING Lack of Iniative- explained by filipino’s fear of

competition.
THE PEOPLE -filipinos are cooperative, not competitive.
- the segurista attitude of Filipinos.
-A Filipino is basically a Malay.

Curious- tainted with sympathy.

COMMON TRAITS
-filipinos are solicitous. They offer unsolicited
Hospitality- makes life worth living for you.
help.
Close family ties-father is the head of the
Individualistic
family.
-the mother governs.
Jealousy- A Filipino requires complete faith and
-the grandparents’ opinions and decisions are
loyalty of his wife or sweetheart. YUN OHHH!
the most sought.
XD <3
-the tyranny of the elders has remained
-blood is required to wash his stain of honor.
basically the same.

Regionalistic- lalo na kapag political situations.

Respect for elders- the filipino parent exercise
-Tagalogs are the least, if, all, regionalistic.
almost absolute powers.
-Thye Filipino region looks down upon his
-the elders believe and demand that they must
countryman of another region.
be obeyed- whether right or wrong.
-influenced by the “divide and conquer” of
-Yours is the knowledge, theirs is the wisdom.
Spain.
-the closeness of the family ties, the collective
responsibility, accounts for late development of
Pakikisama- most discussed trait.
Filipino nationalism.
-nagbago na ang meaning as time pass by.
-mabuting pakikisama= stealing at government.
Fatalistic- he believes that whatever happens
-masamang pakikisama= too honest.
to him is a work of fate.
-“bahala na”
REGIONAL TRAITS
- such fatalism has bred in Filipino a sense of
resignation.
- Poor isolated regions are frugal and
-bahala na attitude prevents him from being a
industrious.
crackpot.
- More opulent areas are known for their
careless abandon and love for finer things.
Loyalty- ostracism is the lightest punishment
that can be meted out to a person who
Ilocano- also called as Samtoy.
betrayed his friend.
-adventurous, industrious, hardy, patient,
frugal.
Sensitive- the “Anglo Saxon” frankness is
-carves fortune and most of his time
something the Filipino seldom appreciates.
succeeds.
-He would not tolerate anyone berating his
- not born humorist. Serious.
countryman.
-epic type sa writings.
-elephantine.
Indolent- Rizal explained this as a result of the
-most regionalistic.
tropical climate.
-also because of abundance of Nature.
Tagalog- feeling superior
 -ethics are strict, pride is fierce. - Indian influences were mainly reflected on
-strongest tendency to live with his parents Philippine languages.
even after marriage.
-lyrical in writing.
- a dreamer. Chapter 3 - EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES

Bicolano- calm temper and is religious.

[CULTURE CLOSE TO MALAYS]
Visayan- happy go lucky. CLOTHING
-spendthrift. - Male – KANGGAN – upper, black or blue collarless
-afflicted with wanderlust. jacket w/ short sleeves. BAHAG – strip of cloth;
-hedonist. thighs and legs exposed. PUTONG – cloth wrapped
-more in music. around the head.
- Woman – BARO/CAMISA – jacket with sleeves. SAYA
Muslim- fiercest lover of freedom. – by the Tagalogs. PATADYONG – by the Visayas.
TAPIS – cloth wrapped around the waist.

ORNAMENTS – Bracelets, rings, earrings, leglets, gold

ornaments, and tatoos.
CHAPTER 2: BEFORE THE CONQUEST Pintados – the Visayans or ‘tattooed people’ called
by the early Spanish writers
- Philippines was part of mainland China daw
nung Pleistocene or Ice Age. HOUSES
- Dr Fritjof Voss: Philippines was never a Barrio House = Ancient House (made of wood, bamboo
mainland of Asia but it rose from the and nipa-palm leaves)
bottom of the sea. - Ilongots , Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – houses
- H. Otley Beyer- Malays migrated to the on tree tops
Phils. - Bajaos (Sea Gypsies of Sulu) – houses on boats
- Landa Jocano- fossil evidences are found in
Phils. Tabon cave in Palawan etc.. SOCIAL CLASSES
- Mudum founded Islam in Malaysia. 3 Classes of the Philippine Society:
- Serif Kabungsuan spreaded Islam in 1. Nobles – cheifs and their families, tremendous
Mindanao. First sultan of Mindanao. influence. In the Taglog region they are are called
- Orang Dampuan, or the Men form Champa, GAT of LAKAN.
established trading posts in Sulu,resulting to 2. Mahadlika/Freeman – dependents who earned
flourishing trade between Sulu and freedom.
Southern Annam. 3. Alipin/Dependents – acquired his status by
- Ming emperor Yung Lo sent a large fleet inheritance, captivity in war, failing to pay his
consisting of more than sixty vessels under debts, by purchase, or by commiting crime.
command of Admiral Cheng Ho. ALIPING NAMAMAHAY – has own family and
- The Ten Bornean Datus, reached Panay, house, helps his master.
which was inhabited by Atis, to buy land ALIPING SAGIGILID – no property of his own, lived
where their families could settle peacefully. with his master, cannot marry without master’s
- The Alleged Code of Kalantiyaw- by thirrd consent.
chief of Panay, Datu Kalantiyaw. VISAYANS: TUMATABAN (work when told so)
- China influences Filipino life were mainly TUMARAMPUK (one day work) AYUEY (three-day
economic. work)
 POSITION OF WOMEN - Consisted from 30-100 families
- Right to be equal of men, own and inherit property, - BUWIS or tributes paid to the chieftain; crops
engage in trade and industry, chief of a barangay in - SANGDUGUAN/blood compact, a treaty of friendship
the absence of a male heir, right to give names to and alliance; “blood-brothers”
their children. - VENGEANCE motive power that drove the men of
the barangays to cut each other’s throat.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
- No strict custom; courtship, marriage ceremony, and LAWS
wedding festival - Customary laws handed down orally from
- BIGAY-KAYA or dowry, land, gold or dependents generation to another and consisted the bulk of the
- PANGHIMUYAT payment for the mother’s nocturnal laws of the barangay
efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood. - Written laws made by the chieftain and his elders;
- BIGAY-SUSO girl’s wet nurse who fed her during her Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim Laws
infancy with her own milk. - Major crimes punishable by death or heavy fine
- HIMARAW reimbursement for the amount spend in - Minor crimes punished by exposure to ants, small
feeding the girl during her infancy; for the parents fine, flogging, cutting fingers, swimming for a
- SAMBON bribe to be given to the girl’s relatives; number of hours
from the Zamblas
- PAMUMULUNGAN/ PAMAMALAE courtship HOW A LAW WAS MADE
immediately before the marriage - ELDERS the ones who approve of the chieftains
(Muslim customs are a bit similar pp.38-39) decisions; the jury
- PEGKAWIG wedding festival; six days of festivity; - UMALOHOKAN or public announcer; announcer of
seventh night is when the groom spends the night new rules and regulations; carries a bell to call
with his bride attention
- HADJI or judge that reads instructions to the couple JUDICIAL PROCESS
- Trials were held publicly and decisions were
MIXED MARRIAGES rendered promptly
- If a couple belonged to different classes, they would
divide their children in so far as social status was TRIAL BY ORDEAL
concerned - Taking out a stone by dipping ones hand in a vessel
with boiling water; refuse=guilty; most scalded
INHERITANCE and SUCCESSION hand=guilty
- The legitimate children automatically inherits the - Lighted candles; fire out=guilty
property of their parents. - Plunge into the river or lake with lances; came to the
- Property was divided among the children (favoritism surface first=guilty
may occur) - Chewing of uncooked rice and then spitting it out;
- The first son of a barangay chiefcaptain can succeed thick saliva=guilty
his father, if he died without leaving an heir the IFUGAOS
second son will follow. - BULTONG/wrestling ordeal; loser=guilty
- In absence of any male heir , the eldest daughter will - ALAW/combat;loser=guilty
became chiefcaptain.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
GOVERNMENT - Immortality of the soul and life after death
- BARANGAY (Malay word balangay or boat) - BATHALANG MAYKAPAL a ranking deity
- Ruled by a chieftain (executive, legislator, judge and - BATHALA equivalent of the Spanish DIOS; creator of
supreme commander in time of war) the earth and man
 Deities: Wiga(Visayan)/Sagabe(Tagalog) – walk in a
Idiyanale - agriculture storm or swim in a river without getting wet
Sidapa – death Tagahupa – the unfortunate drinker will be a
Balangaw – rainbow vassal to the man with the magic potion
Mandarangan – war
Agni – fire ECONOMIC LIFE
Magwayen – other world - AGRICULTURE is the main source of livelihood
Lalahon – harvest - Land cultivation: Kaingin and Tillage
Siginarugan – hell - Foreign trade with China, Japan, Siam,
Diyan Masalanta – love Cambodia, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and other
- Importance of the relationship between man and islands of the old Malaysia.
the object of Nature - Barter System was used
- Anitos or saints (Tagalog); diwata (Visayan) - Prices in terms of gold or metal gongs
- Baylana or Katalona priests or priestesses

BURIAL Chapter 4 – PRE-COLONIAL CULTURE

- MOROTAL mourning for a woman
- MAGLAHI mourning for a man LANGUAGES
- LARAW mourning for a dead chief - 8 major languages; Tagalog, Iloko, Pangasinan,
- SIPA or fasting; limited nutrition of vegetables Pampangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon,
- BALATA or avenging the death of a relative from an Samarnon or Samar-Leyte, and Magindanao
act of foul play or battle
- PASIYAM the ninth night after the death of a person SYSTEM OF WRITING
- TIBAWAN a play in honor of the dead - TAGALOG has four qualities of the four greatest
- TIBAW the play so staged languages of the world; Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
and Spanish.
DIVINATION and MAGIC CHARMS - Ancients wrote on the bark of trees, on leaves
- Interpreted signs in Nature and bamboo tubes, using their knives, daggers,
Beings: pointed sticks or iron as pens
- PANGATAUHAN tells the fortune of anybody who
cared to know beforehand what the days ahead LITERATURE
had in store for him - Floating or oral literature and written literature.
- ASUWANG or poltergeist (European) - Examples: sabi, sawikain, bugtong, suliranin and
- MANGKUKULAM pricking an image of a man in any indulanin, talindaw, diyuma,
part of the anatomy kumintang,tagumpay,hiliraw,uyayi and hele
- MANGGAGAWAY brings harm to anybody he
wanted to destroy MUSIC and DANCE
- TIYANAK sucking blood from unborn babies - Filipinos are born musicians, for they easily
- TIKBALANG misleads travelers by shifting its own learn tunes by ear
form - KUDYAPI small guitar; symbol of poetry
Charms: - Numerous musical instruments, songs, and
Anting-anting/agimat – insured against dangers dances around the country
Gayuma – makes a man lovable to all the ladies (pp.62-64)
Odom/Tagabulag(Tagalog) – makes a Bicolano
invisible ART
 - First glimpse of artistic sense are through tools - Pope Alexander VI mediated between Spain and
and weapons Portugal
- Zizag designs on combs, rough jewalries or - INTER CAETERA and EXIMIAE DEVOTIONIS
weapons before now smoothened, giving Spain the right over any lands newly-
embroidered garments
discovered by Columbus equivalent to the
- Basketry, weaving, metal work, wood carving,
Portuguese territories; the Portuguese did not
wood painting, multi-colored paintings by the
agree and worked on its revision.
Lanao Muslims
-
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION(1518-1521)
Chapter 5 – UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN - RUY FALEIRO a brilliant cosmographer that
egged to serve Spain as he was then not in the
GOSPEL – spreading of the Catholic religion good graces of Lisbon court
GOLD – economic ideals, riches, spices, minerals - FERDINAND MAGELLAN received royal
GLORY- to be known throughout the world; strong instruction to sail directly to the Maluku and to
country, more territories bring back a cargo of the priceless spices; five
antiquated shipes and with a crew of 235 men
Maritime discovery of the Philippines, (1) by - MARCH 17, 1521 Magellan reached the
Portugal (2) by Spain Philippines
- APRIL 1521 Magellan was defeated and killed in
EAST MEETS WEST battle in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,
- Food more palatable; search for spices: pepper, the chieftans of Mactan
cinnamon, cloves,nutmeg and ginger - VICTORIA the only ship that completed the
- Black pepper (very expensive) = buy land, pay voyage back to Spain in 1522, led by JUAN
taxes, liberate a city, pay dowries SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; 18 Europeans and 4
- The POPE, only known power in European Malays survived
relations
MALUKU and the PHILIPPINES
LUISTANIAN-HISPANIC RIVALRY IN MARITIME - Three Spanish expeditions that followed
DISCOVERIES Magellan’s; Saavedra (1527), Villalobos(1541-
- PORTUGAL was the first country to use 46), Legazpi(1564)
innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding with - Seven ships, with a crew of 450 under the joint
the eastablishment by HENRY ‘THE NAVIGATOR’ command of GARCIA JOFRE DE LOAISA and
of the first navigational school in the globe at JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL CANO; the two
SAGRES POINT in 1419 commanders died and was replaced by
- Paolo Toscanelli a Florentine mapmaker HERNANDO DE LA TORRE
- Christopher Columbus wanted to discover - ALONSO DE SAAVEDRA CERON, squadron of 3
westward sea route to India; his voyage ships and 150 men; search for any survivors of
generated misapprehension and dispute the Magellan, Loaisa, and Cabot(1526)
between Spain and Portugal.
- King John (OF Portugal) protested that TREATY OF ZARAGOZA(1529)
Columbus’ voyage was an incursion by Spain oh - Lack of proper geographical knowleadge
his sphere of influence
- King Charles V ceded his alleged rights to - Diff. levels of administration: Central or
Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000 National, Provincial, City, Municipal, and Barrio
ducats. levels
- Intramuros, seat of power in Manila
VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION(1542-1546) - GOBERNADOR-GENERAL commander-in-chief of
- RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS, 6 ships and 370 the army and the navy; president of the Real
men Audiencia (Supreme Court - highest judicial
- Naming of Tandaya of Kandaya (LEYTE) in 1543 body); power over ecclesiastical appointments
as LAS PHELIPINAS in honor of then crownprince in the church; supervise mission work; salary
Philip II, by BERNANRDO DE LA TORRE, P40,000 per annum
commander of the ship San Juan de Letran - ALCALDE MAYOR for the pacified provinces;
corregimientos were headed by corregidores;
LEGAZPI-URDANETA EXPEDITION(1564) executive, military and judicial powers; engaging
- Feb 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reached in trade; only a SPANIARD
Cebu and contracted blood compacts with Si - Villas were governed by the AYUNTAMIENTO
Katunaw ans Si Gala at Bohol.
- VILLA DE SAN MIGUEL, later changed to CIUDAD RESIDENCIA AND VISITA
DEL SANTISIMO NOMBRE DE JESUS, after the - RESIDENCIA the judicial review of a
discovered SANTO NINO OF CEBU became the residenciado conducted at the end of his term
first Spanish town established in the of office, supervised publicly by a juez de
Archipelago. residencia; if guilty of misconduct= fines,
dismissed from office, expelled from colony, or a
THE SPANISH INDIO combination of all
- it was very easy for Legazpi to accomplish an - VISITA specific visita, an investigation of a single
almost bloodless conquest of the Philippines official or a province; general visita, an
considering its physical and human geography investigation of the whole viceroyalty (Mexico
- with the permanent colonization by Legazpi, the or Philippines)
indios lost the freedom they earlier enjoyed
FILIPINO BUREAUCRATS
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS - Gobrnadorcillo headed the pueblo or municipio
- 1565-1821, the Philippines was a captaincy- - GOBERNADORCILLO the highest government
general administered by the Spanish king position a Filipino could attain during the
through the viceroyalty of Nueva Spanish regime.
Espana(Mexico) - CABEZA DE BARANGAY tax and contributions
- Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies (Real y collector for the gobernadorcillo.
Supremo Consejo de las Indias) governed all
Spanish possesions THE AMALGAMATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
- The King is the paramount lawmaker and - ANTI-FRIAR DEMONSTRATION by DOROTEO
administrator over-seeing the colonies of the CORTES
Spanish empire. - FRAILOCRACIA/FRIAROCRACY friars or monastic
- The King is guided by laws compiled in 1681 orders ruled supreme
- Filipinos against the church, its ECONOMIC ROLE -lands reserved for the crown and included the principal
towns and ports
AS LANDOWNERS, the Dominicans,
2. Private
Augustinians, and the Recollects -were granted to individuals who were either the King's
proteges or men who served with merit during the
conquest and pacification campaigns

CHAPTER 6: Institutional Impact of Spanish The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

Rule -trade between Manila and Acapulco, reaching as far as
Callao in Peru.
Fr. Juan de Plasencia -a trip lasted 200 days, the return voyage taking 70 days
-presented the reduccion(resettlement) plan, a device to
make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens and into little Damaging effects:
brown Spaniards 1. the neglect of native extractive industries like
agriculture
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: 2. arrest of population growth
mediquillos
-Filipinos who had medical experience but no title Royal Philippine Company
-created by Charles III
bandala -has a 25-year charter for the main purpose of uniting
-from the word mandala (a round stack of rice stalks to American and Asian commerce
be threshed)
-annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods. Compana de los Tranvias de Filipinas
-established in Manila in 1885 by Jacobo Zobel de
buwis (tribute) Zangroniz and Adolfo Bayo
-may be paid in cash or in kind, partly or wholly, as provided street car service lines
palay or tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax and
special regional produce, depending on the area of the Puente Colgante
country -the first suspension bridge in the Far East designed by
Gustave Eiffel
Polo y servicio
-forced labor among Filipino or Chinese mestizos EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION:
ranging from 16 to 60 years old, for forty days until College of the Immaculate Concepcion
1884, when labor was reduced to fifteen days. - now ADMU, founded by Jesuits

Negative effects: Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santissimo Rosario

1. Upsetting of the village economy because labor drafts -now UST, converted into a Dominican University
usually coincided with the planting and harvesting
seasons. College of San Juan de Letran
2. Forced separation from the family and relocation to -originally founded as the Seminario de Ninos
the Philippines. Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo for orphaned
3. Decimation of the male population Spanish children
-considered as the oldest secondary school in the
Encomienda Philippines
-from the word encomendar, to entrust
-a grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious first boarding schools for Spanish girls:
Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place 1. Colegio Santa Potenciana
including its inhabitants. 2. Colegio Santa Isabel - oldest school for girls in the
archipelago
Encomendero
-granted the right of imposing tribute according to the SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION:
limit and kind set by higher authorities Governor Narciso Claveria
-decreed the adoption of Hispanic names
-obligated Filipinos to adopt surnames based on
TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDA compiled names of saints etc.
1. Royal or crown
La Funeraria -said woman or child could easily change the enemies
- first funeral parlor established by Carlos March in into clay
Manila
Francisco Dagohoy
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION: -led the longest revolt in Phil. history
Doctrina Christiana -cabeza de barangay of Bohol
-first published book, 1593
Fr. Gaspar Morales
Francisco Tello -refused to give Sagarino, Dagohoy's brother, a Christian
instructed by the Crown that in order to make reduccion burial
successful, the Filipinos should be taught Castillian and
the friars should learn the language of the Indians Sagarino
-brother of Dahohoy, his rotten corpse was exposed for
Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay three days in front of Inabangan church
-first Filipino engraver
**RELIGIOUS MOTIVES**
Juan de los Santos
-sculpted the baroque altar of San Agustin Church Miguel Lanab, Francisco Rivera, Ermano Apolinario de
la Cruz, Muslims and Igorots
Franciscan friars
-most zealous in utilizing music in Christianization Miguel Lanab and Alabanan
-Christianized Isnegs
-revolted by beheading Dominicans Fr. Alonzo Garcia
CHAPTER 7 : FROM INDIO TO FILIPINO and Bro. Onofre Palao
(Fr. Garcia was cut into pieces and was thrown into pigs)
**Personal Motives**
Lakandula and Soliman Tapar
-last of the Manila chieftains -a newly Christianized babaylan
-revolted against Lavezares, who sequestered their -proclaimed himself God Almighty and went about in
landed properties and even tolerated the encomendero's the garb of a woman
abuse and oppression of their people
Francisco Rivera
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas - a visionary who appropriated for himself the title of
-led by the kin related datus of Manila and towns of Papa Rey
Bulacan and Pampanga, under Agustin de Legazpi, son
of Lakandula and his first cousin, Martin Pangan Ermano Apolinario de la Cruz
-founded the Confradia de San Jose
Antonio Susabao and Amarlahagi
-divulged the plot led by Agustin de Legazpi to the Ermano Pule
Spanish authorities -founded the confradia centering around the cults of San
Francisco and the famous brown image Our Lady of
Tamblot (of Bohol) Peace and Good Voyage of Antipolo
-employed magic and religion in alluring the unbelieving
people to abandon Christianity and return to their former **RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED
beliefs INSTITUTIONS**
-cut a bamboo with a small knife and wine allegedly
gushed forth, even rice emerged Magalat
-chief in Tugegarao, revolted against illicit tribute
Bankaw collection
-datu of Limasawa
-apostasized in his old age Gen Luis Magtangaga
-chief of Malaueg, led the Itawis and Gaddangs to rise
Pagali up in arms
-a babaylan who helped Bankaw build an appropriate
temple to the diwata and pressed six towns to rise up in Juan Caragay
arms -led a revolt in Pangasinan
Juan de la Cruz Palaris principalia
-spearheaded a rebellion against Joaquin de -an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos and
Gamboa( alcalde mayor, Pangasinan) minor native bureaucrats

Diego Silang
-opposed the exaction of comun(annual tribute of one
real fuente) •European Liberalism
John Locke
**PEASANT UNREST** -wrote Two Treatises on Govt
Maginoos of Silang -posited that social contract between the King, who did
- disputed land surveys which usurped a large portion of not exercise absolute powers, and his subjects, means
the communal lands in Latag and Lantic that if the king failed to do his duty and did not respond
Joseph de la Vega, Francisco Santos de Medina, Ignacio to natural rights, his subjects had the rights to overthrow
Marvelo, Julio Lopez de Montoya, Andres Pulido, him.
Francisco Gonzales
-principales of Silang, assaulted the controversial Jacques Rousseau
hacienda and razed granaries -re echoed the same in The Social Contract
-if a governmentt didnt satisfy subjects, they have all the
Casimiro Camerino reason to alter the govt to whatever they thought best
-unjustly labeled El Tulisan by the Spaniards
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre
**THE MORO RESISTANCE** -abolished press espionage and proclaimed freedom of
Moro raids speech
-in retaliation for Spanish acts of reducing Moro captives -led a group of elites in a toast of liberty
to slavery and razing their homes
•Racial Discrimination
**FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS** Fr. Miguel Lucio y Bustamante
-opined that Filipino could never learn the Spanish
Reasons for the failure language or be civilized
-insular make-up of the Philippines -indio will always be an indio...
-no lingua franca
Francisco Canamaque
**FILIPINO NATIONALISM:DECELERATORS** -hated Filipino laziness and incapacity

-Philippines was called Las Islas Filipinas Pablo Feced

-The term Filipinos only applied to insulares, Spaniards -described rural folks as carabao herd
born in the Phil.
Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin
Divide and Rule Policy -quoted that God created the indios with the rattan
-
•Regular-Secular Conflicts
**ACCELERATORS** Fr. Jose Burgos

•The Philippines in World Commerce Francisco Baluyot

*Manila proper and the suburban areas developed by -first known indio priest
leaps and bounds with the official and permanent
opening of the port to international trade. •La Algarada Cavitena
*there was an unreasonable deduction in the Cavite
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabel II arsenal workers' measly wages caused by the imposition
-first Phil. bank to issue the first paper money of new tribute ordered by Izquierdo
*they revolted as other workers lost their lost exemption
•Rise of the Clase Media privileges from tributes and polo y servicios personales
*The Clase Media rose from the economic boom derived *believed to have stemmed from the worker's strike of
from expanded agriculture and commerce embarked on the Cavite arsenal
by the rising native entrepreneurs
 La Solidaridad – the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in
GOMBURZA Spain. It was the newspaper founded by the Filipino
-accused as agitators of the Spanish movement
reformists in 1889 to promote interests of the
Archbishop Meliton Martinez Philippines and the Filipinos. Financer: Pablo
-refused to defrock Gomburza Rianzares; Editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena.

Rafael de Izquierdo Discursos y Articulos Varios - a book where

- said "I shall govern with a cross on one hand and a Lopez Jaena compiled his speeches and articles.
sword in the other
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – the Great Reformist and
CHAPTER 8 Political Analyst. He is the political analyst of the
Filipino colony in Spain. He was born in Kupang,
The Campaign for Reforms Bulakan, Bulakan on Aug. 30, 1850. His parents
are: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan. He
Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain.
died on July 4, 1896.
Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines. They
Marciana del Pilar – Marcelo’s first cousin whom
were also called Filipinos.
he married.
Indios – the name given to the Filipinos by the
Diariong Tagalog – the nationalistic newspaper
Spaniards.
founded by Del Pilar in 1882.
Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin – the indios were
Caingat Cayo – one of the pamphlets issued by the
called Filipinos during his regime.
Spanish friar, Jose Rodriguez stating that Rizal is an
Gov. Gen Carlos Maria de la Torre – the enemy of the holy Catholic religion.
governor whom the Filipino middle class found as
Parodied works of Del Pilar: Dasalan at Toksohan,
an ally.
a parody of the Prayer Book; Amain Namin, a
July 12, 1869 – the Filipino middle class went to prody of “Our Father” and; Ten Commandments
Gov. Gen. De la Torre’s residence. of the Friars.

Assimilation – thez transformation of the The additional aims of the Sol during Del Pilar’s
Philippines to a province of Spain and making the editorship: The removal of the friars and the
Filipinos fellow-Spaniards. secularization of the parishes; Active participation
in the affairs of the government; Freedom of
Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Great Orator. He speech, of the press, and of assembly; A wider
was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec. 17, 1856. His social and political freedom; Equality before the
parents are: Placido Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena. law; Assimilation, and; Representation in the
He died because of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896 in Spanish Cortes.
Barcelona.
Jose Rizal – was born in Calamba, Laguna on June
Fray Botod – one of the works of Lopez Jaena that 19, 1861. His parents are: Francisco Mercado and
deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality of Teodora Alonzo. He died on Dec. 30, 1896.
a friar.
Sa Aking Kabata – a tagalog poem allegedly said
Botod (fat) – Hiligaynon word for big-bellied man. to be written by Rizal at the age of eight.
The tagalog equivalent of Botyok.
A la Juventud Filipina – written by Rizal at
eighteen, won the first prize in a literary contest.
Noli Me Tangere – is a socio-historical novel of Bonifacio and the Katipunan
Rizal based on facts that he gathered while he was
in the Philippines which he finished at the age of Katipunan – Kataastaasan, Kagalang-galangan na
26. Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was formed
on July 7, 1892 at a house on Azcarraga, near
El Filibusterismo – Rizal’s second novel, a Elcano Street, Tondo.
political novel in which he predicted the coming of
a revolution. Triangle Method – a recruitment technique used
by the Katipunan in order for the society to increase
Feb. 15, 1889 – the first number of La Solidaridad in number.
came out in Barcelona. First editor: Graciano
Lopez Jaena succeeded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar. 3 Governing Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian
– the highest governing body of the society and was
Pen Names: Jose Rizal – Dimas Alang and Laong composed of the president, fiscal, treasurer and
Laan; Mariano Ponce – Tikbalang, Naning, comptroller or interventor; Sangguniang Bayan –
Kalipulako; Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog; Marcelo represents the province; Sangguniang Balangay –
H. Del Pilar – Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban – represents the municipality or town.
Jomapa.
Sangguniang Hukuman – a sort of a court where
Hispano – Filipino Association – a society judicial matters affecting the member of the society
composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who banded were referred.
together thier resources and efforts in the campaign
to have thier voices heard in the Peninsular 3 Grades of the Society:
Government. Katipon – wore black hood. Password: Anak ng
Miguel Morayta – was the elected President of the Bayan;
Hispano – Filipino Assocation. Kawal – wore green hood. Password: Gom-Bur-Za;
Bayani – wore red mask and sash with green
3 Sections of the Hispano – Filipino Association:
Political Section – under Marcelo H. Del Pilar; borders. Password: Rizal.
Literary Section – under Mariano Ponce; Katipunan Codes – a system of writing made by
Sports Section – under Tomas Arejola Bonifacio to maintain the secrets of their society’s
La Propaganda – a civil society established communications.
simultaneously with the introduction of Masonry in
the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio – the founder and organizer of
the Katipunan. He was born in Tondo, Manila on
La Liga Filipina – a civic society founded by Rizal Nov. 30, 1863. His parents are: Santiago Bonifacio
on July 3, 1892. Officers: President – Ambrosio and Catalina de Castro.
Salvador; Fiscal – Agustin de la Rosa; Treasurer –
Bonifacio Arevalo and; Secretary – Deodato Siblings of Bonifacio: Ciriaco, Procopio,
Arellano Espiridiona, Troadio and Maxima

Monica – Andres Bonifacio’s first wife who died of

leprosy.

Gregoria De Jesus – second wife of Bonifacio

whom he met in Kalookan. She was initiated in the
CHAPTER 9
Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan and was called refused to commit his country to the
the Lakambini of the Katipunan. revolutionary plans of the society.
 Tito Miguel and Roman Ramos – Katipuneros
Emilio Jacinto – the Brains of the Katipunan. He employed in the Maestranza (arsenal); ordered
by Bonifacio to steal rifles and pistols from the
was born in Tondo on Dec. 15, 1875. His parents
arsenal so as to increase the weapons of the
are: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon. He joined Katipunan. However, the quantity of such
the Katipunan at the age of 18, making the youngest weapons was still insufficient to start a
member of all. He studied at San Juan de Letran revolution.
College then in University of Santo Tomas. He is  The increase in the number of the Katipunan
affiliates, while advantageous to Bonifacio, was
the editor of the Kalayaan newspaper.
in a way a disadvantage: The new members
Kalayaan – the Katipunan society’s newspaper. were impatience, and in their impatience they
met nightly, arousing the suspicion of the
Kartilla – written by Emilio Jacinto, a primer to authorities.
 Rumors about the secret meetings circulated
indoctrinate the members of the society. It consists
which the friars used to force then governor-
of 13 teachings. general Blanco to act in order to prevent the
uprising. However, Blanco was not sympathetic
and refused to take any action.
Chapter 10 THE REVOLUTION: THE FIRST PHASE  Father Mariano Gil, disgusted over the
governor’s attitude, next ran to the military
 Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio Valenzuela to governor of Manila, Gen. Echaluce, and
go to Dapitan in June 1896 to know Rizal’s revealed what he knew about the Katipunan.
opinion on the necessity of rising in arms  Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño – had
against the Spaniards. a misunderstanding. Patiño took revenge on
 The revolution might break out prematurely dela Cruz by telling thea secrets of the society
because of the impatience of the masses. to his sister Honoria.
 Rizal was not against the revolution in itself,  August 19, 1896 Patiño exposed the society to
but pointed out that a revolution without Fr. Mariano Gil
sufficient arms should not be started against  Proofs were found in the premises of the
an armed nation. printing shop of Diario de Manila (lithographic
 The first Cuban revolution against Spain failed stone used to print the receipts, dagger and
because of lack of arms. the rules of the society along with other
 Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy pertinent documents were found in the locker
Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the of Policarpio Turla)
society (Katipunan) to ensure the success of the  Following the discovery of the Katipunan were
revolution. (To have unity among all classes of mass arrests of Filipino suspects—prominent
Filipinos) men, even those who were innocent, were
 Further suggested Antonio Luna be appointed thrown into jail and convicted of illegal
to direct all military operations against the association.
Spaniards  The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the
 Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning Katipunan. In order to force them into joining
over the wealthy Filipinos to the Katipunan the society, Bonifacio had some Katipuneros
side; Rizal failed to give a solution to this forge the wealthy Filipinos’ signatures on some
problem. documents, making it seem like they were in
 Kongo – Japanese warship on which Admiral sympathy with the principles of the society.
Kanimura was on board Instead being forced to join, the wealthy
 Jose Moritaro Tagawa – Japanese employee of Filipinos denied any knowledge of the society
a Japanese bazaar through whom contacts were but were still implicated since the authorities
made to Kanimura simply refused to believe them.
 Bonifacio led the Katipunan committee to seek  “Cry of Balintawak” – August 23, 1986,
the aid of Admiral Kanimura in the struggle for Pugadlawin Katipuneros tore their cedulas
national liberation. However, the admiral
 Melchora Aquino “Tandang Sora” – Mother of  Tejeros Convention – Magdalo and Magdiwang
the Katipunan factions met to solve their internal problem.
 Reign of Terror – Gov-gen. Ramon Blanco Bonifacio, as chairman, reminded the
issued a decree on August 30 declaring the convention before the election that whoever
provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, should get elected to any position should be
Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija in respected. This proposal was approved and the
a state of war and placing them under martial election got underway. Elected were:
law. Those who were accused of treachery and 1) Emilio Aguinaldo (President)
were against the government would be handed 2) Mariano Trias (Vice-President)
over to the military court or trial unless they 3) Artemio Ricarte (Captain General)
surrendered within 48hrs. Taking advantage of 4) Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of
this particular provision, some Katipuneros War)
surrendered but were immediately forced to 5) Andres Bonifacio (Directory of the
confess what they knew about the society and Interior)
its members. Torture was employed to make
them squeal. Hundreds were arrested and Daniel Tirona (Magdalo), when Bonifacio was
jailed. Some were even massacred. More often, being proclamated, declared that the position
the suspects were simply shot without any trial. of Director of Interior should not be given to
 Katipunan’s 2 factions: Magdalo (headed by him as it was not proper that a person without
Baldomero Aguinaldo at Kawit) and Magdiwang a lawyer’s diploma should occupy it, and
(headed by Mariano Alvarez at Noveleta) insisted that it should be given to Jose del
 Emilio Aguinaldo defeated Gen. Aguirre’s Rosario instead, a lawyer. Bonifacio, feeling
troops in Imus and was afterwards recognized insulted, demanded Tirona to retract what he
hero of the hour. From then on the Caviteños said, but Tirona merely disappeared from the
called him General Miong, not Capitan Miong. scene. Tirona was almost shot by Bonifacio if
 The successive defeats of the Spaniards led the not for Ricarte who held Bonifacio’s arm.
friars to agitate against Gov-Gen. Blanco. Bonifacio, as President of the Supreme Council
 Blanco was finally relieved as governor by the of the Katipunan, declared the assembly
brutal Gen. Camilo de Polavieja on Dec. 13, dissolved and annulled the results of the
1896 meeting.
 Polavieja began his campaigns in Cavite and
 Acta de Tejeros – document stating the
partially succeeded in driving away the rebels
reasons why Bonifacio and his men, convinced
from several places. His order to massacre the
that the election held was invalid, could not
civilians led Bonifacio to issue a proclamation
accept the results of the Tejeros Convention.
denouncing the Spanish brutality. The
 Naik Military Agreement – another document
Spaniards captured the territory they had lost
drawn by Bonifacio and his men in which they
until about 1/3 of Cavite fell into their hands.
resolved to establish a government
 Magdalo vs. Magdiwang: On Dec31, an
independent of, and separate from, that
assembly was held to determine whether the
established at Tejeros; posed a potential
Katipunan should be superseded by another
danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it
form of government.
meant a definite split in the ranks of the
o Magdalo: with the outbreak of the
revolutionists and almost certain defeat in the
revolution the Katipunan has ceased to
face of a united and well-armed enemy.
be a secret society and should,
 Aguinaldo, realizing the significance of
therefore, be superseded by one or
Bonifacio’s intentions through the Naik Military
more in keeping with the demands of
Agreement, ordered the arrest of the Bonifacio
the period.
brothers. Col. Agapito Bonzon was dispatched
o Magdiwang: the Katipunan should
to effect the arrest.
remain the gov’t of the revolutionists
 Andres and Procopio Bonifacio were found
because it already had a constitution
guilty of treason despite the evidence being
and by-laws recognized by all.
insufficient to prove their alleged guilt. The
The conflict was not resolved. Council of War decided to have the brothers
executed, but Aguinaldo commuted the death
 sentence to banishment. Under pressure from and Maximo Paterno, and thus received
Bonifacio’s haters, however, Aguinaldo P400,000.
withdrew his order and the original decision of
the Council of War stood.  The truce failed because of suspicions among
 May 10 – The brothers were executed at Mt. the two parties. Some Filipino leaders refused
Tala to surrender their arms. The Spanish
 Polavieja, tired of the endless battles, asked authorities, on the other hand, did not trust
for his relief as gov-gen. and was replaced by the Filipinos. The consequence of this mutual
Fernando Primo de Rivera. suspicion was the resurgence of the revolution.
 Primo de Rivera issued a decree granting
pardon to those who, up to May 17, would give
up their arms and surrender to the government.
Most Filipinos ignored this decree. He then CHAPTER 11 THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE
issued another decree in the hopes of winning
 Gen. Basilio Augustin succeeded Primo de
over the Filipinos to his policy of attraction. A
Rivera, which was unfortunate, for he was
few took advantage of his decree, while the
ignorant of the actual conditions in the
rest continued their resistance against the
Philippines. Immediately upon his assumption
enemy.
of office, he announced that he would continue
 Biyak-na-Bato Republic – republican
Primo de Rivera’s work of pacification.
government established by Aguinaldo at Biyak-
 The Spanish-American relations were turning
na-bato
for the worse. Spain wanted to avoid getting
 The provisional constitution of the Biyak-na-
into conflict with US, which was a rising
bato Republic was prepared by Felix Ferrer and
powerful nation.
Isabelo Artacho, who copied almost word-for-
word the Cuban constitution of Jimaguayu
 Reasons for Spanish-American War:
 Truce of Biyak-na-Bato –Pedro Paterno served
1) Cuban Revolution – US sided with the
as mediator between Spaniards and Filipinos to
Cuban rebels due to economic interests
stop the conflict. He negotiated with Aguinaldo
in the island.
and Primo de Rivera. The truce provided:
2) Dupuy de Lome’s letter to his friend in
1) that Aguinaldo and his companions
Havana calling then President William
would go into voluntary exile abroad
McKinley a weakling and a low
2) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
politician was stolen and published in a
sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3
New York periodical, rousing the anger
installments: (a) P400,000 to Aguinaldo
of the American public.
upon his departure from Biyak-na-bato,
3) Blowing up of American warship
(b) P200,000 when the arms
Maine at Havana Harbor (Feb. 15,
surrendered by the revolutionists
1898)
exceeded 700, and (c) the remaining
 Theodore Roosevelt Sr. wanted war between
P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung
Spain and US to break out in order to expand
and general amnesty proclaimed by the
the navy; conceived the idea of attacking
governor;
Manila in the event that war should break out
3) that Primo de Rivera would pay the
between Spain and US
additional sum of P900,000 to the
 Commodore George Dewey – instructed by
families of the non-combatant Filipinos
Roosevelt to take offensive action against the
who suffered during the armed conflict
Spanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war
with Spain
To make sure the Spanish authorities were
sincere, the revolutionists demanded that 2  Admiral Patricio Montojo – leader of the
Spanish generals were to remain at Biyak- Spanish fleet defeated by Dewey in the Battle
of Manila Bay (May 1,1898)
na-Bato as hostages and another, Col.
Miguel Primo de Rivera, the governor’s  The naval battle was one-sided, for while the
nephew, to accompany the exiles to Hong Spanish ships outnumbered those of the
Kong. Primo de Rivera agreed. Aguinaldo Americans, the Spaniards were poorly armed.
went to Hong Kong with his men and Pedro
 The Battle of Manila Bay enmeshed the US in asserted that he treated the Filipino general in
the coils of world politics and signalized her a personal manner without committing the US
entrance into the “Days of Empire” government.
 Aguinaldo deposited the P400,000 he received  The news of Aguinaldo’s return spread
from Primo de Rivera in two Hong Kong banks. throughout Central Luzon. A number of Filipino
Only the interest was withdrawn and used for volunteers in the Spanish army defected to the
the expenses of the exiles. Isabelo Artacho, Filipino forces. So sweeping were Filipino
however, wanted the money to be divided victories that practically the whole Luzon,
among them. Aguinaldo refused and Artacho except the port of Cavite and Manila, were in
sued him. To avoid appearing in court, he rebel hands by June 1898.
secretly left for Saigon where he took another  “Viva La Autonomia!” was a handbill
ship to Singapore. circulated by some Spaniards in which they
 E. Spencer Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast stated that the “salvation of the unity of the
his lot with the Americans, saying that the US Islands, the unity of its liberties, and the unity
had Cuba at their door but were disclaiming of its local and central government” lay with
any desire to possess it, whereas the Spain. Pedro Paterno was behind this circular.
Philippines was 10,000miles away.  Conservative Assembly – called by Gen.
 Pratt cabled Dewey and arranged for Augustin, appointing prominent mestizos to sit
Aguinaldo’s departure. Unfortunately, Dewey in it, in order to win over to his side the
had already sailed for Manila Bay when wealthy and influential segment of the Filipinos
Aguinaldo arrived. (the mestizos) and to make it appear that he
 Rounseville Wildman – American consul at had the welfare of the Filipinos at heart.
Hong Kong tasked by Dewey with making Actually, the assembly was nothing but a
arrangements for Aguinaldo’s return to the decoration for its function was purely advisory
Philippines; suggested that Aguinaldo should and did not have the right to initiate reforms.
establish a dictatorial government but, after  Augustin’s attempts to win over the Filipinos to
the war and peace has been restored, the side of Spain failed.
Aguinaldo should establish a government  City of Manila – Intramuros (Walled City)
similar to that of the US.  arrabales – districts outside the City; suburbs
 Aguinaldo asked Wildman to purchase arms and  Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish
ammunition for the Filipinos. He gave Wildman ships from entering or leaving the bay. He
P50,000 for 2,000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of thought it was useless to conquer the city by
ammunition and, before his departure, P67,000 arms for he did not have enough men to occupy
for another shipment of arms. The first it, so he waited for reinforcements.
shipment was accomplished, but the second  The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged
one was never realized, nor did Wildman return the city to starve out the enemy within its
or account for the money given to him by walls; Aguinaldo cut off the city’s food and
Aguinaldo. water supply. So effective was the strategy
 Hong Kong Junta – unanimously decided that that the people inside the city—Spaniards, as
Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to well as Filipinos and aliens—suffered from
lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards. hunger and thirst.
 McCulloch – revenue cutter on which Aguinaldo  Aguinaldo offered Augustin honourable
was supposed to board, but the master of the surrender, but Augustin, thinking more of
ship told Aguinaldo that Dewey did not instruct Spanish honor than his life, stubbornly refused.
him to take Aguinaldo on board. It wasn’t until  1st reinforcements – under the command of
its 2nd return to Hong Kong that Aguinaldo Gen. Thomas Anderson
finally got on the ship.  2nd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Francis V.
 Upon arrival of the McCulloch at Cavite, Greene
Dewey’s launch took him to the Olympia where  3rd reinforcements – headed by Gen. Arthur
he was given honors due a general. Aguinaldo Mac-Arthur
alleged that in his conference with Dewey, he  When the Peninsular Gov’t heard of Augustin’s
was told that the US would recognize Philippine plan to surrender it relieved him as governor
Independence. Dewey, however, denied he and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes
made such a statement to Aguinaldo and instead.
 Jaudenes, like Augustin, believed that the later on could be the nucleus of a republican
Spanish position was hopeless. To save face, he government like that of the US
insisted that to satisfy the Spanish code of  Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Aguinaldo’s
honor there should be a mock battle, after adviser, told him to form a dictatorial
which the Spanish forces would surrender. He government.
further insisted that the Filipino rebels should  May 24, 1898 Aguinaldo inaugurated a
be excluded from participating in the surrender dictatorial government under a decree
of Manila nullifying the orders issued under the authority
 Mock Battle – secret agreement between of the Biyak-na-bato Republic and asserted that
Jaudenes, Dewey and Meritt of a fake battle the Dictatorial Government was temporary in
between the Spanish and American forces; nature.
August 13  In general, the Filipinos treated the Spanish
 Beginnings of Filipino-American Rift: prisoners with justice. But there were times
o Meritt asked Aguinaldo’s troops to when, due to hatred of the former masters, the
vacate the bay side area so that the Filipinos maltreated some Spaniards. Aguinaldo
Americans could occupy it. Aguinaldo appealed to them to treat the Spanish prisoners
demanded that the request be made in humanely by issuing a circular (May 29, 1898)
writing, but Greene only made a verbal urging the people to stop the disgraceful
promise which he did not even keep. treatment of the Spanish prisoners.
o continuous stream of American  With a government in operation, Aguinaldo
reinforcements thought it necessary to declare Philippine
o General Anderson’s insolence towards Independence. Mabini objected, saying that it
Aguinaldo, evidenced by his telegraph was more important to reorganize the
prohibiting Aguinaldo’s troops from government in such a manner as to convince
entering Manila without permission the foreign powers of the competence and
from their American commander stability of the new government. Aguinaldo,
 Terms of Capitulation – The Spanish authorities however, stood his ground and won.
agreed to surrender the Spanish troops and the  Julian Felipe – composer of the National
Filipino volunteers found inside the Walled Anthem
City. The Americans, on the other hand, agreed  Marcha Filipina Magdalo Marcha
to safeguard the city, its inhabitants, its Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March)
churches and religious worship.  Marcela Agoncillo (assisted by Lorenza
 Protocol of Peace – Before the mock assault on Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza) – made the
Manila, Spain and US were negotiating for the Philippine National Flag
cessation of hostilities. Spain agreed to the  The Act of the Declaration of Independence
terms of the peace treaty and consequently, on was prepared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista,
August 12, Pres. McKinley issued a who also read it.
proclamation directing that “all military  Apolinario Mabini – Aguinaldo’s adviser, “Dark
operations against the enemy be suspended.” Chambers of the President” , “Brains of the
However, Meritt did not receive the Revolution”
proclamation until August 16, when the mock  Reorganization of Local Government:
battle of Manila had already been “fought” and Town Chief + Headman for each barrio + 3
the terms of capitulation had been signed, Delegates (delegate for police & internal
because Dewey had cut the cable earlier. order, delegate for justice and civil registry,
delegate for taxes and property) = POPULAR
ASSEMBLY
CHAPTER 12 THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC  Town chief – President of the Assembly
 Headman – Vice President
 When Aguinaldo arrived from HK he had with  Delegate for Justice&Civil Registry – Secretary
him a draft of a plan prepared by Mariano  Chiefs of the towns, in consultation with their
Ponce for the establishment of a revolutionary respective popular assemblies, elect the
government provincial chief and 3 councilors.
 Consul Wildman had advised Aguinaldo earlier
to establish a dictatorial government which
 Provincial Chief + Chief of the Capital and specifically provided for safeguards against
Province + 3 Councilors = PROVINCIAL abuses and enumerated the national and
COUNCIL individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but
 Provincial Council – chief duty was to propose also of the aliens; is unique for 3 reasons:
measures for the general welfare of the provice (1)because of the provisions making the
 Revolutionary Congress- made up of delegates Assembly or the legislative branch superior to
from each province elected by the town chiefs either the executive or the judicial branch,
(For the City of Manila and the province of (2)because it provided for a Permanent
Cavite: 3 delegates each, for the province of Commission to sit as a legislative body when
the 1st class: 2 delegates each, for the rest of the Assembly was not in session. and
the provinces: 1 delegate each); main function: (3)because it established a unicameral
“to propose…measures concerning the legislature.
preservation of internal order and external  Calderon purposely provided for a strong
security of these islands…” legislative arm so that the executive would not
 In order to secure maximum efficiency in the be able to create an oligarchy composed of
implementation of the rules regarding the ignoramuses. As to the unicameral legislature,
holding of elections, the decree provided for he pointed out that there was no conflict of
the appointment of a commissioner of the interests among the people to justify the
Central Government for each province. The creation of a bicameral legislature.
military commanders who liberated any town  Mabini envisioned the Congress as an advisory
from the Spaniards became automatically body of the President, but his idea was
commissioners “by virtue of their office.” contradicted by Congress when it proposed to
 Administration of Justice: The decree provided draft a constitution. Mabini, in the minority,
that the Spanish Penal Code, when not was defeated by the majority under the
contrary to the decree of the government, leadership of Paterno. He submitted his
was to remain in force for the time being. Constitutional Plan of the Philippine Republic,
 Town chief was automatically the judge of the but Congress, for the second time, overruled
town. him.
 Revolutionary Government – decree changed  Paterno’s constitutional plan was also set aside
the title of the chief of state from Dictator to by the committee tasked to draft the
President and defined the object of the constitution.
government as the “struggle for the  Felipe Calderon’s draft of constitution was
independence of the Philippines until all eventually approved by Aguinaldo and used
nations, including the Spanish, shall expressly  Assembly of Representatives – legislative
recognize it, and to prepare the country so that branch
the true republic may be established.”  Permanent Commission – law-making body
 Malolos Congress – convocation of when Congress was not in session
Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos.  The Cabinet or Council of Government –
First significant act: ratification, on September composed of the secretaries of the different
29, of the independence proclaimed at Kawit departments of the government; responsible
on June 12. not to the President, but to the Assembly.
o President: Pedro Paterno  Supreme Court – judicial branch
o Vice-Pres: Benito Legarda  During the inauguration of the Philippine
o 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta Republic in Malolos, Aguinaldo issued a decree
o 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war
 Malolos Constitution – 1st democratic who were not members of the Spanish regular
st
constitution in Asia; 1 important Filipino army and, at the same time, granting to
document ever produced by the people’s Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage
representatives. It is anchored in democratic in business within the limits of the Republic.
traditions that ultimately had their roots on  Revolutionary Periodicals:
American soil. It created a Filipino state whose o El Heraldo Filipino (changed to
government was “popular, representative, and Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice
responsible” with 3 branches: executive, Oficial and finally to Graceta de
legislative and judicial. The constitution Filipinas) – official organ of the
 Revolutionary Government; published  Benevolent Assimilation – proclaimed on
the official texts of the decrees of the December 21, 1898.
government and some news items and - The first official indication of American policy
tagalog poems, all nationalistic in
regarding the Philippines.
content
- It has 2 versions, the original and edited.
o La Independencia (edited and partly
owned by Antonio Luna), La Republica  General Elwell Otis – published Mckinley’s
Filipina (Pedro Paterno), La Libertad proclamation with some amendments on
(Clemente Jose Zulueta), Ang Kaibigan January 4, 1899.
ng Bayan, Columnas Volantes, La
Federacion, La Revolucion, La Filipino Reaction
Oportunidad, etc.  Gen. Miller – published the original text of the
 Education: proclamation in Iloilo.
o Burgos Institute
 A copy fell into the hands of the Revolutionary
o Literary University of the Philippines
Gov’t.
 Diplomatic Activities:
o promulgation of decrees creating  Antonio Luna – led the attack on the
committees abroad for the purpose of proclamation.
carrying on propaganda activities for - Editor of La Independencia.
the Revolutionary gov’t - He issues a counter-proclamation on Jan. 5,
o establishment of Hongkong Junta whose 1899.
members were to represent the
Philippines in diff. countries Attempts to Relax the Tension
 Florentino Torres – A well-known American
 Treaty of Paris
sympathizer whom Otis pleaded.
o Dec. 10, 1898]
o officially ended the Spanish-American
The San Juan Bridge Incident
War
o conditions:  Feb. 1 – a group of American engineers was
1. Annexation or cessation of the arrested by the Filipino troops.
Philippines, Guam and Puerto  Feb. 2 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the
Rico to US Sovereignity presence of Colonel Luciano San Miguel’s
2. US would pay $20M for the soldiers in his territory.
improvements made in the  Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in American
country
ships were dismissed from the service for no
3. Ten-year duty-free entry of
reason at all.
Spanish and American goods
to the Philippines
 Feb. 4 – the encounter of Private William W.
Grayson with 4 armed men.

Chapter 13
The Filipino-American Hostilities Investigation of the Incident
 Captain Fernando Grey – wired Malolos
American Apostasy: saying that the Americans had started the
 There was an informal alliance between Dewey hostilities.
and Aguinaldo – an alliance to fight a common  Felipe Buencamino, Sr. – ordered by
enemy, the Spaniards. Aguinaldo to start an investigation.
 Aguinaldo and his men looked upon the  Baldomero Aguinaldo – Secretary of War
Americans with suspicion. asked by Buencamino on Feb. 7 for info
regarding the incident.
Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation
Proclamation American Victories
 Battle of La Loma – Major Jose Torres The Negros Constitution
Bugallon fell mortally wounded.  Negrenses sympathized with the Americans.
 Luna retreated to Polo where he established his  Visayan Military District – Panay, Cebu, and
headquarters. Negros.
- Issues on March 1.
The Drive to North
 Gen. Henry W. Lawton – ordered by Gen. Otis The Bates Treaty
to take the offensive in the south.  Gen. John C. Bates – was appointed to
 Gen. Wheaton – successively captured Las negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Jolo.
Piñas,, Parañaque and other towns of Laguna.
 March 25, 1899 – Filipinos repulsed Gen. Aguinaldo Flees to the Mountains
Wheaton and killed Colonel Egbert.  Reasons:
 April 23, Quingua (Plaridel) – Americans 1. Assassination of Luna that caused some
under Major Bell suffered a defeat in the hands Filipinos to be demoralized.
of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar. 2. Army officers surrendered to the enemy.
- Colonel Stotsenberg was killed in the battle.  Dec. 25, 1899 – women with him were
 Gen. Lawton – killed in the battle of San surrendered to the enemy.
Mateo.
The Battle of Pasong Tirad
The Fall of Mabini  Gen. Gregorio del Pilar – noted the
 Apolinario Mabini – president of the cabinet. advantageous terrain of Pasong Tirad.
- Most powerful man behind Aguinaldo. - suggested that he would stay behind and
 Secretary John Hay – offered autonomy to the make a last stand.
Filipinos. - killed by a Krag rifle.
 May 7, 1899 – Mabini was notified by Aguinaldo  Pasong Tirad – 4,500 ft. high.
of the new Cabinet under Paterno. - Only one man could climb up the hill.
 Major March – fought Gen. del Pilar.
Assassination of Luna  Januario Galut – helped the American fins a
 Antonio Luna – has an unruly temper. secret trail to the top.
- Best prepared to fight the American enemy.
- He received no less than 40 wounds. The Capture of Aguinaldo
 Kawit Company – group of man who ganged  Pardo de Tavera – founded La Democracia.
up on him.  Colonel Frederick Funston – planning for the
- Insisted that they took orders only from Gen. capture of Aguinaldo.
Aguinaldo. - employed some Macabebes & 2 army officers
 Colonel Francisco Roman – left Bayambang (Lazaro Segovia & Hilario Tal Placido) to put his
Pangasinan with Aguinaldo. plan into execution.
 Gen. Urbano Lacuna – whose signature is
American Conquest of the Visayas ordered to be forged by Funston.
 Gen. Miller – instructed Gen. Otis to attach - Aguinaldo wrote an order to send
Iloilo. reinforcements to Palanan.
 Gen. Martin Delgado – ordered the burning of  Tal Placido – grabbed Aguinaldo from behind.
the city to prevent the enemy from using it. - The firing shot him in the stomach.
 Lt. Col. Thomas H. Hamer – designated as  Colonel Simeon Villa – shielded Aguinaldo
military governor of Cebu. from the bullets.
 Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro Fullon – guerilla  Dr. Santiago Barelona – helod Aguinaldo
leaders. when he wanted to fight back.
  Juan de Vargas – punished with less than
excommunication.
Barbarous Acts - forced to stand at the entrance of the Manila
 Brutality is an instrument to weaken an enemy’s church for 4 months.
resistance.
 Gen. Jake Smith – assigned to Pacify Samar. Mabini and the National Council
 Gen. Miguel Malvar – took over the leadership  Mabini directed a manifesto urging the Filipino
of the Filipino gov’t. clergy to organize a Filipino National Church.
 Gen. Vicente Lukban – ambushed American
soldiers. Chapelle and Filipinization
 Gen. Jacob Smith – ordered the massacre of  Mons. Placido Chapelle – pro-friar.
all men and children below 10 yrs. old. :| - said that those who opposed friars will be
 Macario Sakay – established a Tagalog treated as enemies of religion and order.
Republic but was not serious enough to
endanger American rule. The Schism
 One of the factors was Chapelle’s undiplomatic
language.
Chapter 14  Isabelo de los Reyes – radical propagandist.
The Religious Schism - founded the first labor union in the Philippines:
Union Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor
 Aglipayan or Philippine Independent Church Union)
– the Filipino church.  Establishment of Iglesia Filipina Independiente
- Only living and tangible result of the on Aug. 2, 1902. (Phil. Independent Church)
revolution.
First Converts
Gregorio Aglipay on the Scene  De los Reyes had luck from some residents of
 Gregorio Aglipay – appointed as Military Vicar Navotas, Rizal and the defection of Father
General on Oct. 20, 1898. Pedro Brillantes of Ilocol Norte.
- Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’s
movement upon his return from the Northern Aglipay & the Jesuits
provinces.  Aglipay was invited to an interview at the Jesuit
 Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda – together house in Sta. Ana Manila.
with Gen. Basilio Agustin, commissioned  Father Francisco Foradada – persuaded
Aglipay to confer with revolutionary leaders to Aglipay to the Catholic fold.
bring them back to the Spanish side. - insulted the Filipino clergy which caused
 Colonel Luciano San Miguel – sent by Aglipay’s anger.
Aguinaldo to persuade Aglipay for the Filipino  Father Joaquin Villalonga – Aglipay asked the
cause. moon from him.
 Validity of civil marriage was recognized by the
revolutionary gov’t. Significance
 Two bases pf Spanish prejudice:
Nozaleda against Aglipay. 1. Feeling of racial superiority.
 Aglipay was assigned by … as …: 2. Alleged incompetence of Filipino Clergy.
Revolutionary Gov’t – Military Vicar General  Two results:
Catholic Hierarchy – Ecclesiastical Governor 1. Liquidation of the Spanish empire in the
 Nozaleda charged Aglipay with usurpation of orient.
power. 2. alienation of a segment of the population
from the Catholic church.
 Phil Assembly- lower house
CHAPTER 16
Osmena- 1907 pres of phil assembly
Compromise W/ Colonialism
Jones Law- Phil autonomy Act of 1916;
Schurman Commission (1899)- 1st created bicameral legislature composed of 24
significant body by McKinley which introduced member (upper house) and House of
non military approach of Am. Colonialism Representatives (house Chamber)
Military government (1898-1901)- Replaced Filipinization- actual grant of substantial
by civil govt participation in govt to Filipinos (elite class
only)
Taft Commission- Phil Commission with
William Howard Taft as the 1st military gen Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)- “Free Trade”
only American goods didn’t have limitation;
Gregorio Araneta & Benito Legarda-
Filipino goods were limited by quota system
Cayetano Arellano- 1st Chief Justice of the
Underwood-Simmons Act- abolished quotas
Supreme Court
on Phil exports
2 reasons “why the Elite?”
Tydings McDuffie Law (1934)- quotas were
1. fear of losing security of their interest reimposed
2. distrust in character of the masses Exported oriented- XD
Najeeb Saleeby- itong “mama” na ito ang isa
mga successful na nag educate sa mga
CHAPTER 17
Muslim (sori Teacher Emie <3)
Carpenter-Kiram Agreement (1915)- Colonial Politics: Towards Complete
Changed the term in Bates Treaty; Divested Autonomy
the Sultan of all his political power and only Warren G. Harding (1921)- US Republican
allowed to execise rights and duties of spiritual President
leader
Wood Forbes Mission- led by Cameron
Woodraw Wilson- elected democratic Pres in Forbes and Leonard Wood; indicted the
1912 Harrison Era for many problems during
Democratic Party- Labor and Farm bloc investigation

Republican Party- Capitalist and landlords Leonard Wood- became gov gen during
Harding era
Francis B. Harrison- 1st democratic gov gen in
Phil 1913 Cabinet Crisis- open break between Wood
and Filipino leaders led by Manuel Quezon
Cooper Act- Phil bill of 1902 (sori di ko
mahanap ) Manuel Quezon- president of the Senate

Council of State- advisory body of Chief Manuel Roxas- Speaker of the House
Executive Ray Conley (American)- Chief of the vice-
Board of Control- regulated govt participation squad of the Secret Service Branch of Manila
in buss corp and firms Police Dept; charged of keeping mistress,
bribery from Manila gamblers known as
Phil Commission- upper house “Conley Case”
Veto- power to reject/ not pass bills Fairfield Bill- Administration alternative to
independence measure after the Ind. Missions;
Harrison- has the least vetoed
introduced in apr 1924; proposed a 30 yr
Wood- has the most vetoed bills; abolished the period of autonomy in which the Phil would
board of control have controlof insular affairs with elected gov
gen for “commonwealth of the Phil”.
Henry Stimson- 1928 gov gen in Phil; restored
the Harrison era and sympathy w/ Filipino
leaders
Roxas- showed the Fairfield Bill to special
Stimson’s Successor- Dwight Davis, mission in dec 1923
Theodore Roosevelt Jr Frank Murphy
Quezon and Osmena advised the admin that
they get the bill accepted if the admin would
offer assurance that it would pass the
CHAPTER 18
Congress. But Fairfield himself announced that
Campaign for Independence
he was unwilling to see the bill passed.
Commission of Independence (1918)- 3rd Parliamentary mission- bitter struggle
created by Phil Legislature to study the ensued between two parties leadership over
negotiation of Phil Independence the Fairfield where Recto charged P20, P50
and P100 i mean Quezon, Osmena Roxas,
1918- Commission is composed originally by
with double dealing and insincerity to Fairfield
11 senators and 40 congressmen. After
Bill
subsequent recruitment, leadership remained
Nacionalista. Missions were sent with Bacon Bill- separates Mindanao, Sulu, &
Nacionalista (Qurzon, osmena, Roxas, Santos, Palawan from govt jurisdiction.
Quirino etc) and Democrata (Recto, gil, Tirona
Supreme National Council- launched by
etc)
Quezon, uniting all pol. parties to attract not so
1st Parliamentary Mission (1919)- led by prominent Filipinos in the ind campaign, to
Quezon and Palma with both parties; during decentralize the campaign and to achieve
Wilson era; received by war sec, Newton peaceful use of pol authority. The org structure
Baker; at bad timing of War is similar to insular govt. It is “Ind Commission”
under diff name expect that it invited non
2nd Parliamentary Mission (1922)- led by
politician to participate. In 1928 it faded away.
Quezon & Osmena to present Fil viewpoints on
the questions raised by Wood Forbes Mission; Senate Bill 198- passed by Phil Legislature
missions successively sent to Washington in which provided for plebiscite on immediate
1923-1925. Happened during the Cabinet independence in Nov 1925; aimed to
Crisis counteract the anti- independence campaign of
State.
Manuel Roxas- led a special mission in Nov
1923to protest alleged illegal and arbitrary acts American Interest Groups “Friends” of Phil.
of Wood Independence
Calvin Coolidge- delivered the the Pres.’  Labor and farm bloc
Reply that the American govt would take  Isolationist
measures to grant the Phil independence since  Anti imperialist
Filipinos are unprepared because they can’t  Extreme patriotic societies
cooperate with Wood administration
OsRox Mission- First to succeed in securing Commonwealth Act No. 211 – established a minimum
the passage of independence bill, Hare Hawes wage for laborers employed in public works project.
Cutting Law on jan 17, 1933; provided for
establishment of 10 year commonwealth Commonwealth Act No. 213 – sought to recognize,
before the proclamation of ind. On jul. 4, 1946. define and regulate legitimate labor disputes and the
It was rejected by Filipinos because of Court of Industrial Relations was established.
provisions affecting trade relations, power of
The social justice program did not prove an outstanding
high commissioner is too indefinite & military
success as it depended almost entirely on the
and naval provisions.
personality of Quezon.
Tydings McDuffie (1934)- “hare hawes cutting
law” under diff nameby Quezon; eliminates the Education during the Commonwealth
provisions for military reservations.
National Council of Education – headed by Rafael Palma
US- in 1934 1st
nation to voluntary relinquish
Department of Education – headed by Sergio Osmena
sovereignty over a colony powers.
Primary and adult education – main emphasis during
the Commonwealth period
CHAPTER 19 TRANSITION TO INDEPENDENCE: THE
COMMONWEALTH The objective of universal education was not attained.

The National Language

The Framing of Constitution
Article 2 of the Constitution – directed the National
Claro M. Recto – president of the Philippine
Assembly to “take steps toward the development and
Constitutional Convention.
adoption of a common language based on one of the
The Philippine Constitution followed the American existing native languages”
model in structure.
Commonwealth Act No. 184 – established the Institute
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated of National Language
with Manuel L. Quezon as president and Sergio Osmena
Tagalog – basis of national language
as vice-president.
Commonwealth Act No. 570 – National Assembly
The Sakdal Uprising
declared that the Tagalog-based national language
Benigno Ramos – Sakdalistas’ leader would become one of the official languages of the
country effective upon independence on July 4, 1946
The National Security and National Defense
Economic Development
Commonwealth Act No. 1 – National Defense Act
The other major concern of the Commonwealth
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Field Marshal of the government was economic development.
Philippine Army
Agriculture – most important sector of the Philippine
The Social Justice Program economy

Constitution of 1935 – promotion of social justice to Industrialization was at an extremely low level
insure the well-being and economic security of all the
people should be the concern of the state Trade Relations with the US

Trade relations – most pressing economic problem

involving US
Colonial-type national economy – dependent on Asylums for the orphans, the insane, and the juvenile
agricultural raw material exports and on manufactured offenders were founded
and processed goods as well as food imports
Salt-and-rice nutrition were replaced by balanced diet
Philippine Economic Adjustment Act (also called as
Tydings-Kocialkowski Act) – removed the increase in Trade, Commerce and Industy
export tax Free Trade relations – main reason of economic
development of the Philippines
Alien Control of the Economy

Anti-Dummy Law – punished Filipinos who allowed Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act – all Philippine exports, except
themselves to be used as ‘dummies’ or fronts by alien rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of
businessmen and investors. duty within certain quota limits whereas American
exports to the Philippines were unlimited and duty-free
National Economic Council – created to direct the
Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act – abolished the quota
economic activities of the Commonwealth
limitations on Phil. export products
“Partyless Democracy”
Mining – backbone of Philippine economy
Philippine Commonwealth – “Quezon Government”
Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act of 1934 – brought
Commonwealth era has been stagnant back the quota limitations on Phil. Products

Transportation and Communications

CHAPTER 20 RESULTS OF THE AMERICAN Telephone lines were introduced in Manila and radio-
OCCUPATION telephone service

Progress in Education Philippines – one of America’s greatest markets in the

Orient
Public Education – greatest contribution of the US to
Philippine civilization Individual Freedoms

Religion is optional Mckinley’s Benevolent Assimilation and Taft

Commission – basis of American policies in the
The first public school teachers were the American Philippines
soldiers, replaced by “Thomasites”, named after S.S.
Thomas Sedition Law of 1901 – considered it seditious of any
Filipino to advocate independence
English came to be the language of instruction in all
schools Flag Law of 1907 – prohibited the display of Filipino flag

University of the Philippines – established the higher Political Consciousness

education Partisan politics – one of the institutions which the
Public Health and Welfare Americans brought to the Philippines

Introduction of a scientific program of public health and Municipal elections – Filipinos’ first taste of politics
welfare – next to importance to public education Language and Literature
Elementary principles of hygiene and sanitation were The development of Filipino literature in English and the
introduced adoption of American words and phrases in the
Philippine languages are some of the most lasting To spare Manila, Gen. MacArthur declared it as an open
American influences city (all defensive forces have been abandoned), but the
Japanese still bombed the city
Negative Results
Pres. Franklin Roosevelt – pledged to give the Filipinos
Philippines – most Westernized country in the Orient their independence and freedom
Colonial mentality has worsened Quezon in Corregidor
Filipino suffered a partial loss on their racial heritage Manuel L. Quezon, Jose Abad Santos, Sergio Osmena,
A Filipino who places his country’s interest first and Basilio Valdes and Manuel Nieto all left for Corregidor
foremost is branded an anti-American Jose P. Laurel – former Chief Justice then promoted to
Success is measured in terms of material possessions Secretary of Justice; acted as the mediator between the
Japanese and Filipinos
Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love
affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption – all Quezon took his oath on the Corregidor marking his
influences of Americans second term as President

The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

CHAPTER 21 THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION General Masaharu Homma – Japanese commander-in-

chief
Background of Pearl Harbor
Europe-First Policy – the US and Great Britain prioritized
United States Army forces in the Far East (USAFFE) – saving the European countries
combined forces of Phil. Reserve and United States
General Jonathan Wainwright – successor of MacArthur
Army
as the commander of USAFFE
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Commander of USAFFE
Edward P. King – commander of the forces in Bataan
Dec. 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor Bombing
Death March – forced march from Bataan to San
Roosevelt and the War Fernando, Pampanga

The US declared war with only one dissenting vote General Wainwright surrendered to the Japanese,
(Jeannette Rankin) through the Voice of Freedom

Winston Churchill – Prime Minister of England who Re-organization of the Government

announced that Great Britain would declare war on
Co-Prosperity Sphere in the Greater East Asia – “the
Japan
Philippines are for the Filipinos”
The Japanese Offensive
Jorge Vargas – Chairman of the Executive Commission
The general offensive plan of the Japanese was to strike
immediately at the rich Dutch and British possessions in Central Administration Organization – the new name of
Southeast Asia the government under the Japanese era; composed of 6
departments, namely: (1) Interior, (2) Finance, (3)
The subjugation of the Philippines was planned carefully Justice, (4) Agriculture and Commerce, (5) Education,
Health and Public Welfare and (6) Public Works and
Communication
Commissioner – head of each department Cultural Aspects

Council of State – advisory body of the government Dramatic Philippines – the white hope of the stage

Educational Re-orientation The Changes Brought about by the Japanese

Occupation
Military Order No. 2 – Japanese Education Policy;
aiming to erase the Western Cultural influences 1) Reorganization of the Government
2) Educational Re-orientation
Re-opening of Elementary Schools – priority of Japanese 3) Formation of the Japanese-sponsored republic
in their educational policy 4) The economic conditions
Propagation of Tagalog as the national language a) Collapse of agriculture in general
b) Rise of the new social class
The Republic 5) The social/cultural changes
a) The importance of Tagalog language was
Japan’s intention was to see the Philippines become a
emphasized
Republic
b) The love of Filipino culture
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)
– instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for
Philippine Independence CHAPTER 22
The “Liberation”
Jose P. Laurel – president of KALIBAPI
Guerillas
The National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel President
of the future Republic  Those who refused to place themselves under
t6he authority of the Japanese Military
Economic Conditions Administration fled to the mountains to join the
guerillas.
The people of Manila, not having an inch of agricultural
 Officers and soldiers of USAFFE who retreated
land to their credit, suffered most
to Bataan organized guerilla units.
Most of the people engaged in the buy-and-sell  In Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija,
business the dominant guerilla outfit was the
HUKBALAHAP led by Luis Taruc.
Mickey Mouse money – cause of inflation Functions of the Guerillas
Kangkong – saved thousands of lives, for there was  Ambush or otherwise kill enemy soldiers and
scarcity of food civilians.
Social Conditions  Relay important intelligence reports to
MacArthur in Australia.
Filipinos’ Five Enemies During the Japanese Era  Liquidate spies and Japanese sympathizers.

 Japanese Military (Kempetai)

Japanese Military Brutality – neutralized their
 Diseases
propaganda line of making the Philippines an important
 Guerrillas part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,
 Hunger which explained why a great majority of Filipinos turned
 Japanese-paid Filipino Spies guerillas and potential guerillas.
Kura – most feared Japanese word; means ‘come here’
or ‘dismiss’
Guerilla Newspapers – given that the press and radio PART 6: THE THIRD REPUBLIC
are controlled by the Japanese, there are two ways to
get real news; Radio San Francisco and the guerilla CHAPTER 23
“newspapers”. Postwar Problems and the Republic
The Government in Exile Postwar Economic Conditions
 Quezon, thinking of death, issued an Executive  Poverty – resulting from widespread
Order naming Col. Manuel A. Roxas as President destruction of property, including work animals,
of the Commonwealth upon his and Osmena’s was rampant throughout the country.
death.  Limited Production – lack of capital to finance
 Osmena gave way to Quezon’s desire to rehabilitation of destroyed or partially
continue as President. destroyed machinery and other equipments.
 August 1, 1944 – Quezon died at Saranac Lake,
New York. Osmena then succeeded to
Precidency. The Philippine Civil Affairs Unit (PCAU) – provided
speedy relief for all the people of Manila and the
The Battle of the Philippine Sea – primarily an air provinces which had been recently liberated from the
combat, prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Japanese rule.
Marianas and led to the subsequent capture of the
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – a man of action and of a
islands on the other.
military temper, actually made important decisions fro
Admiral William F. “Bull” Halsey – concluded that the President Osmena.
invasion of the Philippines must begin in Leyte, not in
The Back Pay Law – promised to give t6hree years’ back
Mindanao as originally contemplated by MacArthur for
pay to all prewar government employees after the ten-
the Visayan air resistance of the Japanese was weak.
year period, that is in 1958.
The Battle for Leyte Gulf – the greatest naval battle in
“Collaboration” – officials in the Laurel Government
history.
who “collaborated” to the Japanese intended to soften
Potsdam Proclamation – calling upon Japan to the impact of the Japanese military administration.
surrender unconditionally or face “prompt and utter
The Bell Trade – 8 year free trade relations between the
destruction”.
US and Philippines with the controversial feature of
The End of the War “parity” rights to the Americans.

 August 6 – nuclear bomb unleashed in Parity Rights – Americans would have the right to
Hiroshima. dispose, exploit, develop, and utilize all agricultural,
 August 9 – nuclear bomb unleashed in timber and mineral lands.
Nagasaki. The same day that Russia declared
Tydings Rehabilitation Act – a complement to the Bell
war against Japan.
Trade providing for an outlay of $620,000,000 in
 August 15 – surrender of Japan.
condition by the amendment to give “parity” rights to
 September 2 – Japan signed the terms of
the Americans.
surrender on board the battleship Missouri at
Tokyo Bay. The Birth of the Liberal Party – the Nacionalista Party
was split into two:
  Osmena Faction - supporters of Osmena who Gen. Rafael Jalandoni – accused the HUKs of the
wanted him to continue serve the country bastardly crime.
despite of his conclusion to retire.
Gen. Alberto Ramos – contende that bandits, not
 Roxas Faction – supporters of Manuel Roxas.
the HUKs, were responsible to the crime.
 The election resulted in the dominance of the
Roxas faction, which assumed a new color and
became the Liberal Party.
The Roxas Administration Chapter 25: THE RECOGNITION OF TAO

 Guerilla Amnesty – proclaimed general Ramon Magsaysay- Secretary of Nat’l Defense, Quirino
amnesty of those guerillas who killed and Administration; projected himself as friend of the tao;
murdered in pursuance of the resistance ran for the highest office and was elected by the
movement. majority; died in an accident during his popularity;
 The Treaty of General Relations – United States Nacionalista
withdrew and surrendered “all rights of
Tao- common man; object of pity; victim of injustices;
possession, supervision, jurisdiction, control, or
but suffered with abundant patience and amiable
sovereignty except bases for the mutual
tolerance like a carabao; backbone of the nation;
protection of United States and the Philippines.
unheard voices; those in power have looked upon them
as pure lunacy
CHAPTER 24
Result of the degradation of the tao:
The HUKBALAHAP movement *thoughts of negligence
*bahala na attitude
Banal Taruc – chairman of the committee. *indolence
*fatalism augmented by ignorance
The HUKBALAHAP sovereignty – unity and
*religious fanaticism
discipline of the men and women under the HUK
influence made Central Luzon and other provinces a
Magsaysay Administration:
HUK territory who saw to it that peace and order
*geared his administration to the urgent demands of
reigned in their respective areas.
the public
Roxas and the HUKs – when Roxas finally won the *improvement of land tenure system
presidency, he instituted a campaign against the *easy-term credit to peasants
HUKs. The HUKs however, succeeded in electing *intensive community development with self-help as
Taruc and other members of the Democratic basic factor
Alliance to Congress. *Agricultural Tenancy Act- freedom to choose the
system of tenancy under which they would want to
The Quirino Administration work
*Nat’l Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration
Judge Antonio Quirino – sent by his brother Pres.
(NARRA)- settlement projects for landless settlers
Quirino, to the field to contact Taruc in order to
*linked rural districts to urban centers
know what the HUKs wanted.
*Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
The Murder of Mrs. Quezon – on April 28, 1949, Administration (ACCFA) - agricultural aid for farmers
Mrs. Aurora Aragon Quezon, her daughter, baby, *Farmers Cooperative and Marketing Association
and ten others, in Nueva Ecija, were shot merciless (FACOMAS)
to death. *Presidential Complaints and Action Committee- truly
a gov’t of the people
*opened the Malacanang to the mass -Arrested where Harry S. Stonehill, his associates John L.
and Robert P. Brooks.
The peasants misled Magsaysay’s intentions into -Seized during the raids where enormous amounts of
believing that everything would be done for them by cash and a large quantity of assorted documents which
the gov’t could have filled three six by six trucks
-Blue Book, containing the names of persons, in and
Magsaysay died on a plane crash on March 16, 1957 outside the gov’t, who allegedly received various sums
when he left for Cebu from Stonehill
-Pres. Macapagal ordered the immediate deportation of
President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay’s Stonehill and Brooks
presidency -Senator Arturo M. Tolentino, a Nacionalista, called the
presedential order “a dangerous precedent, any
Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal- First time in the influential alien could commit any crime in the
Philippine History that a president was elected with a Philippines and then escape punishment by agreeing to
vice president belonging to the rival party (Liberal party) be deported

Garcia Administration: Independence Day- Macapagal surprised the nationalist

*Austerity- temperate spending camp with his executive order shifting the Philippine
*economic independence Independence day from the traditional July 4 to June 12
*establish Filipino dignity the day when in 1898 the declaration of independence
*balanced economy by providing equal impetus to was read in Kawit Cavite.
agriculture and industry
*eradicate graft and corruption The Land Reform Code
-to establish owner-cultivatorship
Chapter 26: THE CONTINUING CRISIS -a dignified existence for the small farmers
-viable social and economic structure in agriculture
Diosdado Macapagal (1961): -apply all labor laws equally
*objectives: (1) immediate restoration of economic -a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement
stability (2) alleviation of the common man’s plight (3) -make small farmers more independent
dynamic basis for future growth
*gave off extravagant parties Initial Results
*people realized that simple living was meant only for -in Plaridel Bulacan, survey showed that land reform in
those who could not afford three simple meals a day their view had materially improved local living
conditions
Midnight Appointments:
Garcia appointed more than 200 of his followers, The Election of 1965
protégés to important positions in the gov’t -Senate Pres Ferdinand E. Marcos wanted Macapagal to
give way to him for the presidency
-with the land reform program in his mind, Macapagal
The Stonehill Scandal refused to give way to Marcos
-of illegal and immoral transactions involving millions of -the presidential campaign of 1965 was the dirtiest and
pesos the most vicious of all political campaigns in the country
-Sec. of Justice Jose W. Jocno ordered the NBI agents to -the Iglesia Ni Kristo was accused of openly supporting
raid the offices of the industrial and business and Marcos and other national and local candidates
management corporation on -Catholics were sharply divided into two camps: for
Macapagal and Marcos
-November 9, 1965 Marcos won by a big majority Emphasis:
-the social reforms promised by Marcos must be carried
Marcos Program: out faithfully and sincerely
Objectives: -they must be protected by the gov’t in such a way that
-self sufficiency nobody would take advantage of their helplessness
-implementation of the land reform program
-strengthen further our social, economic and political The Huk Resurgence
base -captureof Dr. Jesus Lava, the last brains of the Huks left
Proposed Enactment: the Huk movement destitute of ideological basis
-adjust buying price for rice and corn -social conditions all of which the gov’t had not solved
-provide legislative authority to borrow funds satisfactorily lead many desperate peasants to join the
-recognize gov’t agricultural agencies Huk
-Pres Marcos discovered through his agents. He urged
The Vietnam Aid Law the town mayors of Pampangga to bind themselves into
-Marcos’ most acrimonious controversy was his decision an anti-Huk league in order to arrest the Huk
to send a military engineering battalion with armed resurgence
support to the war in Vietnam in which the US has been -as if to challenge Maros, the Huk ambushed and killed
deeply involved. the president of the league

Teodoro M. Locsin’s arguments against pro-Vietnam The Manila Summit

Aid: -Sept 1966, President and Mrs Marcos went to US for a
-sending of a military contingent to South Vietnam was state visit
tantamount to an act of war -Marcos announced a meeting of a summit in Manila to
-the country was and is still too poor to waste help solve the Vietnam problem. I which the US had
35,000,000 a year to support the battalion to be sent been warring against the helpless Vietnamese people
-the money could be better spent in constructing who had not known peace
irrigation systems to increase the rice yield -President Johnson of US was the brains behind the
-Philippines has no business meddling in the internal summit meeting; he wanted the world to believe that
affairs of another country not only America was in Vietnam to preserve
-the US wanted the Phil to join the war in order to show democracy in that helpless land
the world that the war in Vietnam was not a racial war. Agenda:
-peace talks on the war in South Vietnam
Deterioration of peace and order -evaluation in case of the rejection of this proposals by
-daily newspapers publish cases of murder, homicide, North Vietnam
rape, robbery, holdup, mayhem, and smuggling -an assessment at the resistance and subversion in
-involvement of officers of the law in many crimes South Vietnam
including brutalities against peaceful citizens -a review and discussion of the economic stabilization
-first massacre: Culatingan, Conception Tarlac. In the and rehabilitation of South Vietnam
morning of June 13, 1966, three Phil constabulary -discussion of the political problems of South Vietnam
operations posing as Huks persuaded seven farmers -a peaceful settlement of the war
-second massacre: May 21, 1967, when 32 bolo The Summit Document
wielding fanatical members of the Lapiang Malaya and a -a joint communiqué
constabulary ranger were killed in a clash near the -a declaration on peace and progress in Asia and Pacific
border of Manila and Pasay City -the goals of freedom
-Luis Taruc and Dr. Jesus Lava came to suggest that the
Marcos Admin extend amnesty to all the Huks
The demand that the North Vietnamese surrender first - Effects – increase gross national output and income,
before the summiteers would talk peace in Vietnam cost of living increased, labor grew
- National economy has improved, but the
improvements are not enough to bring down the cost of
The US proposed up Ngo Dinh Diem to antagonize the
living
Vietnamese people especially the Viet Cong

The Oct 24 Anti-Summit Demonstration AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

-preparation against it were also being plotted by the - War affected the productive capacity of people
students of manila and the suburbs of those in road at - With the help of US, the govt partially solved the
the UP and LPU economic problems (first 10 years)
- Increase in crop production, expanded area for food
-Oct 24, 1966 no less than 3000 students and members
crops, fertilizer, irrigation, better seeds, chemicals
of the nationalistic Kabataang Makabayan staged a against plant pests and diseases, production of export
protest before the US embassy crops increases (copra, sugar)
-the significance lies in the fact that the students - Abaca, tobacco not yet recovered
formerly maligned, have finally become aware that it is - Partial recovery – fish production resulted in reducing
part of their duty as future leaders of the Phil to involve fish importation, livestock poultry increased (meat
themselves in National Questions supply)
- Lumber and timber industry soared because of
rehabilitation
The Witch-Hunt
-the militant student demonstration of Oct 24, led the DOMESTIC TRADE
intelligence agencies and congress to conduct so called - The economy suffered from alien control of domestic
investigations trade (so build nationalization laws to loosen the
-three committees of congress summoned some stranglehold of the aliens)
- Market Stalls Act (1946) – Filipino shall have
student leaders allegedly to investigate police brutality
preferences in the lease of public market stalls
but the investigations turned out to be nothing - Retail Trade Nationalization Law (1954) – No non-
-witch-hunt was an attempt of the anti-nationalist Filipino owned companies shall engage in retail trade
against the nationalist - Filipino Retailers’ Fund Act (1955) – provides credit
-when the intelligence agencies make unfounded and facilities to be extended to Filipino retailers
unproved accusation which cannot stand in court, - NAMARCO Act (1955) – provides the establishment of
Filipino society has indeed returned to the dark ages the National Marketing Corporation (NAMARCO) to
assist Filipino retailers by supplying them with goods at
-Supreme Court Justice Jesus G. Barrera said that the
prices that would enable them to compete in the open
founding of KM result in an uncontrollable overflowing market
would sweep us all in each angry rush - Effect – domestic trade in the hands of the Fil.
-the intelligence agencies however tried to salvage their - Only contradict are the DUMMIES (Anti-Dummy Board
tattered image by extending an invitation to some 60 – to eliminate these but only to a small effect)
students and a few professors of the UP to visit China,
all expenses paid. FOREIGN TRADE AND COMMERCE
- Unfavorable balance of trade (so build reforms to
eliminate this)
- Reforms made – systems of import and exchange
Chapter 27: PROFILE OF THE ECONOMY
controls
MINERAL PRODUCTION
- There are problems because of war
- The minerals were not fully exploited
- The leaders could only rely to the US for financial and
- Increase production (gold, silver, base metals and non-
materials aid
metals
- These funds were used to rehabilitate agriculture,
commerce, trade and industry (Some – pockets of
THE BELL MISSION REPORT
dishonest officials)
- Pres. Quirino asked Pres. Harry S Truman to conduct American and anti-Chinese), because the alien
survey to know the problems of the Phils, and companies will be eliminated if it will continue
suggestions - Answer: Filipinos have the right for their own country,
- Truman appointed Daniel W. Bell (took months) not anti-aliens
NOTES: RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN BOOK - Americans: You just want to steal from others, not to
(PAGES 505-507 OF RED ONES) enrich your nationalism (there are conflicts)
Summary: (Problems) – inefficient production, very low
incomes, finances of govt were worse, tax not enough, THE COURTS ON THE RETAIL TRADE AND “PARITY”
inequality of level of income of people, increasing price - Opposition of alien and local businessmen
of commodity, corruption, lose faith to the govt, - Retail Trade Nationalization – 10 years for the
(Solutions): - add taxes, invest more, establish rural adjustment of foreign firms, only firms that are wholly
banks (for agricultural purposes), transportation, levies owned by Filipinos can engage with retail,
imports, pass laws for education, public health, honest Americans: Accdg to Laurel-Langley Agreement, the
govt, and assistance of American of $250 million. Americans have the rights for the natural resources,
transportation, and all economic activities in the Phils.
- From Quirino to Pres. Garcia, they implemented the (their parity rights)
recommendations, (Rural banks, Magna Carta of Labor, Filipinos: Ok, firms that are partially owned by a Filipino
and other labor laws, new industries, reorganization of and American can engage in business.
govt employees and officials, exchange policies) - The matter was taken into courts
- Judge Hilarion Jarencio prohibited American to
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS conduct business
- Established Central Bank to ensure economic progress - They quarrelled,
and financial stability (1948, signed by Quirino) (Jan. 3, Americans: How about our parity rights, we helped you
1949 for economic sovereignty) in the rehabilitation
- Monopoly of issuing currency, financial adviser of govt, Filipinos: American cannot have more rights than
regulates and supervises all financial institutions, Filipinos

Rehabilitation Finance Corporation – later Development END OF PARITY

Bank of the Philippines Laurel-Langley Agreement – the basis of trade relations
- (Jan 2, 1947) to provide credit facilities for between US and Phils (it expired so there are no
rehabilitation of agriculture, commerce, industry, and to treaties about the trade relations of US)
repair damages from World War II, Marcos: All American landholdings of the Americans
- built new houses, commercial buildings, and for were terminated
financial assistance, (good effects)
THE GROWTH OF LABOR UNIONS
UNFAVORABLE FEATURES OF THE ECONOMY - Effect of the American occupation
- Most companies were managed by foreigners Union Obrera Democratica de Filipinas – (Isabelo delos
- Foreign – mining, electricity, commerce, Reyes, Aurelio Tolentino, Lope K. Santos, etc.) voiced
manufacturing out the social demands of the works through literary
- Phil – fisheries, forestry and transportation works (writers) – example is Lope K. Santos’ Banaag at
Sikat
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM - Effect – influenced workers so they built many union
- Magsaysay – pro American (don’t care about the groups because of the abuses of some capitalists,
effects of aliens), so after him Garcia (with Claro Recto) especially on cigar and cigarette
want to diminish the share of foreign countries in the May 1, 1913 – first Labor Day
economy (Filipino nationalism resurgence) - Note: Two kinds of labor unions arose – the
“Filipino First” Policy – Aug 21, 1958 communist and the conservative. A conflict also arose
- Filipinos would be given preference in all matters so the Japanese declared labor unions as illegal
pertaining to the economic development of the country - After war, labor unions organized strikes for wage hike
- Finally, the Filipinos got the chance to dominate the and other concerns
market, but the alien protested and spread rumor that Amado V. Hernandez – lead some labor strikes, life
Garcia administration is anti-alien (specially anti- imprisonment, acquitted
Committee (later Congress) Labor Organization (CLO) – - Building US bases, furnishing the arms, ammunitions,
most popular and powerful labor union equipment, supplies
- Mutual Defense Treaty –treaty for peace, defend
LABOR GAINS themselves against external armed attack
- Establishment of Bureau of Labor then Department of Recto: If the Phils is under an external aggression, the
Labor US might not come to assistance if the US Congress
- 9 Hour Labor Law does make such declaration
- Magna Carta of Labor – encourages workers to build - This was proved to be true because that promise to
labor union and declare strike (but has limitations) protect the Phils was written on water
- Social Security Act of 1954 – allowance for the sick, - On the economic front, the Phils and US had
unemployed person, retirement and disability benefits concluded agreements designed to help the former
of laborers. economically
- Termination Pay Law – payment for the worker - It was slow because of the Bell Trade act of 1946
- Blue Sunday Law – Sundays leisure of workers, and (patent inequality). But it was amended through the
holidays request of Pres. Magsaysay
- Minimum Wage Law – P 120 per month - On the cultural front, the Phils and US entered into an
- Anti-Scab Law – right to protest, agreement under which both governments would
- One of the major problems is unemployment exchange official publications
- Exchange of professors and students between them,
BAD FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LABOR
- Philippine labor is divided because differences in PROBLEMS OF FIL-AMERICAN RELATIONS
principles and personal ambitions - The Americans wanted to bend the Filipinos to be like
- Rivalry between unions them
- Dishonest leaders of unions (many improper practices) - Conflict – Many killings have been reported from both
- Lack of civic sense (thinking only of their own families parties (The behavior of the American soldiers towards
not the whole society) the Filipino civilians inside the military bases)
- They attempted to relax the tension, they won but it
already affected many Filipinos’ perception about the
Chapter 28: EXTERNAL AFFAIRS Americans
- They doubt the so-called special relations of the US
- The Phils has anchored her policy on 3 Paramount -They test the relation between the two countries and
Planks: they have proved that the special relation is just a myth
1. Close Association with the US (with defense and - In the end, they tried to have a mutual trust but it will
security) – some criticize it because they believe that take time
Phils and US’s interests are not always coinciding
2. Sympathy for the aspirations of all dependent SECOND PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION
countries, particularly of Asia (to raise the standards of - participating in conferences concerning cultural,
living in the neighbouring countries) economic, social questions that are important to the
3. Close cooperation with the United Nations Orient
- Diplomatic exchanges have been made
FOREIGN POLICY PLANKS - Treaties with different countries like Pakistan,
- July 4, 1946 - regained independence Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.
- US helped the Phils thus, building the first plank
- Because of the results of the war, many countries also MANILA PACT
experienced difficulty, so plank no. 2 - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – also
- Joined UN for universal peace and unity (plank 3) called the Manila Pact, in 1954 (Indonesia, Thailand,
Malaysia, Burma, others)
FIRST PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION - Relentless marching of communism in Asia (from Mao
- War made the Phils and US to have a common Tse-Tung and others like Korea (North is invading South)
interest, to defend their respective territories, and to is happening so they talked about it
promote this, they agreed to have an alliance - This was a threat to the Westernized countries like
- The US army will protect and help the Phils force Phils so they met in Manila to make arrangements
- They signed it, (purpose is to defend the Southeast - Phils withdrew embassy from Kuala Lumpur, same
Asia against armed external aggression) with Malaysia in Manila
- They will help each other if a communist aggression
will happen to a country ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (ASA)
- Replaced Maphilindo that would include non-Malay
THIRD PLANK: IMPLEMENTATION people
- Promotion of idea of One World - to elevate the standard of living and improve the
- Even if the Phils is not one of the most significant, she material welfare of their people
tried her best to help other countries - This was difficult because of the conflict between Phils
- Human rights, and other ideas and Malaysia
- Aside from UN, Phils is involved in non-political - But thanks to Marcos, it was solved and revived the
activities (WHO, and other organization) ASA

ANTI-COMMUNISM AS A POLICY THE ASEAN

- Many Fil. Presidents do not want communism in the - Association of Southeast Asian Nations – Bangkok,
country Thailand (Aug 8, 1967)
- They conditioned Filipino officials’ minds to absolute - To hasten economic, social, and cultural progress,
anti-communism promote regional peace, assistance and collaboration,
- But some says, that this will only cause trouble, but - Learned from the dead SEATO, it is non-political unlike
they still go with it the SEATO
- It focuses on economic, social, and cultural, not
MAPHILINDO (Mushawarah Maphilindo) political but they make advices
- Magsaysay proposed a summit (Malaya, Phils,
Indonesia) and approved RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES
- To strengthen cooperation, combine efforts against - Phil-Spain relation has been established again
colonialism, shall cooperate in building a better world, - Spain provided scholarship to study in Spain higher
learning education
THE BREAK-UP - Treaties with Oriental, European, Latin American
- The creation of the Federation of Malaysia (Malaya, countries
Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah) - treaty with Japan was concluded
- Indo and Phil was deciding if they will accept the - Japan paid reparations to the countries it destroyed
Federation to the Maphilindo when the British govt
made a decision that Sarawak and Sabah is for the
Federation of Malaysia (based on the answers of the
citizens in Sarawak and Sabah)
- Phils and Indo didn’t believed this so Indo made an
Anti-Malaysian campaign and the Phils didn’t recognize
it
- Marcos re-established the diplomatic relations with
Malaysia

THE DISPUTE OVER SABAH

- But after the reestablishment of the relation, there
was a new controversy
- Accdg to Phils (British govt has no right to give Sabah
to Malaysia)
- Accdg to Malaysia (British govt turned Sabah to them)
- The Malaysia wanted Sabah not only because of the
established federation of Malaysia but also its natural
resources
- Phils suggested turning it to the World Court for
decision, but Malaysia said no, so there was conflict