QUICE REVIEW CENTER Leaching and Liquid-liquid extraction

G. Tolentino St., Sampaloc Manila

Leaching c) The overflow streams contains some inert solids, either by
1) Extraction is the removal of one constituent from a solid or liquid by entrainment or by partial solubility in the overflow solution
means of a liquid solvent. A unit operation in which a solute is removed d) Both a and b
from an inert solid by a solvent which dissolves the solute is 15) Seeds containing 20% by mass of oil, are extracted in a countercurrent
a) Adsorption c) sedimentation plant and 90% of the oil is recovered in a solution containing 50% by
b) Leaching d) solvent extraction mass of oil. If the seeds are extracted with fresh solvent and 1 kg of
2) Which of the following aqueous solution is a good solvent for gold solution is removed in the underflow in association with every 2 kg of
extraction? insoluble matter, how many stages are required? 5
a) Na2CO3 c) NaCN Item 16-17 The set up for the extraction system is a counter current flow that
b) NaOH d) Ca(OH)2 accepts 1000 kg/hr of sliced sugar beets with fresh H2O as solvent. The feed
3) The metal that is usually extracted from seawater is composed of 48 wt% H2O, 40 wt% pulp and 12 wt% sugar. The strong
a) Calcium c) Potassium solution contains 15 wt% sugar. Assume 97% recovery and ideal mixing, find
b) Sodium d) Magnesium the number of stages when
4) The overflow or the extract is sometimes referred to as 16) R= 1 kg of dry pulp retains 3 kg of solution. Ans. 16
a) Raffinate d) Strong solution 17) R= 1 kg of dry pulp retains 3 kg of H2O. Ans. 17
b) Solvent c) Solid-liquid stream 18) A multiple contact extraction is to treat 1.25 tons per hour of dry black
5) Oil is extracted from seeds by leaching with organic solvents. Soybean ash containing 40% Na2CO3 and 60% insoluble matter with 30 gpm of
seeds containing 20% oil, 65% inert solids and 15% water are leached H2O. If 5% of the Na2CO3 remains unextracted, calculate the number of
with hexane and after extraction the solid residue is removed from the stages. The mass ratio of the insoluble matter to solvent in the underflow
solution of oil in hexane. The residue analyzed 1.0 % oil, 88% inert cake from the stage is 1:2. Ans. 2
and 11% water. What percent of oil is recovered? Item 19-20 In a salt recovery plant, rock salt is being leached to produce
Item 6-8 In a single stage leaching of soybean oil from flakes soybeans with industrial salt in a continuous counter current system consisting of two ideal
hexane 100 kg soybeans containing 20 weight % oil is leached with 100 kg stages using water as leaching medium, the average composition of the rock
fresh hexane solvent. The value of R for slurry underflow is essentially salt is 70 wt% inert, 25 wt% soluble salts, 5 wt% moisture. The underflow from
constant at 1.5 kg insoluble solid/ kg solution retained. Calculate: each stage contains 0.30 kg of solution per kg of inerts. The plant leaches 50
6) The amount of the overflow and underflow 66.67 and 53.33 MT of rock salt per day using 50 MT of water.
7) The amount of oil in the underflow 8.89 19) The quantity of soluble salts recovered in MT/day. Ans 12.1
8) C6H14 is the most popular solvent for oil extraction from seeds because 20) The composition of the salt in weight percent in the final underflow. Ans
a) It can be easily removed from the extract 0.89%
b) It is non-toxic Item 21-23 Aluminum sulfate is to be produced by the action of sulfuric acid ,
c) It is miscible with plant/vegetable oil ore bauxite in a series of agitators, with a cascade of continuous thickeners to
d) All of the above wash the insoluble mud free of aluminum sulfate. The reaction agitators are
Item 9-11 0.40 kg/s of dry sea-shore sand, containing 1% by mass of salt, is fed with 25 tons bauxite/day, containing 50% Al2O3 and the rest insoluble; the
to be washed with 0.40 kg/s of fresh water running countercurrently to the sand theoretical quantity of aqueous acid containing 60% H2SO4; and the overflow
through two classifiers in series. It may be assumed that perfect mixing of the from the second thickener. Assume the reaction is complete. The strong
sand and water occurs in each classifier and that the sand discharged from product is a solution that contains 22% Al2(SO4)3, and no more than 2% of
each classifier contains one part of H2O for every 2 parts of sand by mass. If the aluminum sulfate produced is to be lost in the washed mud. The last
the washed sand is dried in a kiln dryer, Calculate thickener is to be fed with pure wash water. The underflow from each thickener
9) The mass flow rate of salt in the underflow discharge from stage 1. will contain 4 kg solution/ kg insoluble solid, and the concentration of soluble
0.003 kg/s in the liquid of the underflow from each thickener may be assumed to be the
10) If the washed sand is dried in a kiln dryer, what percentage of salt will it same as that in the overflow. Determine the following:
retain? 0.25% 21) % of Al2O3 in the feed entering to the thickener. Ans 49%
11) What wash rate would be required in a single classifier in order to wash 22) Tons of H2O required per day. Ans 164
the sand to the same extent? 0.80 kg/s 23) Number of thickeners required. Ans. 3
12) Leaching of sugar from sugar beets is done using 24) In a pilot scale test using a vessel 1m3 in volume, a solute was leached
a) Hot water c) dilute H2SO4 from an inert solid and the water was 75% saturated in 10 seconds. If, in
b) Hexane d) lime water a full-scale unit, 500 kg of the inert solid containing as before, 28% by
13) Particle size, choice of solvent, agitation of fluid and temperature are the mass of the water-soluble component, is agitated with 100 m3 H2O. How
factors influencing the extraction rate. Generally, with increasing long will it take for all the solute to dissolve, assuming conditions are
temperature, the solubility of material extracted will also increase to equivalent to those in the pilot scale vessel? Water is saturated with
a) Prevent enzyme action solute at a concentration of 2.5 kg/m3. Ans. 10 mins
b) Give higher rate of extraction 25) 1.6 kg/s of sand-salt mixture containing 62.5 weight % sand is leached
c) Give a lower diffusion coefficient with 0.50 kg/s of H2O in a counter current flow. The residue from each
d) None of the above stage contains 0.25 kg H2O per kg of insoluble solid. Find the number of
14) The ideal leaching conditions if stage such that the sand from the final stage contains 10% salt when
a) The solute is infinitely soluble in the solvent dried. Ans. 3
b) Sufficient contact time for the solvent to penetrate the solute 26) Cod liver oil is obtained from crushed livers by extraction with an
completely is permitted organic solvent. A sample that contains 0.335 kg oil per each kg of
QUICE REVIEW CENTER Leaching and Liquid-liquid extraction
G. Tolentino St., Sampaloc Manila
exhausted liver is fed into a multistage extractor that operates under 36) What is the corresponding value of the overall HTU, based on the ketone
countercurrent, where pure organic solvent is employed. It is desired to phase? Ans. 0.88 m
recover 90% of the oil in the final overflow, with a composition 60% in 37) To determine the minimum ratio of extraction solvent to feed solvent, one
weight of oil. If retention of the solution is 2 kg per each 3.2 kg of has to know
insoluble solids. Calculate the number of ideal stages required to carry a) The distribution coefficient
out desired extraction. Ans. 5 b) Only the concentration of the solute in the feed solvent
Liquid-liquid Extraction c) Only the concentration of solute in the extraction solvent
27) Liquid-liquid extraction is based in the differences in d) Number of stages in the system
a) Solubility c) partial pressure 38) The distribution coefficient of solute A between solvents B and S is given
b) Specific volume d) viscosity by Y = 2.5 X where Y is the mass fraction of A/ mass of S in extract and
28) Separation processes depends on the differences in a particular X= mass fraction of A/ mass fraction of B in raffinate. S and B are
propery of the components of the mixture. For fractional distillation, it is mutually immiscible. A solution containing 25% A in B is to be extracted
the difference in _________, for gas absorption, it is the difference in in a single stage contact with a recovery of 80%. The amount of S in kg
________ in a selective adsorbent and for liquid-liquid extraction, it is required per 100 kg of solution is nearly. Ans. 120
based on the ___________ of a particular component in an immiscible 39) A solution of solute A in diluents B is mixed with solvent S. The
solvent. component B is slightly soluble in S. The resulting extract will be
a) Volatility, solubility, solubility a) Rich in S, poor in B, poor in A
b) Selectivity, volatility, solubility b) Poor in S, rich in B, poor in A
c) Selectivity, diffusibility, solubility c) Rich in S, rich in B, rich in A
d) Volatility, volatility, solubility d) Rich in S, poor in B, rich in A
Item 29-30 Tests are made on the extraction of acetic acid from a dilute Item 40-41. Benzoic acid is 9 times more soluble in chloroform than in water.
aqueous solution by means of a ketone in a small spray tower of diameter 46 The percent benzoic acid that will remain from a water solution of benzoic
mm and effective height of 1090 mm with the aqueous phase run into the top acid if
of the tower. The ketone enters free from the acid at the rate of 0.0014 m3/sm2, 40) Equal quantity of chloroform and water is used Ans. 10%
and leaves with an acid concentration of 0.38 kmol/m3. The concentration in 41) Twice as much as chloroform as water is used Ans. 5.3%
the aqueous phase falls from 1.19 to 0.82 kmol/m3. The equilibrium conditions 42) In a liquid-liquid extraction, 10 kg of a solution containing 2 kg of solute
are expressed by: concentration of acid in ketone phase = 0.548 C and 8 kg of solvent A is brought into contact with 10 kg of solvent B.
(concentration of acid in aqueous phase) Solvent A and B are completely immiscible in each other whereas solute
29) Calculate the overall extraction coefficient based on the concentrations C is soluble in both the solvents. The extraction process attains
in the ketone phase. Ans. 0.00138/s equilibrium. The equilibrium relationship between the two phases is
30) Determine the height of the corresponding overall transfer unit. 1.02 m y=0.90 x, where y is the kg of C/kg of B and X is kg of C/kg of A. Choose
Item 31-33 In the extraction of acetic acid from an aqueous solution with the correct answer
benzene in a packed column of height 1.4 m and of cross sectional area of a) The entire amount of C is transferred to solvent
0.0045 m2. b) Less than 2 kg but more than 1 kg is transferred to solvent B
Acid concentration in the inlet water phase = 0.690 kmol/m3 c) Less than 1 kg of C is transferred to B
Acid concentration in the outlet water phase = 0.685 d) No amount of C is transferred to B
Flow rate of benzene phase = 1.27 x 10-3 m3/m2 s 43) 0.090 g of caffeine is dissolved in 4.0 mL H2O. The caffeine is extracted
Inlet benzene phase concentration = 0.0040 kmol/m3 from the aqueous solution three times with 2.0 mL portions of methylene
Outlet benzene phase concentration = 0.0115 kmol/m3 chloride. Calculate the total amount of caffeine that can be extracted into
The equilibrium relationship is Cb/ Cw = 0.0247 three portions of methylene chloride. Caffeine has a distribution
Calculate: coefficient of 4.6, between methylene chloride and H2O. Ans 0.087
31) The log mean driving force. Ans 0.0087 kmol/m3 44) The distribution coefficient of compound X in H2O/CH2Cl2 is 2. You were
32) The overall transfer coefficient Ans 7.8 x 10-4 kmol/ m3 s given a solution of X in H2O ( 6 grams in 10 mL) that you extracted twice
33) The height of the transfer unit Ans 1.63 m with CH2Cl2-each time with 10 mL. You then evaporated the methylene
Item 34-36. A laboratory test is carried out into the extraction of acetic acid chloride layers. Calculate the ideal recovery amount of X. Ans 5.33 g
from dilute aqueous solution, by means of methyl iso-butyl ketone, using a Item 45-47 By extraction with amyl acetate, Penicillin F is recovered from an
spray tower of 47 mm diameter amd 1080 mm high. The aqueous liquor is run aqueous fermentation broth by using 6 volumes of solvent per 100 volumes of
into the top of the tower and the ketone enters at the bottom. The ketone enters the aqueous phase. At pH = 3.20 the distribution coefficient Kd is 0.80
at the rate of 0.0022 m3/m2s of tower cross section. It contains no acetic acid, 45) What fraction of penicillin would be recovered in a single ideal stage?
and leaves with a concentration of 0.21 kmol/m3. The aqueous phase flows at Ans. 82.8%
the rate of 0.0013 m3/m2 s of tower cross section, and enters containing 0.68 46) What would be the recovery with two-stage extraction using fresh solvent
kmol acid/m3. Using units of kmol/m3, the equilibrium relationship under these in both stages? 97.0%
conditions may be taken as ( concentration of acid in the ketone phase)= 0.548 47) How many ideal stages would be needed to give the same recovery as
( concentration in the aqueous phase) in 2nd part if a counterflow cascade were used with V/L = 0.06? Ans. 2.09
34) Find the log mean driving force. Ans. 0.17 kmol/m3
35) Calculate the overall extraction coefficient based on the driving force in
the ketone phase Ans 0.0025/s