EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

SOURCE QUESTION
MRII 1. A slurry flaked soybeans weighing 100 kg contains 75 kg inerts solids and 25 kg solution with 10% oil and 90%
Reviewer weight solvent hexane. The slurry is contracted with 100 kg pure hexane in a single stage so that the value of
retention for the outlet under flow is 1.5 kg of insoluble solid per kg solvent in the adhering solution. What is the
composition of underflow leaving the extraction stage in percent by weight oil?
a) 1.5 b) 2.3 c) 0.3 d) 0.8
1. A slurry weighing 100 kg contains 75 kg inert solids and 25 kg solution with 10% oil and 90% weight solvent hexane.
The slurry is contacted with 100 kg pure hexane in a single stage so that the value of retention for the outlet
underflow is 1.5 kg of insoluble solid per kg solvent in the adhering solution. What is the mass of the oil in the
underflow in kg?
a) 0.5 b) 1.0 c) 1.5 d) 2.5
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

MRII 2. A countercurrent multiple contact extraction system is to treat 50 tons/hr of wet sliced sugar beets with fresh water
Reviewer as solvent. The beets have the following analysis:
Components Mass Fraction
Water 0.48
Pulp 0.40
Sugar 0.12
The strong solution leaving the system is to contain 0.15 mass fraction sugar, and 97% of the sugar in the sliced
beets is to be recovered. Assuming equilibrium between the underflow and overflow in each cell, calculate the
number of stages if each ton of dry pulp retains 3.5 tons of solution
a) 16 b) 17 c) 18 d) no answer
MRII 3. A countercurrent multiple contact extraction system is to treat 50 tons/hr of wet sliced sugar beets with fresh water
Reviewer as solvent. The beets have the following analysis:
Components Mass Fraction
Water 0.48
Pulp 0.40
Sugar 0.12
The strong solution leaving the system is to contain 0.15 mass fraction sugar, and 97% of the sugar in the sliced
beets is to be recovered. Assuming equilibrium between the underflow and overflow in each cell, calculate the
number of stages if each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of solvent
a) 16 b) 17 c) 18 d) no answer
MRII 4. Leaching of sugar from sugar beets is done by
Reviewer a) hot water c) dilute H2SO4
b) hexane d) lime water
UP Calculate the mass of the resulting solution if copper ore is to be leached with water in a single stage. 400 tons of
Diliman copper ore containing 12% by mass copper sulfate and 88% by mass insoluble inert is leached with 1000 tons of water.
The inerts will retain 1.3 tons of water per ton of inert.
a) 568 tons b) 457 tons c) 542 tons d) 544 tons
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

UP Roasted copper ore containing CuSO 4 is to be extracted in a counter stage extractor. A feed consisting of 250 kg gangue,
Diliman 50kg CuSO4 and 25 kg water is charged in the extractor. The strong solution produced consists of 85% water and 15%
CuSO4 by mass. The recovery of CuSO 4 is 90% of that in the ore. Pure water is to be used as a fresh solvent. After each
stage, 1 kg of gangue retained 4 kg of solution. If equilibrium is attained in each stage, determine the weight of solution
that leaves the first stage.
a) 25 kg b) 255 kg c) 300 kg d) 1000 kg
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

UP Based from the preceding problem, determine the percentage of CuSO 4 in the final discharge
Diliman a) 0.2% b) 0.3% c) 0.4% d) 0.5%
UP Based from the preceding problem, the number of stages required is close to
Diliman a) 7 b) 8 c) 9 d) 10
Internet 5. As the reflux ratio, in a continuous counter-current extraction is increased, the number of stages
a) increased c) remains unchanged
b) decreased d) no answer
Internet 1. A system which require less solvent and produces a more concentrated extract phase, is desired with a
a) large distribution coefficients
b) small distribution coefficients
c) constant distribution coefficients
d) no answer
2. For the extraction operation, the selectivity should be
a) 0 b) 1 c) <1 d) >1
3. Which type of liquid liquid extraction is efficient?
a) Multistage counter current c) Multistage co current
b) Multistage cross current d) Single stage
UP 4. Liquid – liquid extraction is based on the differences in
Laguna a) solubility c) partial pressure
b) specific volume d) viscosity
UP 6. It was found that 44 kg of oil could be extracted from 100 kg of copra containing 30% water, if the same copra is
diliman dried to 3.5% moisture, calculate the kilograms of copra that will give 2000 kg of oil.
a) 2575 kg b) 3095 kg c) 4545 kg d) 5217 kg
UP 5. A solution of solute A and diluents B is mixed with a solvent S. The component B is slightly soluble in S. The
Laguna resulting extract will be
a) rich in S, poor in B, poor in A
b) rich in S, rich in B, rich in A
c) poor in S, rich in B, poor in A
d) rich in S, poor in B, rich in A
UP 6. There are 30 kg of solute in 100 liters of water, the weight of the solute that will be extracted by 35 liters of ether if
Laguna the distribution coefficient, m =4 is
a) 2 kg b) 2.45 kg c) 3 kg d) 3.45 kg
UP 7. In an extraction process the greater the weight of the solute in the raffinate relative to that in the extract, the
Laguna is the distribution coefficient
a) same b) lesser c) better d) no answer
UP 7. Agitation of the liquid influences the rate of extraction. Agitation of solvent is important because
laguna a) It prevents sedimentation
b) It increases eddy diffusion
c) It decreases the transfer of material from the surface of the particles to the bulk of solution
No answer
UP 8. In leaching, the particle size influences the extraction rate, the smaller the size
laguna a) the greater is the interfacial area between the solid and liquid
b) the lower is the rate of transfer of material
c) the greater is the distance the solute must diffuse within the solid
both a and c
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)
1. A 120,000 ft3 leach bed contains 0.50% CuO. The bulk bed density is 105 lb/ft3 with a 0.33 void fraction. Leach acid
is used to extract 92% of the copper content in 75 days. The average extraction rate (lb/h) of CuO is most nearly:
a) 22 b) 32 c) 320 d) 3500
2. There are 30 kg of solute in 100 liters of water, the weight of solute that will be extracted by 35 liters of toluene.
a) 30.0 kg b) 22.9kg c) 15.0 kg d) 7.0 kg

GIVEN:
Mass solute = 30 kg
Vol. water (raffinate =S1) = 100 liters
Vol. toluene (extract=S2) = 35 liters
Partition ratio (k) = 0.88 (handbook pg. 15-29)

REQ’D: mass of solute in ether (m2)

SOL’N:
Handbook Table 15-1, pg. 15-29
m1 = mass solute in solvent 1 (water)
m2 = mass solute in solvent 2 (toluene)
total mass of solute in the system =m1 + m2 = 30 kg

mass fraction of solute ∈t h e extract

K=
mass fractionof solute ∈t h e raffinate
m2

0.88=
( 35 liters) =
( 30−m 1) (100 L)
m1 m1 (35 L)
( 100 liters )
0.88 ( m1 ) (35 L )= ( 30 kg ) ( 100 L ) −m1( 100 L)
( 30 kg ) (100 L )
m 1= =22.9 kg
0.88 (35 L ) +100 L
m2 = mass solute in ether = (30-22.9) kg = 7.1 kg

1. 700 kg/h of Halibut livers containing 23.5% oil is extracted with 570 kg/h of pure ether. The extracted livers are
analyzed and is found to contain 1.22% oil, 32.76% ether and 66.02% oil-free livers. Determine the composition of
the extract.
a) 33.7% oil, 66.3% ether
b) 21.5 % oil, 78.5% ether
c) 1.22% oil, 32.76% ether, 66.02% oil-free livers
d) 14.7% oil, 85.3% ether
2. Based from the preceding problem, determine the percentage recovery of the oil.
a) 92% b) 94% c) 96% d) 98%
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

1. 700 kg/h of Halibut livers containing 35% oil is extracted with 570 kg/h of pure ether. The extracted livers are
analyzed and is found to contain 1.22% oil, 32.76% ether and 66.02% oil-free livers. Determine the composition of
the extract.
a) 34% oil, 66% ether
b) 41% oil, 59% ether
c) 1.22% oil, 32.76% ether, 66.02% oil-free livers
d) 14.7% oil, 85.3% ether
2. Based from the preceding problem, determine the percentage recovery of the oil.
a) 92% b) 94% c) 96% d) 98%
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)

9. A plant produces 8640 tonnes per day (100 kg/s) of titanium dioxide pigment which must be 99.9 per cent pure when dried. The
pigment is produced by precipitation and the material, as prepared, is contaminated with 1 kg of salt solution, containing 0.55 kg
of salt/kg of pigment. The material is washed countercurrently with water in a number of thickeners arranged in series. How
many thickeners will be required if water is added at the rate of 17,400 tonnes per day (200 kg/s) and the solid discharged from
each thickener removes 0.5 kg of solvent/kg of pigment? What will be the required number of thickeners if the amount of solution
removed in association with the pigment varies with the concentration of the solution in the thickener are shown below. The
concentrated wash liquor is mixed with the material fed to the first thickener.
Concentration of Amount of solution
solution removed
(kg solute/kg (kg solution/kg pigment)
solution)
0 0.30
0.1 0.32
0.2 0.34
0.3 0.36
0.4 0.38
0.5 0.40
a) 1 thickener required b) 2 thickeners required c) 3 thickeners required d) 4 thickeners required
10. What are the two contacting phase of leaching?
a) extract phase and raffinate phase
b) feed phase and solvent phase
c) solvent phase and solute phase
d) overflow and underflow
11. Halibut oil is extracted from granulated halibut livers in a countercurrent multi-batch arrangement using ether as the solvent. The
solids charge contains 0.35 kg oil/kg exhausted livers and it is desired to obtain a 90 per cent oil recovery. How many theoretical
stages are required if 50 kg ether is used/100 kg untreated solids? The entrainment data are:
Concentration of overflow Entrainment
(kg oil/kg solution) (kg solution/kg extracted
livers)
0 0.28
0.1 0.34
0.2 0.40
0.3 0.47
0.4 0.55
0.5 0.66
0.6 0.80
0.67 0.96
a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6
12. Based from the preceding problem, the mass of ether in the overflow
a) 25 kg b) 26.5 kg c) 27.4 kg d) 28.9 kg
13. Based from the preceding problem, the mass of liver fed per 100 kg of untreated solids
a) 25 kg b) 26.5 kg c) 27.4 kg d) 28.9 kg

14. A treated ore containing inert solid gangue and copper sulfate is to be leached in a countercurrent multistage extractor using
pure water to leach CuSO4. The solid charge rate per hour consists of 10000 kg inert gangue, 1200 kg of CuSO 4, and 400 kg
water. The exit wash solution contains 92% wt water and 8% wt CuSO 4. A total of 5% of the CuSO 4 in the inlet ore is retained in
the final underflow. The underflow is constant at R=0.5 kg inert gangue solid per kg of solution. The number of stages required is
a) 6 b) 7 c) 8 d) no answer
15. Based from the preceding problem, the amount of CuSO4 Extracted in kg
a) 60 b) 1140 c) 20000 d) no answer
16. Seeds, containing 20 per cent by mass of oil, are extracted in a countercurrent plant, and 90 percent of the oil is recovered in a
solution containing 50 per cent by mass of oil. If the seeds are extracted with fresh solvent and 1 kg of solution is removed in the
underflow in association with every 2 kg of insoluble matter, how many ideal stages are required?
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)
17. In a pilot scale test using a vessel 1 m3 in volume, a solute was leached from an inert solid and the water was 75 per cent
saturated in 100 s. If, in a full-scale unit, 500 kg of the inert solid containing, as before, 28 per cent by mass of the water-soluble
component, is agitated with 100 m3 of water, how long will it take for all the solute to dissolve, assuming conditions are
equivalent to those in the pilot scale vessel? Water is saturated with the solute at a concentration of 2.5 kg/m3.
a) 10 min b) 15 min c) 20 min d) 25 min
18. Seeds, containing 20 per cent by mass of oil, are extracted in a countercurrent plant, and 90 percent of the oil is recovered in a
solution containing 50 per cent by mass of oil. If the seeds are extracted with fresh solvent and 1 kg of solution is removed in the
underflow in association with every 2 kg of insoluble matter, what is the mass fraction of insoluble material in the underflow?
a) 0.0167 b) 0.3166 c) 0.667 d) 0.333

19. A single stage extraction is performed in which 400 kg of a solution containing 35 wt% acetic acid in water is contracted with 400
kg pure isopropyl ether. The % Hac in the extract layer is.
a) 11% b) 86% c) 72% d) 3%
20. Compound A is extracted from a solution of A + B into a pure solvent S. A Co-current unit is used for the liquid-liquid extraction.
The inlet rate of the solution containing A is 200 moles of B/hr.m 2 and the solvent flow, rate is 400 moles of S/m 2. hr. The
equilibrium data is represented by Y = 3X 2 , where Y is in moles of a A/moles of B and X is in moles A/moles of S. The maximum
percentage extraction achieved in the unit
a) 25% b) 50% c) 70% d) 90%
21. In the removal of a solute from a water pahse by liquid extraction using a membrane, it is advantageous to use
a) polymer membrane c) hydrophobic membrane
b) any porous membrane d) asymmetric membrane.
22. A series of pressure tanks operating with countercurrent solvent flow is called
a) Rotocel Extractor c) Kennedy Extractor
b) Diffusion Battery d) Percolation
23. The mass of solvent retained by the solid is independent of concentration
a) Variable underflow leaching
b) Variable overflow leaching
c) Constant solvent retention
d) Constant solute retention
24. A bucket-elevator unit designed to handle about 2000 to 20000kg/hr of flaky solids.
a) Rotocel Extractor c) Bollman Extractor
b) Diffusion Battery d) Pachuca Tanks
25. Used to obtain materials in attractive and uniform crystals of good purity, separating a solute from a melt or a solution and
leaving impurities behind.
a) Gas absorption c) Evaporation
b) Stripping d) Crystallization
26. Separation of two or more components of a liquid solution can not be achieved
a) fractional crystallization c) absorption
b) liquid extraction d) evaporation

27. Pertains to the solids with the solute and solvent it carries flowing from stage to stage
a) Underflow c) retention
b) overflow d) none of the above
28. Which of the following is the most suitable for extraction in a system having very low density difference?
a) Mixer-settler extractor c) Pulsed extractor
b) Centrifugal extractor d) Packed extraction tower
29. A plait point is the point on the solubility curve, where the tie line reduces to a point. What is the number of plait point for a
ternery system containing twopairs of partially miscible liquids?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

30. In most of the vacuum crystalliser, vacuum is generally produced by means of

a) suction pump
b) compressed air jet
c) steam jet ejector with a barometric condenser
d) no answer
31. The operation involved when the soluble material is largely on the surface of an insoluble solid and is merely washed off by the
solvent is called
a) decoction c) elutriation
b) percolation d) no answer
32. Bollman extractor
a) is a static bed leaching equipment.
b) is used for extraction of oil from oilseed.
c) is a centrifugal extractor.
d) employs only counter-current extraction.
33. A coalescer in a mixer-settler liquid-liquid extraction column
a) comprises of thick bed of substances of extended surface having high porosity
b) helps in increasing the bubble size entering the settler
c) helps in decreasing the settling rate of the bubbles
d) no answer
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)
34. Which of the following unit operations makes use of Thiele-Geddes equation
a) Liquid-liquid extraction
b) Solid-liquid extraction
c) Multicomponent absorption with chemical reaction
d) Multicomponent distillation
35. Which of the following plays an important role in problems of simultaneous heat and mass transfer
a) Lewis number c) Prandtl number
b) Schmidt number d) Sherwood number
36. On addition of solute in the solvent, the __________ of the solution decreases
a) boiling point c) density
b) vapour pressure d) no answer
37. The solvent used in liquid extraction should not have high latent heat of vaporization, because
a) the pressure drop and hence the pumping cost will be very high
b) it cannot be recovered by distillation
c) its recovery cost by distillation may be prohibitatively high
d) it will decompose while recovering by distillation
38. If the solubilities of different components (in a liquid-liquid extraction system) increase with rise in temperature, then the
temperature above which they dissolve completely is known as the critical solution temperature (CST or consolute temperature).
If solubilities increase with decrease in temperature, then CST is the temperature below which they dissolve completely. If a
binary system has no critical solution temperature, it implies that
a) the system comprises of partially miscible liquids
b) the system comprises of miscible liquids
c) the system comprises of an azeotrope
d) on heating, a vapor phase will appear ; while on cooling, a solid phase will appear
39. In a counter-current liquid extractor
a) both liquids flow at fixed rate
b) both liquids can have any desired flow rate.
c) only one of the liquids may be pumped at any desired rate.
d) liquid's flow rate depends upon the temperature and pressure
40. Which of the following is an undesirable property for an absorbing solvent?
a) Low vapour pressure c) Low velocity
b) Low freezing point d) no answer
41. The caking of crystals can be prevented by
a) maintaining high critical humidity
b) maintaining low critical humidity
c) coating the product with inert material
d) no answer
42. With increase in temperature, the rate of leaching increases, because the
a) diffusivity of solute increases
b) viscosity of solvent decreases
c) thermal conductivity of solute increases
d) no answer
43. With increase in temperature, the leaching rate increases because of
a) increased volatility c) decreased viscosity
b) increased viscosity d) decreased volatility
44. Which of the following equipments is not used in liquid-liquid extraction ?
a) Pachuka tank c) Agitated vessels
b) Centrifugal extractors d) Packed towers
45. Degree of freedom for leaching and solvent extraction process is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
46. Which type of solid phase extraction cartridge can be used for retaining ethanol in gasoline
a) hydrophilic interaction (normal phase)
b) C18 type reversed phase
c) cation-exchange
d) Phenyl type reversed phase
47. What will change if a co-current extraction column has to be used instead of a cross-current column?
a) Only the connections of the in- and outlet streams of the column will change
b) Using a co-current column, the carrier solvent and the fresh solvent must have the same density
c) Before and after the column, an additional mixer/settler is needed to fullfil the separation task
d) A co-current extraction column does not exist
48. What may by a drawback of the extraction process?
a. If the extraction process is well design, there are no drawbacks. If the system does not operate ideally, the choosed
solvent or the volume flowrate of the feedstreams have to be optimised.
b. The solute may be destroyed by the extracting solvent, so the use of this setup is very critical.
 EXTRACTION PROCESSES (Leaching & Liquid-liquid Extraction)
c. The extract has to be separated to obtain the pure solute or to reuse the solvent in the process. This needs a
further separation step (e.g. distillation).
d)To run an extraction process, many equipment is needed (mixer, settler, pumps, etc.). For a batch process with
different operations (different solvents and solutes), a lot of time is needed to clean and prepare the system.
49. Which are important properties of a good solvent for extraction processes?
a. The choosen solvent should be high selective for the solute to allow high solubility. Its density should be as different
as possible from the one of the carrier solvent
b. Since a lot of solvent is needed, it should be as cheap as possible
c. A "good" solvent doesn't exist. Each solvent has its advantages and disadvantages. To chose the most suitable
solvent, the counts on advantages should be higher than the ones of the disadvantages
e)The choosen solvent should have a lower selectivity for the solute to allow high separation. Its density should be as
different as posible from the on of the carrier solvent
50. When the two solvent (diluent and solvent) are fully miscible, is extraction still possible?
a) Yes, since the key factor is only the diffrent solubility of the solute in the two solvents. The higher the difference in solubility,
the better the separation.
b) No. In this case there will be only one phase after the settler insted of two. No extract or raffinate phases can be formed.
c) No, extraction is not possible anymore, since if the two liquids are fully miscible, the solute has also the same solubility in
both liquids.
It depends on the density difference between the two liquids. If this difference is higher than 25%, extraction is possible.
51. Leaching of uranium ore and gold ore is done.
a) Bollman Extractor c) Pachuca Tanks
b) Hildebrandt Extractor d) Bonotto Extractor

1. Consists of a column divided into cylindrical compartments by equispaced horizontal plates. Each plate has a radial opening
staggered 180 degree from the openings of the plates immediately above and below it, and each is wiped by a rotating radial
blade.
a) Bollman Extractor c) Pachuca Tanks
b) Hildebrandt Extractor d) Bonotto Extractor