Toll Road Project - Specifications Section 9 - Pavements

Toll Road Project – Specifications
Section 9 – Pavements
SECTION 9 PAVEMENTS
S9.01 Bituminous Pavements-General
S9.01 (1) Description
The work described in this section covers the treatment and repair of existing
bituminous pavements together with the supplying and laying of new
construction to form the completed pavements as shown on the Drawings and as
instructed by the Engineer.
The extent and treatment of existing pavement to be incorporated in the new

works will be instructed by the Engineer following a study of cross-sections
prepared by the Contractor. The Contractor shall cooperate in the study and
will be required to prepare additional cross-sections or levels to supplement
those used in the earthworks calculations and provide experienced staff to assist
the Engineer in his work.
S9.01 (2) Equipment
Unless specified elsewhere or approved by the Engineer, equipment used in the

work for bituminous pavements shall comply with the following specifications.
(a) Bitumen Distributor
The distributor shall be self-powered and have pneumatic tires of such

width and number that the load produced on the road surface shall not
exceed 100 kilograms per centimeter of tire width. It shall be so
designed, equipped, maintained, and operated that bituminous materials at
even heat may be applied uniformly on variable width of surface up to 5
meters at readily determined and controlled rates of from 0.2 to 9.0 liter
per square meter with uniform pressure, and with an allowable variation
from any specified rate not to exceed 0.1 liter per square meter.
Distributor equipment shall include an instrument for measuring the speed

of travel accurately at low speeds, the rate of flow of asphaltic material
through nozzles, the temperature of the contents of the tank, and the
pressure. These instruments shall be so located that the operator can
easily read them whilst operating the distributor.
The distributor shall be equipped with a separate power unit for the pump,
and full circulation spray bars which shall be adjustable laterally and
vertically. The spray bars on the distributor shall be controlled by a man
riding at the rear of the distributor in such a position that the operation of
all sprays is in his full view. The distributor shall incorporate one or more
hand operated lances but these shall only be used in areas inaccessible to
the main spray bars.
S9 - 1
(b) Bitumen Heater
This shall be of the oil jacket type or else incorporate an automatic agitator
to prevent local overheating of the material. The heater should
incorporate a thermometer.
(c) Bituminous Mixing Plant (Asphalt Mixing Plant)
The Bituminous Mixing Plant shall:
(i) has a valid operation certificate from Ministry of Public Work and
Housing, and calibration certificate from - Metrology Office for
the asphalt, aggregate and filler scales,which appointed by the
Engineer .; If the opinion of the Engineer, Asphalt Mixing Plant or
scales are in bad condition, the Asphalt Mixing Plant or scales shall
be recalibrated even the certificate is not yet expire
(ii) be a batch or drum mix plant and shall have a capacity sufficient to
supply the finisher on the road continuously when spreading the
asphaltic mix at normal speed and required thickness;
(iii) be so designed, coordinated and operated as to produce a mixture

within the job mix formula(JMF) tolerances;
(iv) be installed in an area approved by the Engineer which is sufficiently

far from residential areas to minimize disturbance and complaints
from local people;
(v) be provided with a dust collector, comprising dry cyclone and wet
cyclone system or bag house to ensure that emissions remain below
required levels. If one of these systems is damaged or not
functioning, the mixing plant shall not be operated;
(vi) have a minimum single pug mill capacity of 800 kg (as origin
manufacture) and equipped with the weighing computerized system
.
(vii) if used for the manufacture of modified asphalt mixes shall be
equipped with automated thermostatic temperature controls capable
of maintaining a mix temperature of 175ºC.If used the gas fuel
heater (dryer) shall be equipped with a temperature control device
(regulator) to maintain temperature constantly.
(viii) if used for the manufacture of AC-Base, have not fewer than five
cold feed bins and for other bituminous mix use minimum four cold
bins
(ix) be of a well proven design, equipped with all necessary features.
(x) fuel used to heat the aggregate and asphalt shall be high speed diesel
S9 - 2
oil or kerosene or LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) or coal gas as approved

by the Engineer
(xi) Aggregate supplied from hotbin or dryer shall not contain of soot
and or not burned oil residual.
(d) Bituminous Storage Tank:
Tanks for storage of bituminous binder shall be equipped for heating the
binder under effective and positive control at all times to a temperature
within the range specified. The heating shall be accomplished by steam
coils, electricity, or other means such that no flame shall come in contact
with the heating tank. Each tank shall be fitted with a thermometer located
so that the tank temperature can be easily read. A valve shall be positioned
in the outlet pipe from each tank for sampling.
The circulating system for the bituminous binder shall be of adequate size
to ensure proper and continuous circulation during the entire operating
period. Suitable means shall be provided, either by steam jackets or other
insulation, for maintaining the specified temperature of the bituminous
binder throughout the circulation system.
The total storage of the tanks shall be not less than the quantity required for
two days production. At least two equal capacity tanks shall be provided.
The tanks shall be so connected to the circulatory system that each tank
can be separately isolated without interference to the circulation of
bituminous binder to the mixer.
(e) Hot Bin Screen:
Hot bin screen sizes shall be provided in accordance with that are
appropriate for the asphalt mixtures required for the project. (Refer to
Table 9.07(3))
(f) Control of Mixing Time:
The plant shall be equipped with a positive means to govern the time of
mixing. Once agreed, this shall not be change without the Engineer’s
written approval.
(g) Weighing Bridge and Weighing House:
A weighing bridge and weighing house shall be provided for the weighing
of trucks loaded with material ready for delivery to Site. The scales shall
comply with the requirements for Plant Scales described above.
(h) Filler Storage and Handling:
S9 - 3
A filler silo or weatherproof filler storage shed and elevator, and weigh
batch filler delivery system shall be provided
(i) Safety Requirements:
(1) Adequate and safe stairways to the mixer platform and guarded
ladders to other plant units shall be placed at all points required for
accessibility to all plant operations. Accessibility to the top of truck
bodies shall be provided by means of a platform or other suitable
device to enable the Engineer to obtain sampling and mixture
temperature data. To facilitate handling scale calibration equipment,
sampling equipment, etc, a hoist or pulley system shall be provided
to raise or lower the equipment from the ground to platform or vice
versa. All gears, pulleys, chains, sprockets, and other dangerous
moving parts shall be thoroughly guarded and protected.
(2) Ample and unobstructed passage shall be maintained at all times in
and around the truck loading space. This space shall be kept free
from drippings from the mixing platform.
(j) Hauling Equipment
(1) Trucks for hauling bituminous mixture shall have tight, clean and
smooth metal beds that have been sprayed with a minimum amount
of soapy water, or lime solution to prevent the mixture from
adhering to the beds. Use of diesel fuel or other petroleum products
for this purpose shall not be allowed. Each load shall be covered
with canvas or other suitable material of adequate size as to protect
the mixture from the weather and the oxidation process. The truck
rear body overhangs and tail gate shall be so arranged that the whole
of the asphalt mixture can be discharged to the asphalt paver hopper
without interfering with the smooth operation of the asphalt paver
and while the truck remains engaged with the asphalt finisher.
Trucks fitted with oversize bodies shall not be permitted.
Overloading of asphalt trucks shall not be permitted.
(2) Any truck causing excessive segregation of material, or that shows

oil leaks in detrimental amounts, that causes undue delays, or that
the Engineer’s deems to be unsatisfactory shall, upon direction of
the Engineer, be removed from the work until such defects have
been corrected.
(3) When necessary, to ensure that the mixture shall be delivered on the
road at the specified temperature, truck beds shall be insulated and
all covers shall be securely fastened.
(4) There shall be sufficient trucks hauling asphalt and they shall be so
organized as to ensure that the pavers can operate continuously, at
the approved speed.
S9 - 4
(5) Paving on any section of the works shall not begin until there are at
least three trucks waiting to unload into the pavers. The paver
operating speed is low enough that the number of trucks in use for
haulage of asphalt, on each day, can keep the pavers moving
continuously. If this is impossible to achieve, the Engineer shall only
allow the pavers to restart, after a stoppage, when there are at least
three asphalt trucks waiting to unload. This is normal good practice
and no delays to paving caused by the Contractor’s failure to
maintain an adequate supply of mix material to the pavers shall be
accepted as a cause for any claim for extra payment or time.
(k) Spreading Finishing Equipment
(1) The equipment for spreading and finishing shall be approved

mechanical, self-powered pavers, capable of spreading and finishing
the mixture true to the line, grade, and cross section required.
(2) The pavers shall be equipped with hoppers and distributing screws
of the reversing type to place the mixture evenly in front of
adjustable screeds. They shall be equipped with quick and efficient
steering devices and shall have reverse as well as forward gears. The
hoppers shall have wings that can be folded in at the end of each
truck load of asphalt to prevent retention of cooled material.
(3) The pavers shall be equipped with electronic and/or mechanical

level control devices such as leveling beams, line and joint matching
shoes and cross fall devices, when necessary to maintain the trueness
of grade and to form the edges of the pavement to true lines without
the use of stationary side forms. A spirit level cross fall device shall
be mandatory. Other level control device requirements may be
nominated in the Instructions to Bidders for each contract.
(4) Pavers shall be equipped with a screed, of either the tamping or

vibrating type, and devices for heating the screed to the temperature
required for the laying of the mixture without pulling or marring.
(5) The term “screed” refers to the standard floating mechanism

connected by side arms, to pivot points mounted on the paver tractor
unit forward of the rear wheels and designed to produce a level,
even, smooth textured surface without tearing, shoving or gouging.
(6) If, during construction, it is found that the spreading and finishing
equipment in operation leaves tracks, indented areas, segregation or
other objectionable irregularities that cannot satisfactorily corrected
by modification to the operating procedures, the use of such
equipment shall be discontinued and other satisfactory spreading
and finishing equipment shall be provided by the Contractor.
S9 - 5
(l) Compacting Equipment
(1) With each paver, at least two tandem steel wheeled rollers and one
pneumatic tired roller shall be required. At least one additional
pneumatic tired roller shall be provided for each 40 ton per hourof
production capacity or part thereof exceeding 40 ton per hour. All
rollers must be self-propelled.
(2) Pneumatic tired rollers shall be of an approved type having not less
than ninewheels with smooth tread compaction tires of equal size
and construction capable of operating at an inflation pressure of 6 -
6.5 kg per square centimeter (85 - 90 pounds per square inch).
Wheels shall be equally spaced along both axle lines and arranged so
that tires on one axle line track midway between those on the other
axle with an overlap. Each tire shall be kept inflated to the specified
operating pressure such that the pressure difference between any two
tires shall not exceed 0.35 kg per square centimeter (5 pounds per
square inch). Means shall be provided for checking and adjusting the
tire pressures on the job at all times. For each size and type of tire
used the Contractor shall supply to the Engineer charts or tabulations
showing the relationship between wheel load, inflation pressure, tire
contact pressure, width and area. Each roller shall be equipped with
means of adjusting its total weight by ballasting so that the load per
wheel width can be varied from 300 - 600 kilograms per 0.1 meter.
In operation the tire inflation pressure and the wheel load shall be
adjusted, as required by the Engineer, to meet the requirements of
each particular application. In general the compaction of any course
with a pneumatic tired roller shall be accomplished with contact
pressures as high as the material will support.
(3) Self-propelled steel wheeled rollers may be of two types:

a. Tandem static rollers
b. Twin drum vibratory rollers
(4) Static rollers shall have a minimum static weight of not less than 8
tons. Twin drum vibratory rollers shall have a static weight of not
less than 6 tons. The rollers shall be free of flat areas, dents,
openings or projections which will mar the surface of the pavement.
(5) In the laying trial, for approval of the Job Mix Formula (JMF), the
Contractor will have demonstrated to the Engineer’s satisfaction the
combination of roller types he shall use to compact each mixture
satisfactory. He shall continue to keep available and use the
approved combination of rollers for each mixture. No alteration shall
be allowed unless the Contractor proves to the Engineer that the new
combination of rollers he proposes to use is at least as effective as
that already approved.
S9 - 6
(m) Other Equipment’s
All necessary field equipment shall be provided including but not limited
to:
- Petrol driven vibrating plate.
- Vibratory Roller, 600 Kg.
- Straight edge 4meters
- Thermometer (dial type) 300 °C (minimum three units).
- Compressor and jack hammers
- Spirit level (water pass) mounted on 4meters straight edge and
adjustable to read 3% or other cross falls and super-elevations between
0% and 6%,
- Diamond or fiber power saw
- Rotary broom
- Calibrated asphalt depth gauge
- Tire pressure gauge
S9.01 (3) General Requirement
Unless specified elsewhere or approved by the Engineer, all work utilizing new
bituminous material shall comply with the following for the purposes of
construction and measurement.
(a) Weather
Bituminous material shall not be laid in rain or in foggy weather and

unless specified elsewhere the surface being covered shall be clean and
dry. Bituminous plant mix shall not be placed when weather conditions
prevent the proper handling or finishing of the material.
(b) Protection of Existing Work
Constructional plant used on pavements under construction shall be

suitable in relation to the material, condition and thickness of the courses it
traverses so that damage is not caused to the sub-grade or the pavement
courses already constructed. Bituminous material shall be kept clean and
uncontaminated for so long as it remains uncovered by succeeding layers
or surface treatment. The only traffic permitted access to bituminous
material shall be that engaged in laying and compacting the next course.
At his own risk, the Contractor may allow traffic to use the binder course
but this will be subject to the Engineer's approval and he may require the
Contractor at his own expense, to seal or otherwise protect the binder
course. Should any bituminous material become contaminated, the
Contractor shall make good by cleaning it to the satisfaction of the
Engineer and if this proves impractical, he shall remove and replace the
layer at his own expense.
S9 - 7
Before undertaking any bituminous spraying, the surfaces of structures,

curbs, trees, etc., adjacent to the areas being treated shall be protected in
such a manner as to prevent their being spattered or marred.
(c) Layers of Bituminous Courses
A bituminous pavement shall be laid so that the compacted thickness of

each layer does not exceed 105 mm. Where any course of material
exceeds this thickness, it shall be laid in 2 or more layers of equal
thickness.
(d) Measurement
When payment is made by weight for any pay item this will be calculated
by using load delivery tickets for material incorporated in the permanent
works in accordance with the drawings and these Specifications. The
weight of bituminous material shall be evidenced by machine stamped
load delivery tickets which must identify the hauling unit (truck) for which
it was issued, together with the time of issue. The accuracy of the scales
shall be checked before the start of the works and in every subsequent
month the actual date of checking is to be chosen randomly.
For purpose of checking, each truck will bear an identification number

painted on the sides of the truck, of such size as to be easily read by the
Engineer's representatives or checkers.
Payment will only be made for material incorporated in the permanent

works in accordance with the detailed drawings and the Engineer's
instructions. The Contractor should schedule and carry out his work in
such a way as to eliminate waste. The Engineer will deduct from the
certified weight-tickets for any material laid outside the dimensions shown
on the drawings or otherwise wasted due to the Contractor's method of
working.
(e) Overlay
When the contract calls for the overlay of existing pavement, any
regulating required shall be carried out using the lowest layer(s) of
material possible. All remedial works to the pavement shall be executed
before commencement of overlay operations.
(f) Finished Work Samples
Plant-Mix: The Contractor shall cut full depth samples as directed, from
the finished course, for testing by the Engineer. Samples shall be neatly
cut by a saw, core drill, or other approved equipment.
Each sample shall be one slab of at least 15 cm by 15 cm, or a number of

cores, each with a minimum 10 cm diameter totaling at least 230 cubic cm.
S9 - 8
At least one, but not more than three samples shall be taken for each full
day's operations. The Contractor shall supply and finish new material to
backfill voids left by sampling. Extra samples will be taken whenever a
substantial change has been approved and made in the job-mix formula, or
when the Engineer directs that more samples be taken.
Bituminous Spray: To check the rate of bituminous material actually

applied, sheets of building paper 50 cm by 50 cm previously weighed shall
be laid on the surface to be treated and weighed again after application of
the coat. The Contractor will supply the material for this check and will
re-spray the areas from which the paper is lifted.
Based on the results of the above checks and subsequent laboratory

analysis, the Engineer may instruct the removal and replacement at the
Contractor's expense, of any material which does not fully comply with
these Specifications. The Engineer may also instruct an additional coat of
material or removal of excess material and/or may reduce the quantity of
material approved for payment.
S9.02 Scarify Pavement
This work shall consist of the removal of the upper layer or layers of an existing
asphalt pavement where this is necessary to allow resurfacing or to allow
formation of a joint between existing and new work. Scarifying necessary
solely because of the Contractor's method of working will not be measured for
payment.
S9.02 (2) Construction
The work shall be done by machine or by hand in such a manner that the area
scarified does not exceed that instructed by the Engineer. Any damage to
asphalt or curb designated by the Engineer to remain will be made good to the
Engineer's satisfaction at the Contractor's own expense. All material removed
shall be stockpiled on the site for use of the Employer, or otherwise disposed of
as directed by the Engineer.
S9.02 (3) Method of Measurement
The quantity measured for payment will be the number of square meters of
existing asphalt scarified in accordance with the Engineer's instructions. Where
the Engineer orders the removal of more than one layer in separate operations,
each layer removed will be measured and paid for separately. Where the
Engineer instructs that the full depth of existing asphalt shall be removed, the
work shall conform to the requirements of Article S3.01 of these Specifications
for removal, measurement and payment.
S9 - 9
S9.02 (4) Basis of Payment
The work measured as provided above shall be paid for at the Contract price per
unit of measurement for the pay item below. The Contract unit price will be full
compensation for furnishing all labor, tools, equipment and incidentals
necessary to do the work as directed by the Engineer, including removal and
disposal of all the resulting material.
Pay Item No. and Name Unit of Measurement
9.02 Scarify Pavement Square Meter
S9.03 Patching of Existing Pavements
This work will consist of removal and replacement of damaged existing

pavement in localized areas. The Engineer will designate the areas of pavement
to be so treated and all work shall be carried out as specified below and will be
paid for on the basis of the number of square meters so treated.
S9.03 (2) Material
All material and work furnished under this pay item shall comply with the
requirements of the following Articles and all compaction equipment may be
varied to suit the size of the area being treated :
Removal of old pavement - Article S3.01

Subgrade preparation - Article S7.01
Aggregate base - Article S8.01
Prime coat - Article S9.04
Tack coat - Article S9.05
Asphalt concrete base - Article S9.07
Asphalt cement - Article S9.07
The area to be treated shall be marked on the surface, and the existing pavement
and sub-grade removed to a depth of 50 cm. Pavement to remain shall be cut to
form a vertical face and the edges of the excavation shall be straight and in neat
lines. After preparation of the subgrade in accordance with Article S7.01(2)(d),
30 cm of the aggregate base as used for new construction shall be laid in
accordance with Article S8.01. The aggregate base shall then be primed in
accordance with Article S9.04 and 20 cm of asphalt concrete base course laid in
2 equal layers, in accordance with Article S9.07. Bituminous material in the
existing pavement which will about with the new base course shall be tack
coated in accordance with Article S9.05 or else lightly brushed with hot asphalt
S9 - 10
cement. The finished level of the patched area shall be carefully formed to
leave a smooth surface level with the adjacent existing pavement.
The quantities to be paid for under this Article will be the number of square
meters of existing pavement removed and replaced in accordance with this
specification and the Engineer's instructions. The maximum area of a single
patch treated under this Article will be 40 square meters. When any single area
exceeds this quantity it will be dealt with on the basis of the other individual pay
items in this specification for the purpose of measurement and payment.
Any pavement damaged by the Contractor's work under other Articles of the
Specification shall be replaced in accordance with the requirements of this
Article, but will not be measured for payment and replacement will be at the
Contractor's own expense.
The accepted quantity of pavement replaced as determined above, will be paid

for at the Contract price per square meter, for the pay item as shown below.
Such price and payment will be considered as full compensation for the work of
this Article, including any special working methods due to the restricted area
being repaired.
9.03 Patching of Existing Pavements Square Meter
S9.04 Bituminous Prime Coat
This work shall consist of furnishing and applying bituminous material to a

previously prepared unbound aggregate base surface in accordance with these
Specifications and to the width shown on the typical cross sections or instructed
by the Engineer.
S9.04 (2) Material
(a) Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall be of type and grade called for in the Drawings
and shall conform to the requirements of the specifications listed below.
Medium-curing cut back asphalt : AASHTO M 82

Medium setting emulsion asphalt : AASHTO M 140 and or M 208
Slow setting emulsion asphalt : AASHTO M 140 and or M 208
S9 - 11
The grade (with temperatures of application in degrees C) shall be MC-30

(45C ± 10C).
(b) Blotter Material
Blotter material shall be approved clean, dry sand or stone screenings free
from any cohesive material. It shall contain no organic matter.
(a) Weather Limitations
Prime coat shall be applied only with the approval of the Engineer who
will specify the grade to be used. The surface to be treated shall be dry or
slightly damp. Spraying prime coat shall not be applied when strong winds
or rain.
(b) Equipment
The equipment shall meet the requirements of Article S9.01 (2).
(c) Preparation of Surface
Immediately before applying the bituminous material all loose dirt and
other objectionable material shall be removed from the surface with a
power broom and/or blower as required. If the Engineer so orders, the
surface shall be lightly bladed and rolled immediately prior to the
application of bituminous material, in which case brooming or blowing
will not be required. When so ordered by the Engineer a light application
of water shall be made just before the application of bituminous material.
The area to be treated shall be approved by the Engineer prior to
application.
(d) Application of Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall be applied to the width of the section to be

primed by means of a bitumen distributor in a uniform, continuous spread.
The rate of application will usually be in the range of 1.0 to 2.5 kg/sq.m.
and the Engineer will determine the rate and material grade to be used for
each material being covered. Care shall be taken that the application of
bituminous material at the junction of spreads is not in excess of the
specified amount. Excess bituminous material shall be sponged from the
surface. Skipped areas or deficiencies shall be corrected. Building
paper shall be placed over the end of the previous applications and the
joining application shall start on the building paper. Building paper used
shall be removed and satisfactorily disposed of.
S9 - 12
(e) Application of Blotter Material
In order to minimize possible damage by rain before the surface has

completely dried, the Engineer may instruct that blotter material should be
spread to cover any wet bituminous material. Blotter material shall be
spread so that no wheels or tracks will travel on uncovered wet bituminous
material.
(f) General
The relevant requirements of Article S9.01 shall be read into and

considered part of this Article.
The quantity of prime coat to be paid for shall be the number of kilograms of
bituminous material, laid in accordance with this Specification and the
Engineer's instructions.
The accepted quantities of prime coat, determined as provided above, will be

paid for at the Contract price per kilogram for bituminous material which price
and payment will be full compensation for the work of this Article.
Blotter material will not be payable directly but shall be considered as a

subsidiary obligation of the Contractor covered under the Contract price for this
Article.
9.04 Bituminous Prime Coat kilogram
S9.05 Bituminous Tack Coat
This work shall consist of preparing and treating an existing bituminous or

bound surface with bituminous material in accordance with these Specifications
and in conformity with the details shown on the Drawings or instructed by the
Engineer.
S9.05 (2) Materials
Bituminous material shall conform to the requirements of the specification listed

below.
Rapid-curing cut back asphalt : AASHTO M 81
S9 - 13
Rapid-setting emulsion asphalt: AASHTO M 140 and/or M208
The grade (with temperatures of application in degrees C) shall be RC-250

(60 - 100 degrees).
(a) Equipment
The equipment shall meet the requirements of Article S9.01(2).
(b) Preparation of Surface to be treated
The existing surface shall be patched and cleaned and shall be free of
irregularities to provide a reasonably smooth and uniform surface to
receive the treatment. Unstable, corrugated or damaged areas shall be
removed and replaced or repaired as instructed by the Engineer. The
edges of existing pavements, which are to be adjacent to new pavement,
shall be cleaned to permit the adhesion of bituminous materials. The area
to be treated shall be cleaned by a power broom and/or blower and
approved by the Engineer.
(c) Application of Bituminous Material
The bituminous material shall be uniformly applied with a pressure

distributor within the 1 hours preceding placement of the covering course.
The Engineer will specify the rate of the application which will usually be
in the range of 0.15 to 0.5 kg/sq.m.
Care shall be taken that the application of bituminous material at the

junction of spreads is not in excess of the specified amount. Excess
bituminous material shall be sponged from the surface. Skipped areas or
deficiencies shall be corrected.
The surface shall be allowed to dry until it is in a proper condition of

tackiness to receive the covering course. Tack coat shall be applied only
in advance of covering course placement as is necessary to obtain this
proper condition of tackiness. Until the covering course is placed, the
Contractor shall protect the tack coat from damage.
(d) General
The relevant requirements of Article S9.01 shall be read into and

considered part of this Article.
S9 - 14
The quantity of tack coat to be paid for shall be the number of kilograms of
bituminous material, laid in accordance with this Specification and the
The accepted quantities of tack coat, determined as provided above, will be paid
for at the Contract unit price per kilogram for bituminous material complete in
place, which price and payment will be full compensation for the work of this
Article.
9.05 Bituminous Tack Coat kilogram
S9.06 Seal Coat
This work shall consist of an application of bituminous material with an

application of cover coat material in accordance with these Specifications in
conformity with the lines shown on the Drawings or established by the Engineer.
S9.06 (2) Materials
(a) Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall conform to the requirements of the following

specification.
Rapid-curing cut back asphalt: AASHTO M 81
The grade (with temperatures of application in degrees C) shall be RC-250

(60 - 100 degrees) or that directed by the Engineer.
(b) Cover Coat Material
Cover coat material shall be crushed stone, or crushed gravel and shall
meet the requirements for surface course material in Article 9.07(2)(b).
When crushed gravel is used, not less than 50 percent by weight of the
particles retained on the No. 4 sieve shall have at least one fractured face.
Aggregates shall meet the gradation requirements of the following table.
S9 - 15
Sieve Designation (mm) Percentage Passing by Weight

9.5 100
4.75 85 - 100
2.36 0 - 40
0.075 0–5
(c) The approximate amounts of materials per square meter for seal coats shall
be as follows:
Bituminous material ......... 0.7 - 1.5 lt. per sq.m.

Cover aggregate ............. 6.5 - 14.0 kg per sq.m.
The exact spread rates will be instructed by the Engineer.
(a) Weather Limitations
Seal coat shall be applied only when the surface to be treated is dry or
slightly damp, when the temperature of the road surface is 21 degrees
Celsius or more.
(b) Equipment
The equipment shall meet the requirements of Article S9.01(2).
(c) Preparation of Surface
Seal coating operations shall not be started until the surface is thoroughly
compacted by Pneumatic Tired Roller. Bituminous material shall not be
spread until the surface has been cleaned as required, and the section to be
sealed has been approved by Engineer.
(d) Applying Bituminous Material
Bituminous material shall be applied by means of a pressure distributor in

a uniform, continuous spread over the section to be treated and within the
temperature range specified. The quantity of bituminous material to be
used per square meter shall be as directed. If the texture of the surface is
such that bituminous material penetrates too rapidly, a preliminary
application of from 0.2 to 0.5 liter per square meter of surface may be
required. A strip of building paper, at least 100 cm in width and with a
length equal to that of the spray bar of the distributor plus 30 cm, shall be
used at the beginning of each spread. If the cut-off is not positive, the use
of paper may be required at the end of each spread. The paper shall be
removed and disposed of in a satisfactory manner. The distributor shall
be moving forward at proper application speed at the time the spray bar is
opened. Any skipped areas or deficiencies shall be corrected. Junction of
spreads shall be carefully made to assure a smooth riding surface. The
S9 - 16
length of bituminous material shall not be in excess of that which approved

spreading equipment can immediately cover with approved material.
The spread of bituminous material shall not be more than 15 cm wider than
the width covered by the cover coat material from the spreading device.
Under no circumstances shall operations proceed in such manner that
bituminous material will be allowed to chill, set up, or otherwise impair
retention of the cover coat.
The distributor, when not spreading, shall be parked so that the spray bar
or mechanism will not drip bituminous materials on the surface of the
travelled way.
(e) Application of Cover Coat Material
Immediately following the application of the bituminous material, cover

coat for seal shall be spread in quantities as designated. Spreading shall be
accomplished in such a manner that the tires of the approved aggregate
spreader at no time contact the uncovered and newly applied bituminous
material.
If directed, the cover coat material shall be moistened with water to

eliminate or reduce the dust coating of the aggregate. Moistening shall be
done the day before the use of the aggregate.
Immediately after the cover coat material is spread, any deficient areas
shall be covered by additional material. Initial rolling shall begin
immediately behind the spreader and shall consist of one complete
coverage with a power roller. Pneumatic tired roller shall begin
immediately after completion of the initial rolling and shall be completed
the same day the bituminous material and cover coat materials are applied.
After the application of the cover coat material, the surface shall be lightly
broomed or otherwise maintained as directed for a period of 4 days or as
directed. Maintenance of the surface shall include the distribution of
cover coat material over the surface to absorb any free bituminous material
and to cover any area deficient in cover coat material. The maintenance
shall be conducted so as not to displace embedded material. Excess
material shall be swept from the entire surface by means of rotary brooms.
The surface shall be swept at the time determined by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall furnish a pilot car and driver to conduct traffic over
completed seal coat at a maximum speed of 10 kilometers per hour for the
first 24 hours after cover aggregate is applied, if so directed by the
Engineer.
Seal coat will be measured by the square meter. No measurement or payment

will be made of areas "sealed" outside the limits shown on the plans or ordered
S9 - 17
by the Engineer. No measurement or payment will be made for material used in

excess of those specified by the Engineer nor shall they form the basis of a claim
for additional payment.
The accepted quantities of seal coat determined as provided above, will be paid
for at the Contract price per square meter which price and payment will be full
compensation for the work of this Article and for any specified spread rates
within the ranges given in S9.06 (1).
9.06 Seal Coat Square Meter
S9.07 Asphalt Concrete (Bituminous Plant-Mix Material)
(a). This work shall consist of aggregate and bituminous material mixed in a
central plant and spread and compacted on a prepared surface in
accordance with these Specifications and in close conformity with the
lines, grades, thicknesses and typical cross sections shown on the
Drawings or established by the Engineer
.
(b). Type of Hot Bituminous mixture shall be as determined on this Article or as
directed by Engineer. Asphalt mixtures to be used for pavement works are
Asphalt Concrete Base (AC-Base), Asphalt Concrete Binder Course
(AC-BC) and Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC)
(c) The relevant sections of Article S9.01 (2) and S9.01 (3) shall be read into
and considered as part of this Article.
S9.07 (2) Material
(a) Composition of Mixtures
The bituminous material shall be composed of a mixture of aggregate,

filler added, asphalt cement and anti-stripping agent and/or modifier. The
several aggregate fractions shall be sized, uniformly graded and combined
in such proportions that the resulting composite blend meets the job-mix
formula and the following index of retained strength as determined in
accordance with AASHTO T245 for AC-WC and AC-BC and ASTM
D5581 for AC-Base.
In calculating the void characteristics of the mixture the Contractor shall

allow for the asphalt absorbed by the aggregate and use the effective
S9 - 18
specific gravity of aggregate and the maximum specific gravity of the

loose paving mixture (AASHTO T209).
Table 9.07 (1) Hot Asphaltic Mixture Property Requirements
Mix Property AC-WC AC-BC AC-Base

Number of blows per Face 75 112(1)
Ratio particle passing #200 – Min 1.0
effective bitumen content Max 1.4
(3)
VIM (%) Min 3.0
Max 5.0
VMA (%) Min 15 14 13
Void Filled with Bitumen (VFB) % Min 65
Marshall Stability (kg) Min 1000 2250(1)
Max - -
Marshall Flow (mm) Min 2.0 3.0(1)
Max 4.0 6.0(1)
Retained Marshall Stability after 24 Min 90
hours soaking, 60°C (%)(4)
Voids in Mix at Refusal Density 2.5
Min
(%)(2)
Note:
1. Marshall Modification see Appendix 9.07.A.
2. A vibratory hammer is preferred for Refusal Density compaction. The number of blows per
face shall be 600 for diameter 6 inches and 400 for diameter 4 inches.
3. The Effective specific gravity of aggregate shall be calculated from the Maximum Specific
Gravity of Mix (Gmm test) AASHTO T-209.
4. The Engineer may require or approve AASHTO T283 as an alternative test. Freeze thaw
conditioning shall not be required.
Grade A shall be used for asphalt base course.

Grade B shall be used for asphalt concrete binder course.
Grade C shall be used for asphalt concrete wearing course.
S9 - 19
Table 9.07 (2) Aggregate Grading Requirements
Sieve Designation Percentage Passing by Weight

(mm) Grade A Grade B Grade C
37.5 100 - -
25.0 90 - 100 100 -
19.0 76 - 90 90 - 100 100
12.5 60 - 78 75 - 90 90 - 100
9.5 52 - 71 66 - 82 77 - 90
4.75 35 - 54 46 - 64 53 - 69
2.36 23 - 41 30 - 49 33 - 53
1.18 13 - 30 18 - 38 21 - 40
0.600 10 - 22 12 - 28 14 - 30
0.300 6 - 15 7 - 20 9 - 22
0.150 4 - 10 5 - 13 6 - 15
0.075 3-7 4-8 4-9
Before stockpiling aggregate, the Contractor shall submit a proposed

job-mix formula in writing, for use by the Engineer in setting the job-mix
to be used with the proposed materials. The formula submitted shall
propose definite single values for:
- The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve
- The percentage of bituminous material to be added,
on the total aggregate basis
- The temperature of the mixture leaving the mixer
- The temperature of the mixture delivered on the road
- The grade of bituminous material
Values shall be proposed within the limits specified for the particular type
of bituminous concrete called for. The Engineer will determine a job-mix
formula with single values for the above-mentioned and so notify the
Contractor in writing.
The mixture furnished by the Contractor shall conform to this job-mix

formula, within the following range of tolerances and within the grading
ranges of Table 9.07 (2).
Aggregate equal to the 2.36 mm and larger sieve ............... ± 5 percent
Aggregate passing the 2.36 mm and

retained the 0.150 mm sieve ................................................ ± 3 percent
Aggregate passing the 0.150 mm and

retained the 0.075 mm sieve ................................................ ± 2 percent
Aggregate passing the 0.075 mm sieve .............................. .± 1 percent
Bituminous material .......................................................... ± 0.3 percent
S9 - 20
Temperature leaving the mixer ....................................... ± 10 degrees C
When unsatisfactory results make it necessary, the Engineer may establish

a new job-mix formula and so notify the Contractor in writing. Should a
change in sources of material be proposed, a new job-mix formula will be
established before the new material is used.
The plant mixed material will be tested after blending or mixing at the
plant or prior to final incorporation in the work.
(b) Coarse Aggregate
The coarse aggregate (retained on the 4.75 mm sieve) shall consist of clean
tough, durable fragments free from an excess of flat, elongated, soft or
disintegrated pieces and free from stone coated with dirt or other
objectionable material.
The percentage of wear when tested according to AASHTO T 96 not more

than 30 for 500 revolutions and 6 for 100 revolutions.
The sodium sulphate soundness loss shall not exceed 12 percent and the
magnesium sulphate soundness loss shall not exceed 18 percent. All to
be tested according to AASHTO T104.
The coating and stripping tested according to AASHTO T182 is not less
than 95%.
When crushed gravel is used, coarse aggregate angularity is defined as the

percent by weight of aggregate larger than 4.75 mm with one or more
fractured faces, tested according to AASHTO TP61-02(2005),at least
95/90 (means 95% of coarse aggregate has one fractured face or more and
90% of coarse aggregate has two or more fractured face).
The flat and elongated particles tested according to ASTM D 4791(caliper

ratio 1:5) is not more than 10%.
The mineral particle passing No.200 sieve tested according to AASHTO

T11 is not more than 2%.
Coarse aggregate fraction shall consists crushed stone or crushed gravel

and shall be provided in the nominal single size. Individual coarse
aggregate fractions shall be stockpiled separately and shall be fed into the
mixing plant using separate cold bin feeds with the following nominal
sizes:
S9 - 21
Table 9.07 (3)Coarse Aggregate Cold Feed Stockpile Nominal Sizes
Minimum coarse aggregate cold feed nominal sizes required

Mix Type
(mm)
5 - 10 10 - 14 14 - 22 22 - 30
AC-WC yes yes
AC-BC yes yes yes
AC-Base yes yes yes yes
(c) Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate, from each source, shall consist of natural sand or crushed
stone screening and consists of materials passing 4.75 mm size (No.4).
Each source and type of fine aggregate shall be stock-piled separately.
Natural sand used in asphaltic concrete mixtures shall not exceed 15% of
total mix by weight.
The fine aggregate shall be composed of clean, tough particles, free from
clay, or other objectionable material. Stone screenings shall be produced
from stone meeting the quality requirements of Article S9.07.(2).
To obtain a fine aggregate that meets the above requirements:

i) raw materials for fine aggregate mechanically washed prior to the
stone-crusher.
ii) scalping screen to be installed with the following process:
- The fine fraction obtained from the primary crusher shall not
be directly used.
- Aggregate obtained from the primary crusher shall be split
with a vibro scalping screen installed between the primary and
secondary crusher.
- Material retained on vibro scalping screen shall be crushed by
the secondary crusher, screening results after crushing will be
used as fine aggregate.
- Material passing vibro scalping screen shall be used as a
component material for Aggregate Base
If the fine aggregate portion of the discharge from the primary crusher
does not satisfy the Standard Sand Value (sand equivalent) of not less than
50%, it shall be discarded prior to secondary crushing and shall not be used
in any asphaltic mixture.
Crushed and natural fine aggregates shall be stockpiled separately and

shall be fed into the mixing plant using separate cold bin feeds.
S9 - 22
Fine aggregate angularity, tested according to AASHTO TP-33 or ASTM

C1252-93 not less than 45.
(d) Filler
Mineral filler, when required, shall consist of limestone dust, Portland

cement or other non-plastic mineral matter from sources approved by the
Engineer. Mineral filler shall be dry, free flowing, free from lumps and
other objectionable material and when tested by means of laboratory sieve,
shall meet the following gradation requirements:
Table 9.07 (4) Filler Grading Requirements
Sieve Designation (mm) Percentage Passing by Weight

0.600 100
0.300 95 - 100
0.075 75 - 100
Added filler shall be in the form of cement, limestone dust, hydrated lime,
dolomite dust, cement kiln dust or fly ash from sources approved by the
Engineer. It shall be free from all objectionable material. When the Job
Mix requires more than 3% added filler, the add filler shall be limestone
dust.
If un hydrated lime, or partially hydrated lime is used as added filler, the

maximum allowable proportion shall be 1.0 % by weight of the total
asphalt mix. Fully hydrated lime from approved manufacturers and
meeting the gradation specified above, may be used to a maximum of
2.0% by weight of the total asphalt mix.
All mixtures shall contain at least 1% added filler.
(e) Bituminous Binder for Asphaltic Mixtures
The following bituminous binders may be used in accordance with the

relevant Table 9.07(5): 60 pen bituminous binder or modified bitumen, the
binders being properly mixed in accordance with the properties stated in
the relevant Table 6.3.3.1 as described on the drawings or instructed by the
Engineer. Sampling of the bituminous binder shall be in accordance with
AASHTO T40. Penetration and softening point test shall be carried out on
delivery.
Table 9.07 (5) Bituminous Binder Requirements
Properties Unit Min Max Standards
1. Penetration at 25C, 100g, 5 second 0,1 mm 60 70 AASHTO T 49 - 07

2. Dynamic Viscosity 60C Pa’s 160 240 AASHTO T 202 - 03
S9 - 23
Properties Unit Min Max Standards
3. Softening Point °C 50 - AASHTO T 53 - 89

4. Kinematic Viscosity 135C Pa’s 300 - AASHTO T 201 - 03
5. Flashing Point °C 232 - AASHTO T 48 - 06
6. Solubility in CCL4 % 99,0 - ASTM D 2042
7. Ductility at 25C, 5cm/min cm 100 - AASHTO T 51 - 06
8. Specific Gravity kg/m3 1,00 - AASHTO T 228 - 06
Residue Test after TFOT or RTFOT
9. Loss of weight % - 0.5 AASHTO T 179 – 05
10. Penetration at 25C, 100g, 5second % 54 - AASHTO T 49 - 07
11. Dynamic Viscosity 60C Pa’s - 800 AASHTO T 202 - 03
Bitumen samples when required from mix samples shall be extracted in

accordance with SNI 03-3640-1994 (double cone method) or AASHTO
T164 Method A (centrifuge method) or AASHTO T164 - 06(ignition oven
method). If the centrifuge method is used, after concentration of extracted
bitumen solvent solution approximately 200 ml the contained mineral
particles shall be removed in a centrifuge. This removal shall be
considered satisfactory when the ash content (by ignition) of the bitumen
is not greater than 1% by weight. If bitumen is required for the further tests
it shall be recovered from the solution in accordance with AASHTO T170.
Bitumen shall be tested on delivery and before discharge to the AMP

storage tanks for penetration at 25⁰C (AASHTO T49) and Softening Point
(AASHTO T53). Modified bitumen shall also be tested for storage
stability in accordance with ASTM D5976 part 6.1 and may be placed in a
holding tank until the result of the test is known. No bitumen shall be used
in the works until tested and approved.
(f) Anti Stripping Agents
When the retained Marshall Stability is less than 90%, an anti-stripping

agent shall be added to the bituminous binder in liquid form with dozing
pump during wet mixing in pug mill in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions. The quantity of anti-stripping agent shall be in range of 0.2 –
0.4% of bitumen weight asdirected or approved by Engineer. The
anti-stripping agent shall conform to Table 9.07.(6) and compatibility with
the asphalt specified in Table 9.07.(7).
Table 9.07.(6)Requirements of Anti Stripping Agent Containing Amine
No. Description Standard Requirements

1 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup), °C SNI 2433:2011 min.180
2 Viscosity, at 25ºC (Saybolt Furol), sec. SNI 03-6721-2002 >200
S9 - 24
3 Specific Gravity, at 25ºC, SNI 2441:2011 0,92 – 1,06

4 Acid Value, mL KOH/g SNI 04-7182-2006 < 10
5 Total amine value, mL HCl/g ASTM D2073-07 150 - 350
Table 9.07.(7)–Compatibility of Anti Stripping Agent to Bitumen
No. Description Standard Requirements

1 Boiling Water Test, %1) ASTM D3625 min.803)
(2005)
2 Storage Stability of Bitumen and Anti SNI 2434:2011 max.2.22)
Stripping Agent, ºC
3 Heat Stability. Conditioning 72 hours, % ASTM D3625-96 min.70
asphalt coating surface Modification
Note:
1) Modification of the testing procedure for the preparation of test specimens include the
size and type of aggregate, asphalt content and temperature of mixing between the asphalt,
aggregate and anti-stripping agent.
2) Differences of Softening Point (ISO 2434: 2011).
3) The requirements apply to the testing using silica aggregates.
(a) Equipment
The mixing plant and all equipment used for hauling and laying the
bituminous mixture shall comply with the requirements of Article S9.01
(2). The Contractor shall provide suitable means for keeping all small
tools clean and free from accumulation of bituminous material. He shall
provide and have ready for use at all times enough tarpaulins or covers, as
may be directed by the Engineer, for use in any emergency such as rain,
chilling wind, or unavoidable delay, for the purpose of covering or
protecting any material that may have been dumped, or spread but not
compacted.
(b) Preparation of Bituminous Material
The bituminous material shall be heated to the specified temperature in a

manner that will avoid local overheating and provide a continuous supply
of the bituminous material to the mixer at a uniform temperature at all
times. The maximum temperature of asphalt cement delivered to the
mixer shall not be more than 2 degrees Celsius above the temperature as
specified in (c) hereof for aggregate. Asphalt cement shall not be used
while it is foaming nor shall it be heated above 175 degrees Celsius at any
time.
(c) Preparation of Aggregates
The aggregates for the mixture shall be dried and heated to the required
temperature. Flames used for drying and heating shall be properly
adjusted to avoid damage to the aggregate and to avoid soot on the
aggregate. Immediately after heating and drying, the aggregates shall be
screened into three or more fractions as specified and conveyed into
S9 - 25
separate compartments ready for batching and mixing with bituminous

material. When asphalt cement is used, the temperature of the aggregates
as introduced into the mixer, including the tolerance permitted by the
job-mix formula, shall not exceed that at which the asphalt cement has a
Say bolt Furol viscosity of 100 seconds, determined by AASHTO T 72.
It shall not be lower than is required to obtain complete coating and
uniform distribution of the aggregate particles and to provide a mixture of
satisfactory workability.
(d) Mixing
The dried aggregate shall be combined in the mixer in the amount of each
fraction of aggregates required to meet the job-mix formula. The
bituminous material shall be measured or gauged and introduced into the
mixer in the amount specified by the job-mix formula.
After the required amounts of aggregate and bituminous material have

been introduced into the mixer, unless otherwise specified, the materials
shall be mixed until a complete and uniform coating of the particles and a
thorough distribution of the bituminous material throughout the aggregate
is secured. Wet mixing time will be determined by the Engineer for each
plant and for each type of aggregate used.
For plant mix bituminous pavement, the mixture shall be produced as

closely as practicable to the lowest temperature that will produce a
workable mix within the specified temperature range.
(e) Transporting, Spreading and Finishing
The mixture shall be transported from the mixing plant to the point of use
in vehicles conforming to the requirements of Article S9.01 (2). No loads
shall be sent out so late in the day as to prevent completion of the
spreading and compaction of the mixture during daylight hours unless
with the Engineers approval and satisfactory illumination is provided.
Each vehicle shall be weighed after each loading at the mixer and a record
shall be kept of the gross weight, tare, net weight, and time of day of each
load operation. The mixture temperature shall be unloaded to asphalt
paver with the minimum 130oC and while the break down rolling
minimum 125oC.
The mixture shall be laid upon an approved surface, spread and struck off
to the grade and elevation established. Bituminous pavers shall be used
to distribute the mixture either over the entire width or over such partial
width as may be practical.
The longitudinal joint in one layer shall offset that in the layer immediately
below by approximately 15 cm; however, the joint in the top layer shall be
at the centre line of the pavement if the roadway comprises two lanes in
S9 - 26
width, or at lane lines if the roadway is more than 2 lanes in width, unless
otherwise directed.
On areas where irregularities or unavoidable obstacles make the use of

mechanical spread and finishing equipment impracticable, the mixture
shall be spread, raked and luted by hand tools. For such areas the mixture
shall be dumped, spread and screeded to give the required compacted
thickness.
When production of the mixture can be maintained and when practical,

pavers shall be used in echelon to place the wearing course in adjacent
lanes.
The Contractor shall carry out such tests as are necessary to determine the
uncompacted thickness of mixture to be laid for compaction to conform to
the required finished depths. The uncompacted material immediately
behind the paver shall then be measured at frequent intervals and
adjustments made to ensure conformity with the nominal depths.
(f) Compaction
After the bituminous mixture has been spread, struck off and surface
irregularities adjusted, it shall be thoroughly and uniformly compacted by
rolling. The specific gravity of the consolidated mixture, as determined
by AASHTO T230 shall be not less than 98 percent of the specific gravity
of laboratory compacted specimens composed of the same materials in
like proportion.
The surface shall be rolled when the mixture is in the proper condition and
when the rolling does not cause undue displacement, cracking or shoving.
The number, weight and type of rollers furnished shall be sufficient to

obtain the required compaction while the mixture is in a workable
condition. The sequence of rolling operations and the selection of roller
types shall provide the specified pavement density.
The compaction shall be three step operations as:
1. Break Down Rolling

2. Intermediate Rolling
3. Finishing Rolling
Unless otherwise directed, rolling shall begin at the sides and proceed
longitudinally parallel to the road center line, each trip overlapping
one-half the roller width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road.
When paving in echelon or abutting a previously placed lane, the
longitudinal joint should be rolled first followed by the regular rolling
procedure. On super elevated curves the rolling shall begin at the low side
S9 - 27
and progress to the high side by overlapping of longitudinal trips parallel

to the center line.
Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed with the drive roll or
wheels nearest the paver. Rolling shall be continued until all roller marks
are eliminated and at least the minimum density indicated above has been
attained. Care shall be exercised in rolling not to displace the line and
grade of the edges of the bituminous mixture.
To prevent adhesion of the mixture to the rollers, the wheels shall be kept
properly moistened with water or water mixed with very small quantities
of detergent or other approved material. Excess liquid will not be
permitted. Along forms, headers, walls and other places not accessible to
the rollers, the mixture shall be thoroughly compacted with hot hand
tampers, smoothing irons or with mechanical tampers. On depressed
areas, a trench roller may be used or cleated compression strips may be
used under the roller to transmit compression to the depressed area.
Any mixture that becomes loose and broke, mixed with dirt, or is in any
way defective shall be removed and replaced with fresh hot mixture,
which shall be compacted to conform to the surrounding area. Any area
showing an excess or deficiency of bituminous material shall be removed
and replaced. No traffic shall be permitted on the final course in less than
12 hours after completion unless authorized by the Engineer.
(g) Joint, Trimming Edges and Clean-up
Placing of the bituminous paving shall be as continuous as possible.

Rollers shall not pass over the unprotected end of a freshly laid mixture
unless authorized by the Engineer. Transverse joints shall be formed by
cutting back on the previous run to expose the full depth of the course.
Where pavers are not used in echelon to place the wearing course in
adjacent lanes and where the edges of the previously laid wearing course
are, in the opinion of the Engineer, in such condition that the quality of the
completed joint will be affected, longitudinal joints shall be trimmed to a
vertical face and to a neat line.
The exposed edges of the completed mat shall be cut off true to the
required lines. Material trimmed from the edges and any other discarded
or rejected bituminous mixture shall be removed from the roadway and
disposed of by the Contractor as instructed by the Engineer. When
directed by the Engineer, a brush coat of bituminous material shall be used
on contact surfaces of joints just before additional mixture is placed
against the previously rolled material.
(h) Surface Tolerance
The variation of the surface from the testing edge of a straightedge

between any two contacts with the surface shall not exceed the allowable
S9 - 28
tolerances. For base course and binder course, the test for conformity
shall be made immediately after initial rolling and variation shall be
corrected by removing or adding materials as may be necessary. Rolling
shall then be continued as specified. Removal or addition of material to
the surface course will not be permitted after rolling has commenced.
Work on surface course shall be carefully controlled to ensure that
material as laid will conform to the allowable tolerance.
Theabsolutedimensions of the allowable tolerance on asphalt pavement are as

follows:
- Top of AC base course …………………… +10 mm
- Top of Asphalt Binder course ……………. + 5 mm
- Top of Asphalt Wearing course ………….. + 5 mm
When a 3 meter straightedge is laid on the surface parallel to and

perpendicular to the center line, the surface variation from the lower edge
of the straightedge shall not exceed:
- Compacted AC base course ....................... 6 mm, over 3 m
- Compacted Asphalt binder course ............. 3 mm, over 3 m
- Compacted Asphalt wearing courset ............. 3 mm, over 3 m
The surface level of the pavement at any point shall not deviate vertically
from the design finished road surface by more than ± 10 mm. However the
permitted combination tolerances at any elevation of pavement courses
shall not exceed more than 5 mm from the designed elevation for flexible
pavement.
(i) Overlay and Regulating
Where the contract requires the overlay of an existing pavement this shall
be carried out strictly in accordance with the Engineer's instructions. The
Engineer may instruct that a layer of the pavement be laid over a partial
width or to a restricted length if this is necessary to facilitate the regulation
of levels.
(j) Frequency of Tests
Quality Control of bituminous mixture and acceptance sampling and

testing shall be carried out in accordance with the Table 9.07 (8) and the
Table 9.07.(8) Mixture Quality Control Sampling
TEST SAMPLING FREQUANCY

ONE SAMPLE PER :
Asphalt :
 Bulk Asphalt Each tank
Kind of Bulk Asphalt test :
Penetration and Softening point
S9 - 29
TEST SAMPLING FREQUANCY

ONE SAMPLE PER :
Aggregate :
 Los Angeles Abrasion 5,000 m3
 Aggregate grading when adding to stockpiles 1,000 m3
3
 Aggregate grading from hot bins 250 m (min. 2 samples per day)
 Sand Equivalent of Natural Sand 250 m3
Mixtures :
 Temperature at the mixing plant and on delivery Hour
to site
 Grading and bituminous binder content 200 tons (min. 1 samples per day)
 Marshall density, stability, flow, quotient at 75 200 tons (min. 1 samples per day)
blows and voids at refusal density
 Voids in Mix at refusal density 3,000 tons
 Marshall mix design Every change in aggregate or design
Constructed layers :
 100 mm diameter for up to 25 mm max. size or for 2 specimens for each 100 m length
greater than 25 mm max. size use 150 mm per lane.
diameter cores for compaction and layer
thickness :
Construction tolerances :
 Surface levels, for the cross section of each At least 3 transverse points
carriageway measured at least every 12.5 meter
along the length of the road
(k) Minimum Service Standards (MSS)
In the completion of the work, the Contractor shall comply with the
minimum service of Toll Road, where the condition of the end surface of
the Toll Road shall be as follows:
(a) Skid Resistance > 0.33 mm
Implementation of this test shall be refer to the SNI 03-6748-2002

Standard, the method of road surface skid resistance testing with the
MU-meter. Contractors shall submit the detail plan of the road skid
resistance testing to the Engineer for approval.
(b) Roughness, IRI ≤ 4 m / km
Implementation of this test shall refer to the SNI 03-3426-1994

Standard, the method of road surface roughness testing with
measuring devices by NAASRA. Contractors shall submit the detail
plan of the road roughness testing to the Engineer for approval.
Plant mix bituminous material will be measured by the ton as described in

Article S9.01(3)(d).
S9 - 30
The quantity of base course, binder and surfacing to be paid for will be the
weight of the completed plant-mix bituminous material less the quantity of
asphalt cement and anti-stripping agent, which will be paid for separately. No
adjustment in contract unit price will be made for variation in quantity due to
differences in the specific gravity of material actually used. The quantity of
asphalt cement to be paid for will be based on the delivery weight of bituminous
treated aggregate using the actual percentage of blended bituminous (as verified
by tests) in the mixture. The quantity of anti-stripping agent to be paid will be
based on the record of any material used, and approved by the Engineer.
The accepted quantities of all materials determined as provided above, will be

paid for at the Contract unit price per ton for asphalt concrete base, asphalt
concrete binder course, asphalt concrete wearing course and asphalt cement, and
per kg for anti-stripping agent, completed in place and accepted by Engineer,
which price and payment will be full compensation for complete the work of this
Article including any extra costs due to regulating or over-laying existing
pavements andallcostsfor therequirementsofallthetesting.
No additional payment for repair the road surface when the test results of the road surface as skid
resistance and roughness testing do not qualify as mentioned in the S9.08 (12)
9.07(1) Asphalt Concrete- Base ton
9.07(2) Asphalt Concrete - Binder Course ton
9.07(3) Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course ton
9.07(4) Asphalt Cement ton
9.07(5) Anti Stripping Agent kg
S9.08 Concrete Pavement
This work shall consist of constructing a Portland cement concrete pavement,

constructed in accordance with the thickness and typical cross sections shown on
the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
S9.08 (2) Applicable Provisions
The applicable provisions of Articles S10.01 and S10.02 shall be read into and
become part of this Article S9.08 "Concrete Pavement".
S9 - 31
APPENDIX 9.07.A
Marshall Modification for Large Aggregate (> 1” &< 2”)
Modification Marshall procedure (ASTM D5581) is basically the same as the original method
(ASTM D1559 or AASHTO T245) except for these differences that are due to the larger
specimen size that used:
(1) The hammer weights 10.206 kg and has a 14.94 cm flat tamping face. Only a
mechanically operated device is used for the same 45.7 cm drop height.
(2) The specimen has a 15.24 cm diameter by 9.52 cm height.
(3) The batch weights are typically 4 kg.
(4) The equipment for compacting and testing (mold and breaking heads) are
proportionately larger than normal Marshall to accommodate the larger specimens.
(5) The mix is placed in the mold in two approximately equal increments, with spading
performed after each increment to avoid the honey combing.
(6) The number of blows needed for the larger specimen is 1.5 times (75 or 112 blows) for
AC-Base than required of the smaller specimen (50 or 75 blows) for AC-WC or AC-BC
to obtain equivalent compaction.
(7) The design criteria should be modified as well. The minimum stability should be 2.25
time and the range of the flow values should 1.5 times from the normal size specimen.
(8) Similar to the normal procedure, these values should be used to convert the measured
stability values to an equivalent values for a specimen with a 9.52 cm thickness, if the
actual thickness varies :
Approximate Height (mm) Specimen Volume (cm3) Correlation Ratio

88.9 1608 - 1626 1.12
90.5 1637 - 1665 1.09
92.1 1666 - 1694 1.06
93.7 1695 - 1723 1.03
95.2 1724 - 1752 1.00
96.8 1753 - 1781 0.97
98.4 1782 - 1810 0.95
100.0 1811 - 1839 0.92
101.6 1840 - 1868 0.90
Note :
Important to note that to determine the void in mix at refusal density, it is recommended to use vibratory hammer
than Marshall hammer. Crushing aggregate to be smaller fragments may be avoided in the mix.
S9 - 55

Toll Road Project - Specifications Section 9 - Pavements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Toll Road Project - Specifications Section 9 - Pavements

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Toll Road Project - Specifications Section 9 - Pavements

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Toll Road Project – Specifications

S9.01 Bituminous Pavements-General

S9.01 (1) Description

The extent and treatment of existing pavement to be incorporated in the new

S9.01 (2) Equipment

Unless specified elsewhere or approved by the Engineer, equipment used in the

(a) Bitumen Distributor

The distributor shall be self-powered and have pneumatic tires of such

Distributor equipment shall include an instrument for measuring the speed

(b) Bitumen Heater

(c) Bituminous Mixing Plant (Asphalt Mixing Plant)

The Bituminous Mixing Plant shall:

(iii) be so designed, coordinated and operated as to produce a mixture

(iv) be installed in an area approved by the Engineer which is sufficiently

(ix) be of a well proven design, equipped with all necessary features.

oil or kerosene or LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) or coal gas as approved

(d) Bituminous Storage Tank:

(e) Hot Bin Screen:

(f) Control of Mixing Time:

(g) Weighing Bridge and Weighing House:

(h) Filler Storage and Handling:

(i) Safety Requirements:

(j) Hauling Equipment

(2) Any truck causing excessive segregation of material, or that shows

(k) Spreading Finishing Equipment

(1) The equipment for spreading and finishing shall be approved

(3) The pavers shall be equipped with electronic and/or mechanical

(4) Pavers shall be equipped with a screed, of either the tamping or

(5) The term “screed” refers to the standard floating mechanism

(l) Compacting Equipment

(3) Self-propelled steel wheeled rollers may be of two types:

(m) Other Equipment’s

S9.01 (3) General Requirement

Bituminous material shall not be laid in rain or in foggy weather and

(b) Protection of Existing Work

Constructional plant used on pavements under construction shall be

Before undertaking any bituminous spraying, the surfaces of structures,

(c) Layers of Bituminous Courses

A bituminous pavement shall be laid so that the compacted thickness of

For purpose of checking, each truck will bear an identification number

Payment will only be made for material incorporated in the permanent

(f) Finished Work Samples

Each sample shall be one slab of at least 15 cm by 15 cm, or a number of

Bituminous Spray: To check the rate of bituminous material actually

Based on the results of the above checks and subsequent laboratory

S9.02 Scarify Pavement

S9.02 (1) Description

S9.02 (2) Construction

S9.02 (3) Method of Measurement

S9.02 (4) Basis of Payment

Pay Item No. and Name Unit of Measurement

9.02 Scarify Pavement Square Meter

S9.03 Patching of Existing Pavements

S9.03 (1) Description

This work will consist of removal and replacement of damaged existing

S9.03 (2) Material

Removal of old pavement - Article S3.01

S9.03 (3) Construction